Ferenc Erkel |

Ferenc Erkel

NjengoMoniuszko ePoland noma uSmetana eCzech Republic, u-Erkel ungumsunguli we-opera kazwelonke yaseHungary. Ngemisebenzi yakhe ekhuthele yomculo neyomphakathi, waba nesandla ekuchumeni okungakaze kubonwe ngaphambili kwesiko lesizwe.

UFerenc Erkel wazalwa ngoNovemba 7, 1810 edolobheni laseGyula, eningizimu-mpumalanga yeHungary, emndenini wabaculi. Uyise, uthisha wesikole saseJalimane nomqondisi wekwaya yesonto, wafundisa indodana yakhe ukudlala upiyano ngokwayo. Umfana wabonisa amakhono avelele omculo futhi wathunyelwa ePozsony (Pressburg, manje inhloko-dolobha yaseSlovakia, eBratislava). Lapha, ngaphansi kokuqondisa kuka-Heinrich Klein (umngane kaBeethoven), u-Erkel wenza intuthuko eshesha ngokungavamile futhi ngokushesha waziwa emibuthanweni yabathandi bomculo. Nokho, uyise wayenethemba lokumbona njengesikhulu, futhi u-Erkel kwadingeka akhuthazelele umzabalazo nomndeni wakhe ngaphambi kokuzinikela ngokugcwele emsebenzini wobuciko.

Ekupheleni 20s, wanikeza amakhonsathi emadolobheni ahlukahlukene yezwe, futhi wachitha 1830-1837 e Kolozhvar, inhloko-dolobha Transylvania, lapho wasebenza ngokujulile njengoba umdlali wopiyano, uthisha kanye umqhubi.

Ukuhlala enhloko-dolobha yaseTransylvania kwaba nesandla ekuvuseni isithakazelo sika-Erkel ezinganekwaneni: “Lapho, umculo waseHungary, esingawunakanga, wacwila enhliziyweni yami,” kamuva umqambi wakhumbula, “ngakho wagcwalisa umphefumulo wami wonke ngomculo omnandi kakhulu. izingoma ezimnandi zaseHungary, futhi kuzo angibange ngisakwazi ukuzikhulula kwaze kwaba yilapho esethulule konke, njengoba kwakubonakala kimi, okwakufanele ngempela kuchitheke.

Udumo luka-Erkel njengomqhubi phakathi neminyaka yakhe eseKolozsvár lwanda kangangokuthi ngo-1838 wakwazi ukuhola iqembu le-opera leNational Theatre ePest eyayisanda kuvulwa. U-Erkel, ebonise amandla amakhulu nethalenta lenhlangano, wakhetha abaculi ngokwakhe, wachaza i-repertoire, futhi wenza ukuphindaphinda. UBerlioz, owahlangana naye lapho evakashele eHungary, walazisa kakhulu ikhono lakhe lokuqhuba.

Emkhathini wokuqubuka komphakathi ngaphambi kwenguquko ka-1848, kwavela imisebenzi ka-Erkel yokushisekela izwe. Eyokuqala kwakuyinganekwane yopiyano endikimbeni yabantu baseTransylvanian, u-Erkel athi ngayo “wazalwa ngawo umculo wethu waseHungary.” Ingoma yakhe ethi “Hymn” (1845) eya emazwini kaKölchey yathola ukuthandwa kakhulu. Kodwa u-Erkel ugxile ohlotsheni lwe-operatic. Uthole umhlanganyeli ozwelayo kumuntu ka-Beni Egreshi, umbhali nomculi, lapho adala khona ama-opera akhe angcono kakhulu.

Eyokuqala yabo, "Maria Bathory", yabhalwa ngesikhathi esifushane futhi ngo-1840 ihlelwe ngempumelelo enkulu. Abagxeki bakwamukele ngentshiseko ukuzalwa kwe-opera yaseHungary, okugcizelela isitayela somculo wesizwe esicacile. Ekhuthazwa impumelelo, u-Erkel uqamba i-opera yesibili, i-Laszlo Hunyadi (1844); ukukhiqizwa kwakhe ngaphansi kokuqondisa kombhali kwabangela injabulo enkulu emphakathini. Ngemva konyaka, u-Erkel waqeda i-overture, eyayivame ukwenziwa emakhonsathini. Phakathi nokuvakasha kwakhe eHungary ngo-1846, kwaqhutshwa uLiszt, owadala ifantasy yekhonsathi ngezindikimba ze-opera.

Ngemva kokuqeda u-Laszlo Hunyadi, umqambi waqala ukusebenza emsebenzini wakhe ophakathi, i-opera Bank Ban esekelwe emdlalweni ka-Katona. Ukubhala kwakhe kwaphazanyiswa izenzakalo zoguquko. Kodwa ngisho nokuqala kokusabela, ukucindezelwa kwamaphoyisa noshushiso akuzange kuphoqe u-Erkel ukuba ashiye icebo lakhe. Iminyaka eyisishiyagalolunye kwadingeka alinde ukukhiqizwa futhi, ekugcineni, ngo-1861, i-Premiere yeBan Ban yenzeka esiteji seNational Theatre, ehambisana nemiboniso yokushisekela izwe.

Phakathi nale minyaka, imisebenzi ka-Erkel yezenhlalo iya idlondlobala. Ngo-1853 wahlela i-Philharmonic, ngo-1867 - i-Singing Society. Ngo-1875, kwenzeka isenzakalo esibalulekile empilweni yomculo yaseBudapest - ngemva kwezinkinga ezinde zika-Liszt nemizamo enamandla, kwavulwa i-Hungarian National Academy of Music, eyamkhetha umongameli ohloniphekile, kanye no-Erkel - umqondisi. Iminyaka eyishumi nane, lo wakamuva waqondisa i-Academy of Music futhi wafundisa ikilasi lepiyano kuyo. U-Liszt wancoma imisebenzi ka-Erkel yomphakathi; wabhala: “Sekuyiminyaka engaphezu kwamashumi amathathu manje, imisebenzi yenu iwumelela ngokwanele futhi nomculo waseHungary othuthukile. Ukuyigcina, ukuyigcina nokuyithuthukisa kuyibhizinisi leBudapest Academy of Music. Futhi igunya layo kule ndawo kanye nempumelelo ekufezeni yonke imisebenzi iqinisekiswa ukunakekelwa kwakho okubucayi njengomqondisi wayo.

Amadodana amathathu ka-Erkel nawo azama isandla sawo ekuqambeni: ngo-1865, kwadlalwa i-opera yamahlaya ethi Chobanets kaShandor Erkel. Ngokushesha amadodana aqala ukubambisana noyise futhi, njengoba kucatshangwa, wonke ama-opera kaFerenc Erkel ngemva kwe-"Bank-ban" (ngaphandle kwe-opera yamahlaya yomqambi "Charolta", eyabhalwa ngo-1862 ku-libretto engaphumelelanga - Inkosi kanye knight yakhe ukufeza uthando indodakazi cantor emzaneni) isithelo ukubambisana okunjalo ("György Dozsa", 1867, "György Brankovich", 1874, "Nameless Heroes", 1880, "King Istvan", 1884). Naphezu kokufaneleka kwazo okungokwemvelo kwemibono nezobuciko, ukungalingani kwesitayela kwenza le misebenzi yaduma kancane kunaleyo eyandulelayo.

Ngo-1888, uBudapest wagubha ngokunesizotha iminyaka engamashumi amahlanu esebenza u-Erkel njengomqhubi we-opera. (Ngalesi sikhathi (ngo-1884) kwavulwa isakhiwo esisha sendlu ye-opera, ukwakhiwa kwaso okwathatha iminyaka eyisishiyagalolunye; izimali, njengoba kwenzeka ngesikhathi sazo ePrague, zaqoqwa kulo lonke izwe ngesikhokhelo.). Emkhathini wemikhosi, ukusebenza kwe-"Laszlo Hunyadi" ngaphansi kokuqondisa kombhali kwenzeka. Ngemva kweminyaka emibili, u-Erkel wabonakala okokugcina emphakathini njengomdlali wopiyano - emgubhweni wosuku lwakhe lokuzalwa lweminyaka engamashumi ayisishiyagalombili, wenza ikhonsathi kaMozart ye-d-moll, umdlalo adume ngawo ebusheni bakhe.

U-Erkel washona ngo-June 15, 1893. Ngemva kweminyaka emithathu, wamiswa itshe lesikhumbuzo endaweni yakubo yomqambi.

M. Druskin

Ukwakhiwa:

ama-opera (konke kusethwe e-Budapest) – “Maria Bathory”, libretto by Egresi (1840), “Laszlo Hunyadi”, libretto by Egresi (1844), “Bank-ban”, libretto by Egresi (1861), “Charolte”, libretto by Tsanyuga (1862) , “György Dozsa”, libretto by Szigligeti based on the drama by Yokai (1867), “György Brankovich”, libretto by Ormai and Audrey based on the drama by Obernik (1874), “Nameless Heroes”, freetto by UThoth (1880), "King Istvan", idrama kaVaradi Dobshi (1885); ye-orchestra - I-Solemn Overture (1887; ukuya emgubhweni weminyaka engama-50 we-National Theatre yaseBudapest), i-Brilliant duet esesimweni esimnandi se-violin nepiyano (1837); izingcezu upiyano, kuhlanganise ne-Rakotsi-marsh; izingoma zamakhwaya, kuhlanganise ne-cantata, kanye nehubo (ezosha zomculo ka-F. Kölchei, 1844; yaba iculo le-Hungarian People's Republic); izingoma; umculo wemidlalo yeshashalazi.

Amadodana ka-Erkel:

Gyula Erkel (4 VII 1842, Pest - 22 III 1909, Budapest) - umqambi, i-violinist kanye nomqhubi. Wadlala ku-orchestra yeNational Theatre (1856-60), wayengumqhubi wayo (1863-89), uprofesa e-Academy of Music (1880), umsunguli wesikole somculo e-Ujpest (1891). Elek Erkel (XI 2, 1843, Pest - June 10, 1893, Budapest) - umbhali wama-operettas amaningana, kuhlanganise "Umfundi waseKasshi" ("Der Student von Kassau"). Laszlo Erkel (9 IV 1844, Pest - 3 XII 1896, Bratislava) - umqhubi wekwaya nothisha wepiyano. Kusukela ngo-1870 wasebenza eBratislava. USandor Erkel (2 I 1846, Pest – 14 X 1900, Bekeschsaba) – umbhidisi wekwaya, umqambi kanye nevayolini. Wadlala ku-orchestra ye-National Theatre (1861-74), kusukela ngo-1874 wayengumqhubi womculo, kusukela ngo-1875 wayengumqhubi omkhulu weNational Theatre, umqondisi wePhilharmonic. Umbhali we-Singspiel (1865), i-Hungarian Overture kanye namakhwaya abesilisa.

References: U-Aleksandrova V., F. Erkel, "SM", 1960, No 11; Laszlo J., Life of F. Erkel in illustrations, Budapest, 1964; Sabolci B., Umlando Womculo waseHungary, Budapest, 1964, p. 71-73; UMaroti J., umzila ka-Erkel osuka ku-opera yamaqhawe-lyrical ukuya kumaqiniso abucayi, encwadini ethi: Music of Hungary, M., 1968, p. 111-28; Nemeth A., Ferenc Erkel, L., 1980.