Amahabhu. Izinhlobo zamahabhu. Indlela yokukhetha ihabhu?

Ihabhu liwuchungechunge kukha ithuluzi.

Ingenye yezinsimbi zomculo zakudala kakhulu. Amahabhu ayatholakala futhi lapho kumbiwa izindawo zokuhlala zaseSumeri, nasemidwebeni yasendulo yaseGibhithe, futhi kukhulunywa ngayo izikhathi eziningana eBhayibhelini. Ngomsindo walo omangalisayo, ihabhu liye lanqoba izinhliziyo zezigidi zabantu izinkulungwane zeminyaka. Abantu abahlukene babenamahabhu ezinhlelo, izimo nezinhlobo ezahlukene. Ithuluzi lishintshiwe futhi lathuthukiswa izikhathi eziningi. EYurophu, ihabhu liye lazuza ukuthandwa okukhulu kusukela ngekhulu le-XVIII. Kuyaziwa ukuthi Empress Elizaveta Petrovna wayethanda ukudlala kuso.

Manje ihabhu lisetshenziswa njenge-solo kanye nenhlanganisela, insimbi ye-orchestra ezinhlotsheni ezahlukene nezitayela zomculo. Kusukela kulesi sihloko uzofunda ukuthi amahabhu anamuhla anjani nokuthi iyiphi insimbi engcono ukuyithenga.

Ihabhu elikhulu le-pedal

Kuyithuluzi lezemfundo eliyedwa kanye nenhlanganisela. Ihabhu elinyathelayo ngokuvamile elidlalwa abashayi behabhu abangochwepheshe kuma-orchestra, lifundiswa ukudlala ezikoleni zomculo nasezindaweni zomculo.

Nakuba ihabhu lavela kudala eYurophu (umqambi ongumNtaliyane uC. Monteverdi wabhala izingxenye zalo emuva ekhulwini le-17), leli thuluzi lathola ukuthandwa kwangempela kuphela yesibili ingxenye ye-18 - ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ihabhu le-pedal lakhiwe isikhathi eside, ngaso sonke isikhathi lithuthukisa indlela . Ihabhu lokuqala elinyakazayo laqalwa uJakob Hochbrücker waseBavaria emuva ekhulwini le-18, kodwa leli thuluzi lathola ukubukeka kwalo kwesimanje kuphela ngekhulu le-19.

Inkosi yaseFrance uSebastian Erard, ethembele kokuhlangenwe nakho kwabanduleli bakhe, yenza kwaba nokwenzeka, ngenxa ye-pedal. indlela , ukudlala ama-semitones e-chromatic kokubili phezulu naphansi ngehabhu (ihabhu likaHochbrücker lalinomnyakazo owodwa kuphela).

The umshini umi kanje: ama-pedals angu-7 anesibopho sezintambo zanoma iyiphi inothi (“do”, “re”, “mi”, “fa”, ngokulandelana). I-Pedal ngayinye inezinketho ezintathu zokuma: "i-becar", "flat" kanye "ibukhali". Ebeka i-pedal endaweni ethile, umculi uphakamisa noma ehlisa zonke izintambo zalesi siginci. Lokhu kwenzeka ngokwandisa noma ukunciphisa ukushuba kwezintambo. Lokhu indlela kwavumela insimbi ukuba ibe yezobuchwepheshe futhi iphelele, kusukela ngaphambi kwalokho umenzi waphoqeleka, ngenkathi edlala insimbi, ukuba adonse izingwegwe ngesandla sakhe sobunxele ukuze aphakamise noma anciphise ithoni, kodwa manje lo msebenzi unikezwe imilenze.

(i-pedali indlela wehabhu)

Kusukela kulo mzuzu, ihabhu liba yilungu eligcwele le-orchestra enkulu ye-symphony. Itholakala kumanani kaBeethoven, Berlioz, Debussy, Wagner, Tchaikovsky, Rachmaninov, Shostakovich nabanye abaqambi abaningi. Ngokuvamile ihabhu lilingisa imisindo ye-lute noma yesiginci. Ngakho-ke, isibonelo, ku-opera ka-Rachmaninov Aleko, i-gypsy encane, ngenkathi icula uthando, kusolakala ukuthi ihlwitha izintambo zesiginci esiteji, kodwa ihabhu lihambisana nomculi we-orchestra. Insimbi ivame ukutholakala emisebenzini yama-ensembles e-chamber, futhi kukhona imisebenzi eyedwa ebhalelwe ihabhu futhi ihlelwe yona.

Ibanga ihabhu elinyathelayo lisuka ku-"D-flat" counteroctave ukuya ku-"G-sharp" ye-octave yesine. Izintambo zehabhu zibiza kakhulu, ngakho-ke ngokuvamile azithengwa njengesethi, kodwa zishintshwa njengoba kudingeka.

Namuhla kunezinkampani eziningi ezisebenza ngokukhethekile ekukhiqizeni amahabhu. Abadume kakhulu kubo ngamaFulentshi ” Camac" futhi I-American "Lyon & Healy".

I-Lyon & Healy yasungulwa e-Chicago ngo-1864. Izinsimbi zale nkampani zivame ukubizwa ngokuthi "iMelika" ngabashayi bamahabhu. Lamahabhu avame ukudlalwa ngabaculi abangochwepheshe emidlalweni yeshashalazi nama-philharmonic orchestra.

Kwakusekelwe ku-prototype yezinsimbi zaseMelika ukuthi amahabhu aseSoviet "Leningradka" ayenziwa, avela kuphela ngo-1947. Lamahabhu anomakhenikha athuthuke kancane, kodwa asasetshenziswa njengezinsimbi zabafundi ezikoleni zomculo nasezindaweni zokulondoloza imvelo. Namuhla, imboni yaseSt. Petersburg iyona kuphela eRussia ekhiqiza amahabhu.

Izilinganiso ezinkulu zenza insimbi ihlale imile, ngakho ekhaya nakuma-orchestra, abadlali badlala amahabhu ahlukene.

Levers ihabhu

Ngokuvamile ibizwa ngokuthi " I-Celtic ” ihabhu, okungelona iqiniso kakhulu ngokombono ongokomlando. Ithuluzi libizwa ngokuthi "ama-levers" ngoba linothile indlela ukuze kwakhiwe kabusha ithuluzi. Ifana kakhulu ne- indlela yehabhu "Baroque" sekwephuzile. Leyo eyayingaphambi kokusungulwa kwezinsimbi zokuqala zokunyathela. Lo mshini uvele in ekhulwini le-17. Ngosizo lwe "hook", ithoni yentambo ethile yaphakanyiswa noma yehliswa. Kuze kube manje, amahabhu ayeyi-diatonic kuphela, noma anezintambo ezengeziwe "ze-chromatic". Kunezinhlobo eziningana ze ukukhulisa umshini wehabhu, kodwa zihluka kancane kuphela. Izindlela zokuphakamisa izintambo ngokwazo zisesimweni se "levers", futhi zisesimweni "sama-blades". Ngesikhathi esifanayo, isimiso sokusebenzaindlela ayishintshi kakhulu.

Lolu hlobo lwensimbi aluvamile ukusetshenziswa ku-orchestra ye-symphony. Amahabhu ama-Levers mancane kakhulu (izintambo ezingu-22), okukuvumela ukuba ubambe insimbi emadolweni akho, futhi makhulu (izintambo ezingu-38). Amahabhu ama-Levers anezintambo ezingu-27 nezingu-34 nawo avamile. Amahabhu e-Levers adlalwa yibo bobabili abachwepheshile nabashayi bamahabhu abasafufusa nabaculi abasafunda.

Ihabhu langakwesokunxele nalo lisetshenziswa kakhulu emculweni wesimanje. Baduma ikakhulukazi e- yesibili ingxenye yekhulu lama-20 ngenxa yemikhuba yesiko elidumile, imfashini yobuhlanga, yasempumalanga kanye I-Celtic umculo. Lokhu kusebenze ekulungiseni igama lensimbi ekuqapheleni kwabantu abaningi ngokuthi “ I-Celtic ” ihabhu. Eqinisweni, ngisho "neo- I-Celtic ” ihabhu lingabizwa ngaleli thuluzi elinwebeka kakhulu.

Indlela yokukhetha ihabhu

Nakuba ihabhu lingelona ithuluzi elinzima kakhulu ukulisebenzisa, lisadinga umsebenzi onzima nomzamo omkhulu. Lapho ukhetha ihabhu, njenganoma iyiphi enye insimbi yomculo, kungcono ukubonisana nochwepheshe. Kodwa-ke, uma uhlela ukufunda ukudlala ihabhu ngokwakho futhi uzithengela insimbi, udinga ukunquma ukuthi yini oyifunayo. Uma uthanda umsindo wensimbi kanye nesithombe sayo sothando, kodwa awukanqumi ukuthi yiluphi uhlobo lwensimbi ofuna ukuyidlala, kufanele ubhekisise amahabhu amancane we-lever. Ekwenziweni komculo wasekhaya, ukusebenza kwemisebenzi elula ejabulisayo, leli thuluzi lizokwanela.

Uma ukhetha ingane ihabhu, khona-ke ukubonisana okuphoqelekile nothisha kuyadingeka, ngoba kunezindlela eziningana nemibono ehlobene nokuthi iyiphi insimbi edingekayo ukuqala ukufundisa izingane. Ngakho-ke, isibonelo, eMoscow, izingane zifundiswa ukudlala amahabhu angakwesokunxele, futhi eSt. Petersburg zifundiswa ukudlala amahabhu amakhulu e-pedal, nakuba yonke indawo kukhona okuhlukile. Kodwa-ke, ingane idinga ukuthenga ngokushesha insimbi enkulu enenombolo egcwele yezintambo.

Ihabhu lingenye yezinsimbi zomculo ezibiza kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amahabhu e-pedal ngokuvamile abiza kakhulu. Amathuluzi amakhulu avame ukuba ngaphansi ngekhwalithi kunalawo enziwe inkampani ethembekile. Izindleko zamahabhu e-pedal ziqala kusuka kuma-ruble angama-200,000 futhi ziphela ngamakhulu ezinkulungwane zamaRandi. Ngezindlela eziningi, kuya ngenkampani, ikhwalithi yomsindo, kanye nezinto ezisetshenziswayo.

Intengo yamahabhu ensimbi, phakathi kwezinye izinto, incike enanini lezintambo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amanye amathuluzi athengiswa ngaphandle kwama-levers (kusuka kuma-ruble angu-20,000). Umkhiqizi unikeza ukuwathenga ngokwehlukana futhi afake kuphela izintambo "ezidingekayo". (Intengo yesethi yama-levers ≈ ruble angu-20,000-30,000). Nokho, le ndlela ayifanele ngisho nakwabayizimfundamakhwela. Amathuba ethuluzi elinjalo azoba nomkhawulo kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, kungcono ukuthenga ithuluzi ngokushesha elinezinsimbi ezifakwe kuyo (kusuka kuma-ruble angu-50,000 ngenani elincane lezintambo).