Flamenco |

flamenco, ngokunembile kakhudlwana i-cante flamenco (i-Spanish cante flamenco), iyiqembu elibanzi lezingoma nemidanso yaseNingizimu. ISpain kanye nesitayela esikhethekile sokusebenza kwabo. Igama elithi "F". - kusukela ku-jargon yekhulu le-18, i-etymology yayo ayizange isungulwe naphezu kokuningi. ucwaningo lwesayensi. Kuyaziwa ukuthi ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19 ama-gypsies aseSeville naseCadiz azibiza ngokuthi ama-flamenco, futhi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, leli gama lathola incazelo yegama elithi "gitano andaluzado", okungukuthi, "ama-gypsies azalelwa e-Andalusia." Ngakho, elithi "canto flamenco" ngokwezwi nezwi lisho "ukucula (noma izingoma) zamagypsies ase-Andalusi", noma "ukucula kweGypsy-Andalusian" (cante gitano-andaluz). Leli gama alilona iqiniso ngokomlando noma alinembile, ngoba: AmaGypsy akubona abadali futhi awawona amanyunyana. abathwali besudi F.; I-cante F. iyimpahla hhayi yase-Andalusia kuphela, futhi isabalele nangaphandle kwemingcele yayo; e-Andalusia kukhona iminyuziyamu. inganekwane, okungeyona ekaCante F.; U-Cante F. akasho nje ukucula kuphela, kodwa nokudlala isiginci (guitar flamenca) nokudansa (i-baile flamenco). Noma kunjalo, njengoba u-I. Rossi, omunye wabacwaningi abahamba phambili be-F., ebonisa, leli gama libonakala lilula kakhulu kunamanye (cante jondo, cante andaluz, cante gitano), njengoba lihlanganisa konke, ngaphandle kokukhetha, ukubonakaliswa okuthile. lesi sitayela, esichazwa ngamanye amagama. Ngokuhambisana no-cante F., igama elithi “cante jondo” (cante jondo; i-etymology nayo ayicacile, cishe isho “ukucula okujulile”) isetshenziswa kabanzi. Abanye ososayensi (R. Laparra) abahlukanisi phakathi kwe-cante jondo no-cante F., noma kunjalo, abacwaningi abaningi (I. Rossi, R. Molina, M. Rios Ruiz, M. Garcia Matos, M. Torner, E. Lopez Chavarri ) bakholelwa ukuthi i-cante jondo iyingxenye kuphela ye-cante F., mhlawumbe, ngokusho kuka-M. kuya ku-Falla, umnyombo wayo wasendulo kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, igama elithi "cante hondo" libhekisela ekuculeni kuphela futhi alikwazi ukubhekisela kubuciko be-F.

Indawo okwazalelwa kuyo u-Cante F. yi-Andalusia (i-Turdetania yasendulo), indawo lapho u-dec. isiko, kuhlanganise nomculo, amathonya aseMpumalanga (amaFenike, amaGreki, aseCarthaginian, aseByzantine, ama-Arab, amaGypsy), anquma ukubukeka okugcizelelayo kwasempumalanga kwe-cante F. uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye iSpanishi. umlando womculo. Izici ezingama-2500 zaba nomthelela omkhulu ekwakhiweni kwe-cante F.: ukwamukelwa kweSpanishi. isonto lamaGreki-Byzantine ukucula (2-2 eminyaka, ngaphambi kokwethulwa kwenkonzo yamaRoma ngendlela yayo emsulwa) kanye nokufudukela eSpain ngo-11 kuningi. amaqembu amagypsies ahlala e-Andalusia. Kusuka eGreco-Byzantine. I-Liturgy cante F. yaboleka izikali ezijwayelekile kanye nemiculo. ama-turnover; enza. umkhuba wamagypsies wanikeza ucante F. okokugcina. ubuciko. umumo. Indawo eyinhloko yokusabalalisa kwesimanje kwe-cante F. – Lower Andalusia, okungukuthi, isifundazwe saseCadiz naseningizimu. ingxenye yesifundazwe saseSeville (izikhungo eziyinhloko yiTrinana (ingxenye yesine yedolobha laseSeville osebeni lwesokudla lweGuadalquivir), idolobha laseJerez de la Frontera kanye nedolobha laseCadiz elinamadolobha namadolobhana aseduze asechwebeni). Kule ndawo encane, i-1447% yazo zonke izinhlobo nezinhlobo ze-cante F. zavela, futhi okokuqala kuzo zonke zakudala - amathoni (tonb), sigiriya (siguiriya), solea (soleb), saeta (saeta). Ngaphakathi kwale "flamenco zone" eyinhloko kunendawo enkulu ye-aflamencada - enethonya elinamandla lesitayela se-Cante F.: izifundazwe zaseHuelva, eCordoba, eMalaga, eGranada, e-Almeria, e-Jaen nase-Murcia. Lapha ch. uhlobo lwe-cante F. luyi-fandango ngobuningi bayo. izinhlobo (verdiales, habera, rondeña, malagena, granadina, njll.). UDkt. izindawo ezikude kakhulu ze-“aflamencadas” – Extremadura (eSalamanca naseValladolid enyakatho) naseLa Mancha (eMadrid); “isiqhingi” esingasodwa saseCante F. sakha iBarcelona.

Ulwazi lokuqala lwedokhumentari mayelana ne-Kant F. njengokuqondile. Isitayela sokucula siqala ngo-1780 futhi sihlotshaniswa negama elithi "cantaora" (umculi - umculi we-cante F.) uTio Luis el de la Julian, umgypsy ovela edolobheni laseJerez de la Frontera, oye wehla. kuthina. Kuze kube ikota yokugcina. Ikhulu le-19 wonke ama-cantaor adumile kwakungama-gypsies kuphela (u-El Filho wasePuerto Real, uCiego de la Peña wase-Arcos de la Frontera, El Planeta, uCurro Durce no-Eirique el Meliso baseCadiz, uManuel Cagancho noJuan el Pelao baseTriana, Loco Mateo, Paco la Luz, uCurro Frijones noManuel Molina baseJerez de la Frontera). Uchungechunge lwabadlali be-cante F. ekuqaleni lwalulinganiselwe kakhulu; cantaors 1st floor. Ikhulu le-19 wenza uNdunankulu. amathoni, ama-sigiriya nama-soleares (solea). Esitezi sesi-2. Ikhulu lama-20 i-cante F. ihlanganisa okungenani i-50 dec. izinhlobo zezingoma (iningi lazo imidanso ngesikhathi esisodwa), kanti ezinye zazo zifinyelela ku-30, 40 futhi zize zibe izingxenye ezingu-50. amafomu. I-Cante F. isekelwe ezinhlotsheni nasezinhlotsheni zomsuka wesi-Andalusi, kodwa u-cante F. wahlanganisa izingoma nemidanso eminingi evela kwezinye izifunda zase-Spain ngisho nangaphesheya kwe-Atlantic (njenge-habanera, i-tango yase-Argentina, ne-rumba).

Izinkondlo zikaCante F. azihlangene no-K.-L. ifomu lemethrikhi engashintshi; isebenzisa izitanza ezahlukene ezinezinhlobo ezahlukene zamavesi. Uhlobo oluvelele lwe-stanza yi-"kopla romanseada", okungukuthi, i-quatrain ene-choreic eyi-8-complex. amavesi nama-assonances evesini lesi-2 nelesi-4; kanye nalokhu, i-koplas enamavesi angalingani asetshenziswa - kusukela ku-6 kuya ku-11 ama-syllables (sigiriya), izigaba zamavesi angu-3 ane-assonances evesini lokuqala nelesi-1 (solea), izigaba zamavesi angu-3 (fandango), i-stanza ye-seguidilla (liviana, serrana, buleria), njll. Kokuqukethwe kwayo, izinkondlo zika-F. cante cishe ziyizinkondlo zamagama kuphela, ezigcwele ubuntu kanye nombono wefilosofi ngempilo, yingakho ama-copla amaningi e-F. cante ebukeka njengezaga ezingavamile ezifingqa okuhlangenwe nakho kwempilo. . Ch. izindikimba zale nkondlo ziwuthando, isizungu, ukufa; kwembula izwe elingaphakathi lomuntu. Izinkondlo zikaCante F. ziphawuleka ngobufushane kanye nobulula bobuciko. izimali. Izingathekiso, iziqhathaniso zobunkondlo, izindlela zokwethula inkulumo-nkulumo cishe azikho kuzo.

Ezingomeni zikaCante F., kusetshenziswa ezinkulu, ezincane, njalo njalo. fret mi (i-modo de mi igama elinemibandela, elisuka kuchungechunge lwebhesi lesiginci; Izazi zomculo zaseSpain nazo ziyibiza ngokuthi “Doric” – modo dorico). Ezinkulu nezincane, ukuvumelana kwezinyathelo ze-I, V kanye ne-IV zisetshenziswa; ngezikhathi ezithile kuba khona ithodi yesikhombisa yezinga lesibili. Izingoma zikaCante F. ezincane aziningi: lezi zithi farruka, haleo, ezinye ze-sevillanes, buleria ne-tiento. Izingoma ezinkulu - i-bolero, i-polo, i-alegrias, i-mirabras, i-martinete, i-carcelera, njll. Izingoma eziningi zika-cante F. zisekelwe esikalini esithi "mode mi" - imodi yasendulo edlule ku-Nar. umkhuba womculo ovela eSpanishi yasendulo. izinkonzo zokukhulekela kanye nepulanga elishintshiwe. abaculi; ngokuyisisekelo ihambisana nemodi yaseFrigian, kodwa ne-tonic enkulu. i-triad ku-harmonica. ukuhambisana kanye nezinyathelo "eziguquguqukayo" II kanye no-III emculweni - kungaba ngokwemvelo noma phezulu, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi umnyakazo uyaphi.

Ku-fandango, ngezinhlobonhlobo zayo eziningi nakwezinye izingoma zeLevant (taranto, cartagenera) kusetshenziswa imodi eguquguqukayo: i-wok yabo. imiculo yakhiwe ngezinga elikhulu, kodwa izophetha. umculo ibinzana lenkathi ngokuqinisekile lishintsha libe "imodi mi", lapho i-interlude noma i-postlude edlalwa kumsindo wesiginci. Spain. izazi zomculo zibiza izingoma ezinjalo ngokuthi "bimodal" (cantos bimodales), okungukuthi, "imodi emibili".

Izingoma ze-Cante F. zibonakala ngebanga elincane (ngezinhlobo zasendulo kakhulu, njengamathoni noma i-sigiriya, engadluli kwesihlanu), ukunyakaza okujwayelekile okuya phansi kusukela kumsindo ophezulu kuya ku-tonic nge-decrescendo kanyekanye (kusuka ku-f kuya ku-p), i-melodic ebushelelezi. ukudweba ngaphandle kokugxuma (ukweqa kuvunyelwe ngezikhathi ezithile futhi kuphela phakathi kokuphela kwesikhathi esisodwa somculo kanye nokuqala kwesilandelayo), ukuphindaphinda kaningi komsindo owodwa, imihlobiso eminingi (i-melismas, i-appoggiatura, ukucula okuqhubekayo kwereferensi yemisindo yomculo, njll.), njalo ukusetshenziswa kwe-portamento - iveza ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwama-cantaor wezikhawu ezingaphansi kwe-semitone. Umlingiswa okhethekile emiculweni ka-cante F. unikezwa indlela ezenzakalelayo, ethuthukisiwe yokwenza ama-cantaor, angalokothi aphindaphinde ingoma efanayo, kodwa alethe into entsha futhi engalindelekile kuwo, nakuba engaphuli isitayela.

I-Metrorhythm. ukwakheka kwe-cante F. kucebile kakhulu futhi kuhlukahlukene. Izingoma nemidanso ye-cante F. ihlukaniswe yaba inqwaba yamaqembu kuye ngemitha nesigqi se-wok. umculo, ukuhambisana, kanye nobudlelwano babo obuhlukahlukene. Izenzo ezilula kakhulu kuphela. isithombe, ungaba zonke izingoma ze-Cante F. nge-metrorhythm. izici emaqenjini angu-3:

1) izingoma eziculwa ngaphandle kokuphelezelwa, ngesigqi samahhala, noma ngokuhambisana (isiginci) ezinganamatheli ku-c.-l. imitha njalo futhi enikeza umculi ukuvumelana kuphela. ukwesekwa; leli qembu lihlanganisa izingoma zakudala ze-cante F. - ithoni, i-saeta, i-debla, i-martinete;

2) izingoma ezibuye zenziwe ngumculi kumitha yamahhala, kodwa ngokuhambisana ne-metrically oda: sigiriya, solea, kanya, polo, tiento, njll;

3) izingoma ezine-wok e-odwe ngokwemethrikhi. umculo nokuhambisana; Leli qembu lihlanganisa izingoma eziningi zika-F.

Izingoma zeqembu lesi-2 nelesi-3 zisebenzisa izingxenye ezimbili (2/4), izingxenye ezintathu (3/8 no-3/4) neziguquguqukayo (3/8 + 3/4 no-6/8 + 6/8 + 3) /4) amamitha; lezi zamuva zijwayelekile ikakhulukazi.

Okuyinhloko, empeleni ubunye. umculo insimbi ehilelekile cante F. yisiginci. Isiginci esisetshenziswa "i-tocaors" yase-Andalusian (iziginci zesitayela se-F.) sibizwa ngokuthi "isiginci se-flamenca" (isiginci se-flamenca) noma "i-sonanta" (i-sonanta, i-lit. - umsindo); ihlukile kweyesiSpanishi esivamile. iziginci ezinomzimba omncane futhi, ngenxa yalokho, umsindo ongacacile. Ngokusho kwabacwaningi, ukuhlanganiswa kwe-tokaor ne-cantaor ku-canta F. akuzange kwenzeke ngaphambi kokuqala. Ikhulu le-19 I-tokaor yenza izethulo ezandulela ukwethulwa kwe-cantaor nezixhumi ezivala izikhala phakathi kwama-wok amabili. imishwana. Lezi zingcezu eziyedwa, ngezinye izikhathi ezinemininingwane eminingi kakhulu, zibizwa ngokuthi “falsetas” (falsetas) futhi zenziwa kusetshenziswa indlela “ye-punteo” (kusuka ku-puntear - ukuya ekubhobozeni; ukusebenza komculo owucula yedwa nemifanekiso ehlukahlukene ngokusetshenziswa kwamachords ngezikhathi ezithile ukuze kugcizelelwe ukuvumelana ekukhulumeni. amajika). Imidlalo yendima emfushane phakathi kwama-“falseta” amabili noma phakathi kwe-“falsetas” nokucula, eyenziwa ngobuchule be-“rasgeo” (i-rasgueo; ukulandelana kwezingoma ezinomsindo ogcwele, kwesinye isikhathi eziqhaqhazelayo), okuthiwa. "paseos" (paseos). Kanye nama-cantaors adumile, abaculi abavelele be-cante F. baziwa: Patiño, Javier Molina, Ramon Montoya, Paco de Lucia, Serranito, Manolo Sanlucar, Melchor de Marchena, Curro de Jerez, El Niño Ricardo, Rafael del Aguila, Paco Aguilera, Moranto Chico nabanye

Ngaphezu kwesiginci, ukucula ku-F. cante kuhambisana ne-"palmas flamencas" (palmas flamencas) - enesigqi. ngokushaya iminwe engu-3-4 ecindezelwe yesandla esisodwa entendeni yesinye, "pitos" (pitos) - ukuhlwitha iminwe ngendlela yama-castanet, ukushaya ngesithende, njll. Ama-Castanet ahambisana nemidanso kaF.

Ukuthuthukiswa kwemvelo yokusebenza kwezingoma ze-cante F., ukusetshenziswa kwezikhawu ezingaphansi kwe-semitone kuzo, kanye nemitha yamahhala kweziningi zazo, kuvimbela ukulungiswa kwazo okunembile ekubhalweni komculo: akukwazi ukunikeza umbono weqiniso we umsindo weqiniso we-cante F. Noma kunjalo, sinikeza njengesibonelo ucezu lwe-sigiriya - "i-falset" yokuqala yesiginci kanye nokwethulwa kwe-cantaor (eqoshwe ngu-I. Rossi; bheka amakholomu 843, 844 ):

Umdanso ku-cante F. unomsuka wasendulo ofanayo nokucula. Lona kuhlale kuwumdanso we-solo, ohlobene eduze nokucula, kodwa unokubukeka kwawo okuhlukile. Kuze kube ser. Ikhulu le-19 leminyaka F. imidanso yayingeminingi (zapateado, fandango, jaleo); kusukela esitezi sesi-2. Ngekhulu le-19 inani labo likhula ngokushesha. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, izingoma eziningi zika-cante F. ziye zahambisana nomdanso futhi zaguqulwa zaba uhlobo lwe-canto bailable (ingoma-umdanso). Ngakho, emuva ekhulwini le-19. i-gypsy eyaziwa kakhulu "i-baylaora" (umdansi wesitayela sika-F.) waseSeville, e-La Mehorana, waqala ukudansa i-solea. Ngekhulu lama-20 cishe zonke izingoma ze-cante f. kwenziwe njengemidanso. U-Jose M. Caballero Bonald ubala imidanso ka-F. engaphezu kuka-30 “ehlanzekile”; kanye nemidanso, ayibiza ngokuthi "okuxubile" (imidanso yaseshashalazini kaF.), inani labo lidlula i-100.

Ngokungafani nezinye izinhlobo zesifunda zeSpanishi. umlando womculo, u-cante F. ngezindlela zawo ezimsulwa akukaze kube sesidlangalaleni. impahla, ayizange ilinywe yibo bonke abantu base-Andalusia (hhayi emadolobheni noma emaphandleni) futhi kuze kube ingxenye yesithathu yokugcina yekhulu le-19. yayingadumile noma ingadumile ngaphandle kwendilinga encane yongoti nezimfundamakhwela. Impahla yomphakathi jikelele cante F. iba kuphela ngokufika okukhethekile. i-cafe yobuciko, lapho abadlali be-cante F.

I-cafe yokuqala enjalo yavulwa eSeville ngo-1842, kodwa ukusatshalaliswa kwayo ngobuningi kubuyela kuma-70s. Ikhulu le-19, lapho kwakhiwa "i-cafe cantante" eminingi eminyakeni. Seville, Jerez de la Frontera, Cadiz, Puerto de Santa Maria, Malaga, Granada, Cordoba, Cartagena, La Unión, futhi ngemva kwabo ngaphandle kwase-Andalusia naseMurcia - eMadrid, Barcelona, ​​​​ngisho neBilbao. Isikhathi esisuka ku-1870 kuya ku-1920 sibizwa ngokuthi “inkathi yegolide” ka-cante F. Indlela entsha yokuba khona kuka-cante F. kwaphawula ukuqala kobuchwepheshe babadlali (abahlabeleli, abadansi, abadlali besiginci), kwabangela ukuncintisana phakathi kwabo, futhi kwaba nesandla ekwakhiweni kwezinhlobonhlobo. enza. izikole nezitayela, kanye nomehluko phakathi kwezinhlobo namafomu ngaphakathi kwe-cante F. Ngaleyo minyaka, igama elithi "hondo" laqala ukusho izingoma ezizwakalayo, ezimangalisayo, ezizwakalayo (sigiriya, i-solea, i-kanya, i-polo, i-martinet, i-carselera). Ngaso leso sikhathi, amagama athi “cante grande” (cante grande - ukucula okukhulu) avela, achaza izingoma ezinde kakhulu futhi ezinemiculo ehlukahlukene, kanye nethi “cante chico” (cante chico - ukucula okuncane) - ukubhekisa kukho. izingoma ezazingenazo izimfanelo ezinjalo. Mayelana nezindlela. Ngokukhula kwenani lomdanso e-cante, uF. waqala ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwezingoma ngokomsebenzi wazo: ingoma ethi "alante" (ifomu lesi-Andalusian le-Castilian adelante, phambili) yayihloselwe ukulalela kuphela, ingoma ethi "atras" (atrbs, back) ihambisane nomdanso. Isikhathi se "cafe cantante" saletha phambili umthala wonke wabadlali abavelele be-cante F., phakathi kwabo ama-cantaors uManuel Toppe, u-Antonio Mairena, uManolo Caracol, uPastor Pavon, uMaria Vargas, u-El Agujetas, u-El Lebrijano, u-Enrique Morente, ama-bailors La. Argentina, Lolilla La bagqame Flamenca, Vicente Escudero, Antonio Ruiz Soler, Carmen Amaya. Ngo-1914 i-choreographic. iqembu lase-La Argentina ladlala eLondon ngemidanso yomculo kaM. de Falla futhi udansa nguF. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukuguqulwa kwe-cante ka-F ukuze kube ukusebenza okumangalisayo akukwazanga kodwa kube nomthelela omubi kwezobuciko. izinga nobumsulwa besitayela sezingoma nemidanso F. Ukudlulisela kuma-20s. Ikhulu lama-20 cante F. enkundleni yemidlalo. isiteji (okuthiwa i-opera ye-flamenca) kanye nenhlangano yemidlalo yezinganekwane kaF. kwandisa kakhulu ukwehla kwalobu buciko; i-repertoire ka-cante F. abadlali bebegcwele amafomu angaphandle. Umncintiswano weCante Jondo, owahlelwa eGranada ngo-1922 ngohlelo lukaM. de Falla kanye F. Garcia Lorca, wanikeza umfutho ekuvuselelweni kukaCante F.; imincintiswano efanayo nemikhosi yaqala ukuqhutshwa njalo eSeville, Cadiz, Cordoba, Granada, Malaga, Jaen, Almeria, Murcia nakwamanye amadolobha. Bahehe abadlali abavelele, bakhombise izibonelo ezinhle kakhulu zikacante F. Ngo-1956-64, uchungechunge lwakusihlwa lwe-cante F. ebanjelwe eCordoba naseGranada; eCordoba ngo-1956, 1959 nango-1962 kwenzeka nat. imincintiswano cante F., futhi edolobheni Jerez de la Frontera ngo-1962 - international. Umncintiswano wengoma ka-F., umdanso, nesiginci. Isifundo sikaCante F.

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