Nciphisa |

lat. ukunciphisa; I-German Diminution, Verkleinerung; IsiFulentshi nesiNgisi. ukunciphisa; ital. diminuzione

1) Okufanayo nokunciphisa.

2) Indlela yokuguqula umculo, itimu, isisusa, isigqi. umdwebo noma umfanekiso, kanye nokuma kancane ngokuwudlala ngemisindo (ikhefu) yesikhathi esifushane. Hlukanisa u-U. ngokuqondile, ngaphandle kwezinguquko ekukhiqizeni kabusha i-osn. isigqi ngesilinganiso esifanele (isibonelo, isingeniso esivela ku-opera ethi "Ruslan noLyudmila" kaGlinka, inombolo 28), engalungile, ekhiqiza kabusha okuyinhloko. isigqi (itimu) enesigqi esihlukahlukene. noma melodic. izinguquko (isibonelo, i-aria ye-Swan-Bird, No. 11 kusukela esenzweni sesi-2 se-opera ka-Rimsky-Korsakov ethi The Tale of Tsar Saltan, inombolo engu-117), nesigqi, noma engeyona indaba ephathwayo, ene-krom melodic. umdwebo ulondolozwe cishe (ukuqala kwesingeniso se-opera Sadko ka-Rimsky-Korsakov), noma akulondolozwe nhlobo (isigqi sengxenye eseceleni e-U. ekuthuthukisweni kwe-1st movement ye-symphony yesi-5 ka-Shostakovich).

J. Dunstable. I-Cantus firmus esuka ku-motet Christe sanctorum decus (amazwi aphikisayo akhishiwe).

J. Spataro. I-Motet.

Ukuvela kwe-U. (kanye nokwenyuka) njengendlela yomculo evezayo kanye nokuhlela ngobuchwepheshe kubuyela emuva esikhathini sokusetshenziswa kwe- mensural notation futhi kuhlotshaniswa nokuthuthukiswa kwe-polyphonic. i-polyphony. X. Riemann ubonisa ukuthi i-U. yokuqala yasebenzisa i-motet I. de Muris ku-tenor. I-Isorhythmic motet - eyinhloko. Ububanzi be-U. ekhulwini le-14: okuphindaphindiwe, okufana ne-ostinato, ukuqhuba isigqi. izibalo ziyisisekelo somculo. amafomu, futhi i-U. empeleni iyimyuziyamu. ukujwayela kokuhleleka kwayo (ngokungafani nezinye izinhlobo eziningi ezichazwe umbhalo oyinhloko we-arr.). Kumamotethi ka-G. de Machaux (Amaro valde, Speravi, Fiat voluntas tua, Ad te suspiramus) anesigqi. isibalo siyaphindwa ngo-U. isikhathi ngasinye ngomculo omusha. ukugcwalisa; kumamotethi e-isorhythmic J. Dunstable rhythmic. isibalo siphindaphindwa (kabili, kathathu) ngomculo omusha, bese yonke into ikhiqizwa ngokulondolozwa komculo. ukudweba kokukodwa nesigamu, bese kuba 3-fold U. (bheka ikholomu 720). Isenzakalo esifanayo sibonakala kwezinye izixuku zaseNetherlands. ama-contrapuntalists ekhulu le-15, lapho i-cantus firmus ezingxenyeni ezilandelayo ibanjelwe e-U., kanye nomculo othathelwe i-cantus firmus ekupheleni komsebenzi. imisindo ngendlela eyayikhona ngayo ekuphileni kwansuku zonke (bheka isibonelo ku-Art. Polyphony, amakholomu 354-55). Ongcweti besitayela esiqinile basebenzise inqubo ka-W kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi. amacanoni abesilisa (okulingana), lapho amazwi afanayo ngephethini enomehluko. izilinganiso zesikhashana (bheka isibonelo ku-Art. Canon, ikholomu 692). Ngokuphambene nokwanda, i-U. ayifaki isandla ekuhlukaniseni i-polyphonic evamile. ukugeleza kwalelo zwi elisetshenziswa kulo. Nokho, i-U. imisa kahle elinye izwi uma linyakaziswa imisindo yesikhathi eside; ngakho-ke, ngobuningi kanye nemibhalo yekhulu le-15-16. sekuyisiko ukuhambisana nokuvela kwe-cantus firmus ezwini eliyinhloko (i-tenor) ngokulingisa kwamanye amazwi asekelwe ku-U. ye-cantus firmus efanayo (bheka ikholomu 721).

Isu lokumelana nomholi kanye namazwi anesigqi amnandi amphikisayo lalondolozwa inqobo nje uma amafomu aku-cantus firmus esekhona. Lobu buciko bufinyelele ukuphelela kwabo okuphezulu emculweni ka-JS Bach; bheka, isibonelo, i-org yakhe. ukuhlelwa kwekhwaya ethi “Aus tiefer Not”, BWV 686, lapho umushwana ngamunye wekhorale wandulelwa ngamagoli ayo ama-5. exposition in U., ukuze yonke yakheke in strophic. i-fugue (amazwi angu-6, ukuchayeka okungu-5; bheka isibonelo ku-Art. Fugue). Ku-Ach Gott und Herr, BWV 693, wonke amazwi alingisayo ane-chorale ye-W. ephindwe kabili nakane, okusho ukuthi konke ukuthungwa kuyitimu:

JS Bach. Ukuhlelwa kwesitho samakhwaya “Ach Gott und Herr”.

I-Reachercar con. Ikhulu le-16-17 futhi eduze kwakhe i-tiento, fantasy - indawo lapho u-U. (njengomthetho, ngokuhambisana nokwanda nokuguqulwa kwetimu) ithole ukusetshenziswa okubanzi. U-W. ufake isandla ekuthuthukiseni umuzwa we-instr emsulwa. I-dynamics yefomu futhi, esetshenziswa kuzindikimba ezizimele (ngokungafani ne-thematism yesitayela esiqinile), kwaba yindlela ehlanganisa umqondo obaluleke kakhulu wokuthuthukiswa kwezisusa zomculo wezikhathi ezilandelayo.

Yebo. P. Sweelinck. “I-Chromatic Fantasy” (ingcaphuno evela esigabeni sokugcina; itimu iwukuncishiswa okuphindwe kabili nokuphindwe kane).

Ukucaciswa kokuvezwa kwe-U. njengendlela yokwenza ukuthi, ngaphezu kwe-isorhythmic. i-motet kanye nokunye op. Ikhulu lama-20 azikho ezinye izinhlobo lapho kungaba yisisekelo sokuqanjwa. ICanon e-U. njengezimele. dlala (AK Lyadov, “Canons”, No 22), impendulo ku-U. in fugue (“The Art of the Fugue” ka-Bach, Contrapunctus VI; bheka futhi izinhlanganisela ezihlukahlukene ne-U. ku-fugue yokugcina kusukela kuquartet pianoforte, op 20 Taneyev, ikakhulukazi izinombolo 170, 172, 184) kukhona okungavamile okuhlukile. U. ngezinye izikhathi uthola ukusetshenziswa ku-fugue strettas: isibonelo, ezilinganisweni ezingu-26, 28, 30 ze-E-dur fugue kusukela kuvolumu yesi-2 ye-Bach's Well-Tempered Clavier; esilinganisweni esingu-117 se-fugue Fis-dur op. 87 No 13 Shostakovich; kubha 70 kusukela ekugcineni kwekhonsathi ye-2 fp. I-Stravinsky (ukulingiswa okungalungile ngokushintsha kwezimpawu); ngesilinganiso 63 kusukela esigcawini sokuqala sesenzo sesi-1 se-opera ethi “Wozzeck” kaBerg (bona isibonelo esihlokweni sikaStrett). I-W., ubuciko obuyi-polyphonic ngokwemvelo, ithola ukusetshenziswa okuhluke kakhulu kokungeyona i-polyphonic. umculo wekhulu le-3 nelama-19. Ezimweni eziningi, i-U. ingenye yezindlela zokugqugquzela inhlangano esihlokweni, isibonelo:

SI Taneev. Itimu evela kumnyakazo wesi-3 we-symphony ye-c-moll.

(Bheka futhi imigoqo emihlanu yokuqala yesiphetho se-sonata kaBeethoven No. 23 ngopiyano; isingeniso se-orchestra ku-aria kaRuslan, No. 8 kusukela kaGlinka kaRuslan noLudmila; Cha. 10, b-moll evela ku-Prokofiev's Fleeting, njll.). I-polyphonization yomculo isabalele. izindwangu ngosizo lwe-U. lapho wethula ingqikithi (ikhorasi ethi “Bahlakazekile, bahlanjululwa” endaweni yesehlakalo eduze kwaseKromy ku-opera ka-Mussorgsky ethi Boris Godunov; lolu hlobo lwesu lwasetshenziswa ngu-N. A. U-Rimsky-Korsakov – isenzo sokuqala se-opera ethi The Legend of the Invisible City Kitezh”, izinombolo 1 no-5, kanye no-S. V. I-Rachmaninov - ingxenye yokuqala yenkondlo ethi "The Bells", inombolo ye-1, ukuhluka X ku-"Rhapsody on a Theme of Paganini"), ngesikhathi sokuthunyelwa kwayo (i-canon encane evela ekhonsathini ye-violin kaBerg, ibha 12; njengenye yezibonakaliso ze- i-neoclassical orientation yesitayela - U. engxenyeni yesi-4 ye-violin sonata ka-K. Karaev, ibha 13), emvuthwandaba. bese ephetha. ukwakhiwa (ikhodi kusukela ekwethulweni kwe-opera ethi Ruslan noLyudmila nguGlinka; ingxenye yesibili ye-Rachmaninov's The Bells, izilinganiso ezimbili zifinyelela kunombolo 2; ingxenye yesine ye-quartet yesi-52 kaTaneyev, inombolo 4 nangaphezulu; ukuphela kwe-ballet "I-Firebird" uStravinsky ). U. njengendlela yokuguqula itimu isetshenziswa ezinhlobonhlobo (izinguquko zesi-2, zesi-3 ze-Arietta kusukela ku-sonata yepiyano yama-32 ka-Beethoven; i-piano etude ethi “Mazeppa” ka-Liszt), ezakhiweni zesikhashana (i-basso ostinato lapho ithuthela ku-coda yesiphetho se-symphony sika-c- moll Taneyev, inombolo 101), ngezinhlobo ezahlukene zokuguqulwa kwe-opera leitmotifs (ukusebenza kabusha kwe-lounderstorm leitmotif ibe yizindikimba zezingoma ezalandela ekuqaleni kwesenzo sokuqala se-opera ka-Wagner Valkyrie; ukuhlukanisa i-motif yezinyoni kanye nezinhlobonhlobo ezihlukahlukene ze-Snow Maiden itimu yeNtwasahlobo ku-"Snow Maiden" ka-Rimsky-Korsakov; ukuhlanekezelwa okudabukisayo kwe-leitmotif ka-Countess esigcawini sesibili se-opera ethi “The Queen of Spades”, inombolo 1 nangaphezulu), kanye nezinguquko ezingokomfanekiso ezitholwe nge-U.' ukubamba iqhaza kungaba ukhadinali (ukungena kwe-tenor ku-Tuba mirum kusuka ku-Mozart's Requiem, isilinganiso 2; i-leitmotif ku-coda yesiphetho se-symphony yesi-62 ka-Rachmaninoff, isilinganiso sesi-18 ngemva kwenombolo 3; ukunyakaza okuphakathi, inombolo 5, f rom Taneyev sika scherzo symphony in c-moll). U. kuyindlela ebalulekile yokuthuthukiswa kwezigaba ezikhulayo zamafomu kanye nentuthuko ye-sonata yekhulu le-19 nelama-20. U. ekuthuthukisweni kokudlulela kuWagner's Nuremberg Mastersingers (ibha 122; triple fugato, ibha 138) iyinhlekisa yokufunda okungenanjongo (nokho, inhlanganisela yetimu kanye ne-U. kumabha 158, 166 kuwuphawu lobuciko, ikhono). Ekuthuthukisweni kwengxenye yokuqala ye-1nd fp. ikhonsathi Rachmaninov U. itimu yeqembu eliyinhloko isetshenziswa njengethuluzi lokuguqula amandla (inombolo 9). Ekukhiqizeni u-D. D. Shostakovich U. isetshenziswa njengethuluzi elibukhali elichazayo (ukulingiswa endikimbeni yengxenye eseceleni engxenyeni yokuqala ye-symphony yesi-1, izinombolo 5 no-22; endaweni efanayo emvuthwandaba, inombolo 24; i-ostinato canon engapheli emisindweni i-leitmotif engxenyeni yesi-32 ye-quartet yesi-2, inombolo engu-8; ingxenye yokuqala ye-symphony yesi-23 ayinembile nge-U.

IF Stravinsky. "Symphony of Psalms", ukunyakaza 1st (ukuqala reprise).

I-U. ine-express ecebile. futhi ubonise. amathuba. “Ukukhala okukhulu” okuvela ku-“Boris Godunov” ka-Mussorgsky (ukushintsha kokuzwana ngesigqi, uhhafu wokushaya, ingxenye yesine yesigqi) kuhlukaniswa noguquko olukhethekile. Isithombe esicishe sibonakale (i-Sigmund's Notung, ephihlizwe ukushaywa komkhonto ka-Wotan) sivela esigcawini sesi-5 kusukela esenzweni sesi-2 se-Wagner's Valkyrie. Indaba eyivelakancane ye-polyphony yomsindo obonakalayo i-fugato ebonisa ihlathi esigodini sesi-3 se-Rimsky-Korsakov ethi “The Snow Maiden” (izinhlobo ezine ezinesigqi zetimu, inombolo 253). Indlela efanayo isetshenziswe endaweni yesehlakalo nohlanya u-Grishka Kuterma esigcawini sesi-2 sesenzo sesi-3. "Izinganekwane zedolobha elingabonakali laseKitezh" (ukunyakaza kwesishiyagalombili, ama-triplets, ishumi nesithupha, inombolo engu-225). Ekhodini yophawu inkondlo ka-Rachmaninoff ethi “Isle of the Dead” ihlanganisa izinhlobo ezinhlanu ze-Dies irae (ibha 11 ngemva kwenombolo 22).

Emculweni wekhulu lama-20 umqondo we-W. uvame ukudlula emcabangweni wokuqhubeka okunciphayo; Lokhu kusebenza ikakhulukazi kusigqi. inhlangano yesihloko. Umgomo we-U. noma ukuqhubeka kweminye imisebenzi ye-serial kunganwetshwa esakhiweni somkhiqizo wonke. noma izindlela. izingxenye zayo (1st of 6 izingcezu ihabhu nezintambo, quartet op. 16 by Ledenev). Inhlanganisela esetshenziswe isikhathi eside yetimu nolimi lwayo emisebenzini yekhulu lama-20. iguqulwa ibe indlela yokuhlanganisa izibalo ezifanayo, lapho ukuvumelana kwakhiwe ukuzwakala komsindo onesigqi esifanayo ngezikhathi ezihlukahlukene. inzuzo (isibonelo, "Petrushka" by Stravinsky, inombolo 3).

Le nqubo isetshenziswa ku-aleatoric eyingxenye, lapho abadlali bethuthukisa khona ngemisindo enikeziwe, ngayinye ngejubane layo (ezinye zisebenza ngu-V. Lutoslavsky). U-O. Messiaen wafunda izinhlobo ze-U. futhi anda (bheka incwadi yakhe ethi “The Technique of My Musical Language”; bheka isibonelo ku-Art. Increase).

References: bona ku-Art. Khulisa.

VP Frayonov