Aram Khachaturian |

I-Aram Khachaturian

… Igalelo lika-Aram Khachaturian emculweni wezinsuku zethu muhle kakhulu. Kunzima ukweqisa ukubaluleka kobuciko bakhe kusiko lomculo weSoviet nezwe. Igama lakhe lizuze ukuhlonishwa okubanzi kakhulu ezweni lakithi naphesheya; unenqwaba yabafundi nabalandeli abathuthukisa lezo zimiso yena ngokwakhe ahlale eyiqiniso kuzo. D. Shostakovich

Umsebenzi ka-A. Khachaturian uhlaba umxhwele ngokucebile kokuqukethwe okungokomfanekiso, ububanzi bokusetshenziswa kwezinhlobo nezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene. Umculo wakhe uhlanganisa imibono ephakeme yesintu yenguquko, ukuthanda izwe laseSoviet kanye nokwamazwe ngamazwe, izingqikithi neziqephu ezibonisa izenzakalo zobuqhawe nezibuhlungu zomlando okude kanye nesimanje; izithombe ezinemibala egqamile nezigcawu zempilo yesintu, izwe elicebe kakhulu lemicabango, imizwa kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho kwenkathi yethu. Ngobuciko bakhe, uKhachaturian wahlabelela ngokuphefumulelwa impilo yomdabu wakubo futhi eseduze naye e-Armenia.

I-Creative biography ye-Khachaturian ayivamile neze. Naphezu kwethalente lomculo elikhanyayo, akazange athole imfundo ekhethekile yomculo futhi wajoyina umculo kuphela eneminyaka eyishumi nesishiyagalolunye. Iminyaka eyachithwa e-Tiflis endala, okuzwakalayo komculo kwasebuntwaneni kwashiya uphawu olungenakucimeka engqondweni yomqambi wesikhathi esizayo futhi yanquma izisekelo zokucabanga kwakhe komculo.

Umkhathi ocebile kakhulu wokuphila komculo waleli dolobha waba nethonya elinamandla emsebenzini womqambi, lapho izingoma zomdabu zaseGeorgia, zase-Armenia nase-Azerbaijani zazizwakala kuzo zonke izinyathelo, ukuthuthukiswa kwababhali bezindaba zomculi - ama-ashugs nama-sazandars, amasiko omculo wasempumalanga nasentshonalanga. .

Ngo-1921, u-Khachaturian wathuthela eMoscow futhi wahlala nomfowabo omdala u-Suren, umlingisi ovelele waseshashalazini, umhleli kanye nenhloko ye-studio yedrama yase-Armenia. Ukuphila okujabulisayo kobuciko baseMoscow kuyayimangalisa le nsizwa.

Uvakashela izinkundla zemidlalo yaseshashalazini, iminyuziyamu, izikhathi zezincwadi zakusihlwa, amakhonsathi, imidlalo ye-opera neye-ballet, athathe ngokulangazela imibono yobuciko eyengeziwe, ajwayelane nemisebenzi yomculo wakudala womhlaba. Umsebenzi kaM. Glinka, P. Tchaikovsky, M. Balakirev, A. Borodin, N. Rimsky-Korsakov, M. Ravel, K. Debussy, I. Stravinsky, S. Prokofiev, kanye no-A. Spendiarov, R. UMelikyan, njll. ngezinga elithile noma elinye libe nomthelela ekwakhiweni kwesitayela soqobo sikaKhachaturian esijulile.

Ngokweseluleko somfowabo, ekwindla ka-1922, uKhachaturian wangena emnyangweni wezinto eziphilayo eMoscow University, futhi kamuva - e-Music College. Ama-Gnesins ekilasini le-cello. Ngemva kweminyaka engu-3, ​​ushiya izifundo zakhe enyuvesi futhi uzinikele ngokuphelele emculweni.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, uyeka ukudlala i-cello futhi udluliselwa ekilasini lokuqamba lomfundisi odumile waseSoviet nomqambi uM. Gnesin. Ezama ukubuyisela isikhathi esilahlekile ebuntwaneni bakhe, uKhachaturian usebenza ngokujulile, ugcwalisa ulwazi lwakhe. Ngo-1929 uKhachaturian wangena eMoscow Conservatory. Ngonyaka wokuqala wezifundo zakhe zokuqamba, waqhubeka noGnesin, futhi kusukela ngonyaka we-1 N. Myaskovsky, owadlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni ubuntu bokudala bukaKhachaturian, waba umholi wakhe. Ngo-2, uKhachaturian waphothula iziqu ze-Conservatory futhi waqhubeka nokuthuthuka esikoleni esiphakeme. Ibhalwe njengomsebenzi wokuthweswa iziqu, i-First Symphony iqeda isikhathi somfundi se-biography yokudala yomqambi. Ukukhula okujulile kokudala kwanikeza imiphumela emihle kakhulu - cishe zonke izingoma zenkathi yabafundi zaba yi-repertoire. Lezi, okokuqala, i-First Symphony, upiyano i-Toccata, i-Trio ye-clarinet, i-violin ne-piano, inkondlo yeNgoma (yokuhlonipha ama-ashugs) ye-violin nepiyano, njll.

Indalo ephelele nakakhulu kaKhachaturian kwakuyiPiano Concerto (1936), eyadalwa ngesikhathi sezifundo zakhe zemfundo ephakeme futhi yaletha umqambi udumo emhlabeni wonke. Umsebenzi emkhakheni wengoma, yaseshashalazini nomculo wefilimu awumi. Ngonyaka wokudalwa kwekhonsathi, ifilimu ethi “Pepo” enomculo kaKhachaturian ikhonjiswa ezikrinini zamadolobha ezwe. Ingoma kaPepo iba ingoma yomdabu eyintandokazi e-Armenia.

Phakathi neminyaka yokufunda ekolishi lomculo kanye ne-conservatory, uKhachaturian uvakashela njalo i-House of Culture yaseSoviet Armenia, lokhu kwadlala indima ebalulekile emlandweni wakhe. Lapha usondelana nomqambi u-A. Spendiarov, umculi uM. Saryan, umqhubi uK. Saradzhev, umculi u-Sh. Talyan, umlingisi kanye nomqondisi R. Simonov. Ngayo leyo minyaka, uKhachaturian waxhumana nabalingiswa bemidlalo yaseshashalazini abavelele (A. Nezhdanova, L. Sobinov, V. Meyerhold, V. Kachalov), abadlali bopiyano (K. Igumnov, E. Beckman-Shcherbina), abaqambi (S. Prokofiev, N. Myaskovsky). Ukuxhumana nezinkanyiso zobuciko bomculo baseSoviet kwacebisa kakhulu umhlaba ongokomoya womqambi osemusha. Late 30s - ekuqaleni 40s. zaphawulwa ngokudalwa kwenqwaba yemisebenzi ephawulekayo yomqambi, efakwe esikhwameni segolide somculo weSoviet. Phakathi kwazo kukhona i-Symphonic Poem (1938), i-Violin Concerto (1940), umculo wamahlaya ka-Lope de Vega othi The Widow of Valencia (1940) kanye nedrama kaM. Lermontov ethi Masquerade. I-premiere yakamuva yenzeke ngobusuku bangaphambi kokuqala kweMpi Yezwe Elikhulu ngoJuni 21, 1941 e-Theater. E. Vakhtangov.

Kusukela ezinsukwini zokuqala zempi, umthamo womsebenzi wezenhlalo nezokudala weKhachaturian ukhuphuke kakhulu. Njengesekela likasihlalo weKomidi Lokuhlela leNyunyana yabaqambi be-USSR, uqinisa ngokuphawulekayo umsebenzi wale nhlangano yokudala ukuze axazulule imisebenzi enomthwalo wemfanelo ngesikhathi sempi, wenza ngokubonisa izingoma zakhe kumayunithi nasezibhedlela, futhi ubamba iqhaza elikhethekile. ukusakazwa kweKomidi Lomsakazo lokuqala. Umsebenzi womphakathi awuzange uvimbele umqambi ekudaleni kule minyaka eshubile imisebenzi yezinhlobo nezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene, eziningi zazo ezazibonisa izingqikithi zempi.

Phakathi neminyaka engu-4 yempi, wadala i-ballet "Gayane" (1942), i-Second Symphony (1943), umculo wemidlalo emithathu emangalisayo ("Kremlin Chimes" - 1942, "Deep Intelligence" - 1943, "Usuku Lokugcina." ” – 1945), ngefilimu ethi “Man No. 217” nakwi-Suite yayo ephathekayo yamapiyano amabili (1945), ama-suites aqanjwa ngomculo we-“Masquerade” ne-ballet “Gayane” (1943), kwabhalwa izingoma eziyi-9. , imashi yebhendi yethusi "To Heroes of the Patriotic War" (1942) , Anthem of the Armenian SSR (1944). Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwaqalwa umsebenzi we-Cello Concerto kanye nekhonsathi emithathu (1944), eyaqedwa ngo-1946. Phakathi nempi, umqondo “we-choreodrama yobuqhawe”—i-ballet Spartacus—waqala ukuvuthwa.

UKhachaturian uphinde wakhuluma ngendikimba yempi eminyakeni yangemva kwempi: umculo wamafilimu i-The Battle of Stalingrad (1949), The Russian Question (1947), They Have a Homeland (1949), Secret Mission (1950), kanye nomdlalo. I-South Node (1947). Ekugcineni, ngesikhathi sokugubha iminyaka engama-30 yokunqoba kweMpi Enkulu Yokuthanda izwe (1975), kwasungulwa enye yezincwadi zokugcina zomqambi, i-Solemn Fanfares yamacilongo nezigubhu. Imisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu yenkathi yempi yi-ballet "Gayane" ne-Second Symphony. I-premiere ye-ballet yenzeke ngoDisemba 3, 1942 ePerm ngamabutho e-Leningrad Opera ne-Ballet Theatre. SM Kirov. Ngokusho komqambi, "umbono we-Second Symphony waphefumulelwa izenzakalo zeMpi Yezwe. Ngangifuna ukudlulisa imizwa yentukuthelo, ukuziphindiselela kubo bonke ububi obabangelwa yi-fascism yaseJalimane. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-symphony iveza imizwa yosizi nemizwa yokholo olujulile ekunqobeni kwethu kokugcina.” U-Khachaturian wanikezela i-Third Symphony ekunqobeni kwabantu baseSoviet eMpini Enkulu Yokushisekela Izwe, ebekwe isikhathi ukuze ihambisane nomgubho weminyaka engama-30 weNguquko Enkulu Ka-Okthoba Yezenhlalakahle. Ngokuhambisana nohlelo - ihubo kubantu abanqobile - amapayipi engeziwe we-15 kanye nesitho sifakiwe ku-symphony.

Eminyakeni yangemva kwempi, uKhachaturian waqhubeka nokuqamba izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene. Umsebenzi obaluleke kakhulu kwaba ballet "Spartacus" (1954). “Ngadala umculo ngendlela efanayo owasungulwa ngayo abaqambi besikhathi esidlule lapho bephendukela ezihlokweni zomlando: ukugcina isitayela sabo, indlela yabo yokubhala, babekhuluma ngezenzakalo ngokusebenzisa i-prism yombono wabo wobuciko. I-ballet "i-Spartacus" ibonakala kimi njengomsebenzi onomdlalo obukhali womculo, onezithombe zobuciko ezithuthukisiwe kanye nenkulumo yezwe eqondile, ecasulwe ngothando. Ngakubona kudingekile ukuhlanganisa zonke izimpumelelo zesiko lomculo lanamuhla ukuze ngiveze ingqikithi ephakeme ye-Spartacus. Ngakho-ke, i-ballet ibhalwe ngolimi lwesimanje, ngokuqonda kwesimanje izinkinga zefomu lomculo nelaseshashalazini, "u-Khachaturian wabhala ngomsebenzi wakhe we-ballet.

Phakathi kweminye imisebenzi eyakhiwe eminyakeni yangemva kwempi kukhona "Ode to the Memory of VI Lenin" (1948), "Ode to Joy" (1956), eyabhalwa iminyaka eyishumi yesibili yobuciko base-Armenia eMoscow, "Greeting Overture" (1959). ) ngokuvulwa kwe-XXI Congress ye-CPSU. Njengangaphambili, umqambi ukhombisa intshisekelo egcwele kumculo wefilimu nowethiyetha, udala izingoma. Ngama-50s. U-Khachaturian ubhala umculo womdlalo ka-B. Lavrenev othi "Lermontov", wezinhlekelele zikaShakespeare "Macbeth" kanye ne "King Lear", umculo wamafilimu "u-Admiral Ushakov", "Imikhumbi ihlasela ama-bastions", "Saltanat", "Othello", "Bonfire ukungafi", "Duel". Ingoma ethi "Ukuphuza kwe-Armenia. Ingoma ngeYerevan, "Imashi Yokuthula", "Izingane eziphupha ngani".

Iminyaka yangemva kwempi ayizange imakwe kuphela ngokudalwa kwemisebenzi emisha ekhanyayo ezinhlobonhlobo ezihlukahlukene, kodwa futhi nezenzakalo ezibalulekile ku-biography yokudala kaKhachaturian. Ngo-1950 wamenywa njengoprofesa wokuqamba ngesikhathi esifanayo e-Moscow Conservatory nase-Musical and Pedagogical Institute. AmaGnesins. Phakathi neminyaka engu-27 yomsebenzi wakhe wokufundisa, uKhachaturian ukhiqize inqwaba yabafundi, kuhlanganise no-A. Eshpay, E. Oganesyan, R. Boyko, M. Tariverdiev, B. Trotsyuk, A. Vieru, N. Terahara, A. Rybyaikov, K Volkov, M Minkov, D. Mikhailov nabanye.

Ukuqala komsebenzi wokufundisa kwaqondana nokuhlolwa kokuqala ekwenzeni izingoma zakhe. Minyaka yonke inani lamakhonsathi ababhali liyakhula. Uhambo oluya emadolobheni aseSoviet Union luhlanganiswe nohambo oluya emazweni amaningi eYurophu, e-Asia naseMelika. Lapha uhlangana nabameleli abakhulu kakhulu bezwe lobuciko: abaqambi I. Stravinsky, J. Sibelius, J. Enescu, B. Britten, S. Barber, P. Vladigerov, O. Messiaen, Z. Kodai, abaqhubi L. Stokowecki, G. Karajan , J. Georgescu, performers A. Rubinstein, E. Zimbalist, writers E. Hemingway, P. Neruda, film artists Ch. Chaplin, S. Lauren nabanye.

Isikhathi sekwephuzile somsebenzi kaKhachaturian saphawulwa ngokudalwa kwe "Ballad of the Motherland" (1961) ye-bass ne-orchestra, ama-triad amabili wezinsimbi: amakhonsathi e-rhapsodic for cello (1961), i-violin (1963), upiyano (1968) kanye ne-solo sonatas. ye-cello (1974), i-violin (1975) ne-viola (1976); i-Sonata (1961), enikezelwe kuthisha wakhe u-N. Myaskovsky, kanye nevolumu yesi-2 ye-"Albhamu Yezingane" (1965, ivolumu yoku-1 - 1947) yabhalelwa upiyano.

Ubufakazi bokuqashelwa emhlabeni wonke komsebenzi kaKhachaturian wukumklomelisa ngama-oda nezindondo eziqanjwe ngabaqambi abakhulu bakwamanye amazwe, kanye nokukhethwa kwakhe njengelungu elihloniphekile noma eliphelele lezikole ezihlukahlukene zomculo emhlabeni.

Ukubaluleka kobuciko bukaKhachaturian kulele ekutheni ukwazile ukuveza amathuba acebe kakhulu e-symphonizing oriental monodic thematics, ukunamathisela, kanye nabaqambi bama-republic abazalwane, isiko le-monodic laseSoviet East ku-polyphony, izinhlobo nezinhlobo yayithuthuke emculweni waseYurophu, ukuze ibonise izindlela zokucebisa ulimi lomculo wesizwe . Ngesikhathi esifanayo, indlela yokuthuthukisa, ukukhalipha kwe-timbre-harmonic yobuciko bomculo wasempumalanga, ngomsebenzi kaKhachaturian, kwaba nethonya elibonakalayo kubaqambi - abameleli besiko lomculo laseYurophu. Umsebenzi kaKhachaturian wawuwukubonakaliswa okuphathekayo kokuthela izithelo kokusebenzelana phakathi kwamasiko amasiko omculo aseMpumalanga naseNtshonalanga.

D. Arutyunov