Georgy Vasilyevich Sviridov |

Georgy Sviridov

… Ezikhathini ezineziyaluyalu, ikakhulukazi izimo zobuciko ezivumelanayo ziyavela, ezihlanganisa isifiso esiphakeme kakhulu somuntu, isifiso sokuzwana kwangaphakathi kobuntu bomuntu ngokumelene nezinxushunxushu zomhlaba… Lokhu kuvumelana kwezwe elingaphakathi kuxhumene nokuqonda nokuzwa usizi lokuphila, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo lunqoba le nhlekelele. Isifiso sokuzwana kwangaphakathi, ukwazi kwesiphetho esiphezulu somuntu - yilokho manje okuzwakala ikakhulukazi kimi ku-Pushkin. G. Sviridov

Ukusondelana ngokomoya phakathi komqambi nembongi akwenzeki ngengozi. Ubuciko bukaSviridov buphinde buhlukaniswe ukuvumelana kwangaphakathi okungavamile, isifiso esivuthayo sobuhle neqiniso, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo umuzwa wenhlekelele ovela ekuqondeni okujulile kobukhulu nedrama yenkathi ephilwa ngayo. Umculi nomqambi onethalente elikhulu, lokuqala, uzizwa okokuqala eyindodana yezwe lakubo, eyazalwa futhi yakhuliswa ngaphansi kwesibhakabhaka salo. Kuyo kanye impilo kaSviridov kunezixhumanisi eziqondile nemvelaphi yabantu kanye nokuphakama kwesiko laseRussia.

Umfundi ka-D. Shostakovich, owafunda e-Leningrad Conservatory (1936-41), isazi esimangalisayo sezinkondlo nokudweba, naye enesiphiwo esivelele sokusankondlo, wazalelwa edolobhaneni elincane laseFatezh, esifundazweni saseKursk, emndenini ka. umabhalane weposi kanye nothisha. Bobabili ubaba nomama kaSviridov babengabomdabu bendawo, bevela kubalimi eduze nemizana yaseFatezh. Ukuxhumana okuqondile nendawo yasemaphandleni, njengokucula komfana ekwayeni yesonto, kwakungokwemvelo futhi kungokwemvelo. Yilezi zisekelo ezimbili zesiko lomculo laseRussia - ukubhala izingoma zomdabu kanye nobuciko obungokomoya - obuhlala enkumbulweni yomculo yengane kusukela ebuntwaneni, yaba insika yenkosi esikhathini esivuthiwe sokusungula.

Izinkumbulo zasebuntwaneni zihlotshaniswa nezithombe zemvelo yaseNingizimu Russian - izimfunda zamanzi, amasimu namapholisa. Futhi-ke - inhlekelele yempi yombango, 1919, lapho amasosha kaDenikin angena edolobheni ebulala uKhomanisi osemusha uVasily Sviridov. Akuyona into engaqondakali ukuthi umqambi ubuyela ngokuphindaphindiwe ezinkondlweni zasemaphandleni aseRussia (umjikelezo wezwi "Nginobaba Ompofu" - 1957; ama-cantatas "Izingoma zeKursk", "Wooden Russia" - 1964, "The Baptist Man" - 1985; izingoma zamakhwaya), kanye nezinxushunxushu ezimbi kakhulu eminyakeni yokuguquguquka ("1919" - ingxenye yesi-7 ye "Inkondlo Yenkumbulo kaYesenin", izingoma ezicula yedwa "Indodana yahlangana noyise", "Ukufa kwe-commissar").

Usuku lwangempela lobuciko bukaSviridov lungaboniswa ngokunembile: kusukela ehlobo kuya kuDisemba 1935, eminyakeni engaphansi kwengama-20, inkosi yesikhathi esizayo yomculo waseSoviet yabhala umjikelezo owaziwayo manje wezothando ngokusekelwe ezinkondlweni zikaPushkin ("Ukusondela ku-Izhora", "I-Winter Road", "Ihlathi Lehla ...", "To the Nanny", njll.) kuwumsebenzi omi ngokuqinile phakathi kwezingoma zomculo zaseSoviet, evula uhlu lwemisebenzi yobuciko kaSviridov. Yiqiniso, kwakusekhona iminyaka yokufunda, impi, ukufuduka, ukukhula kokudala, ukuphumelela kokuphakama kwekhono elingaphambili. Ukuvuthwa okugcwele kokudala kanye nokuzimela kwafika ekupheleni kweminyaka yama-40s no-50s, lapho uhlobo lwakhe lwenkondlo ye-vocal cyclic lutholakala kanye nendikimba yakhe enkulu ebabazekayo (imbongi nezwe lakubo). Izibulo lalolu hlobo ("Izwe Lobaba" ku-st. A. Isahakyan - 1950) lalandelwa izingoma eziya emavesini kaRobert Burns (1955), i-oratorio "Inkondlo Yenkumbulo kaYesenin" (1956). ) kanye nethi "Pathetic" (ku-st. V. Mayakovsky - 1959).

“… ukuthulisa kuthathelwa indawo umsindo wokuduma okukude ... “Futhi, ibiza ukulalela “umdumo omubi futhi ovala izindlebe wenguquko”, imbongi ithi “lokhu kuduma, noma kunjalo, kumayelana nokukhulu.” Kwaba ngokhiye onjalo othi "Blokian" uSviridov wafinyelela isihloko se-Great October Revolution, kodwa wathatha umbhalo kwenye imbongi: umqambi wakhetha indlela yokuphikiswa okukhulu, ephendukela ezinkondlo zikaMayakovsky. By the way, lokhu kwaba ukulinganisa melodic lokuqala izinkondlo zakhe emlandweni womculo. Lokhu kufakazelwa, ngokwesibonelo, iculo eliphefumulelwe elithi "Ake sihambe, imbongi, ake sibheke, sicule" ekugcineni kwe "Pathetic Oratorio", lapho isakhiwo esingokomfanekiso sezinkondlo ezidumile siguqulwa, kanye nobubanzi, obujabulisayo. ingoma "Ngiyazi ukuthi idolobha lizoba". I-melodic engapheli ngempela, ngisho namathuba omculo we-hymnal wembulwa nguSviridov eMayakovsky. Futhi "i-rumble of the Revolution" isendaweni enhle, esabekayo yengxenye yokuqala ("Jikela ohambweni!"), Esigabeni "se-cosmic" sesiphetho ("Shine futhi ungabi nezipikili!") ...

Kuphela eminyakeni yokuqala yezifundo zakhe kanye nentuthuko yokudala lapho uSviridov abhala khona umculo wezinsimbi eziningi. Ekupheleni kwama-30s - ekuqaleni kwawo-40s. zihlanganisa Symphony; ikhonsathi yepiyano; ama-ensembles ekamelo (Quintet, Trio); 2 sonatas, 2 partitas, Icwecwe lezingane lepiyano. Ezinye zalezi zingoma ezinhlelweni zababhali abasha zithole udumo futhi zathatha indawo yazo esiteji sekhonsathi.

Kodwa into eyinhloko emsebenzini kaSviridov - umculo wezwi (izingoma, ezothando, imijikelezo yezwi, ama-cantatas, ama-oratorios, ama-choral). Lapha, umqondo wakhe omangalisayo wevesi, ukujula kokuqonda izinkondlo kanye nethalente elicebile lomculo kwahlanganiswa ngenjabulo. Akazange “acule” kuphela imigqa kaMayakovsky (ngaphezu kwe-oratorio - ukuphrinta okudumile komculo "Indaba Yama-Bagels Nowesifazane Ongayiboni IRiphabhulikhi"), B. Pasternak (i-cantata "Kuyakhithika") , Iphrozi kaN. Gogol (ikwaya “Entsha Elahlekile” ), kodwa futhi nomculo wesimanje ovuselelwe ngendlela ehlelekile. Ngaphezu kwababhali okukhulunywe ngabo, wabeka umculo imigqa eminingi V. Shakespeare, P. Beranger, N. Nekrasov, F. Tyutchev, B. Kornilov, A. Prokofiev, A. Tvardovsky, F. Sologub, V. Khlebnikov kanye abanye - kusukela izimbongi - Decembrists K. Kuliev.

Emculweni ka-Sviridov, amandla angokomoya nokujula kwefilosofi yezinkondlo kuvezwa emiculo yokubhoboza, ukucaca kwekristalu, ngokucebile kwemibala ye-orchestra, esakhiweni sokuqala se-modal. Eqala ngokuthi "Inkondlo Yenkumbulo Ka-Sergei Yesenin", umqambi usebenzisa emculweni wakhe izici ze-imo-modal zengoma yasendulo ye-Orthodox Znamenny. Ukuthembela emhlabeni wobuciko obungokomoya basendulo babantu baseRussia kungalandelelwa ezingomeni zamakhwaya njengokuthi "Umphefumulo udabukile ngezulu", kumakhonsathi ekhonsathi "In Memory of AA Yurlov" kanye ne "Pushkin's Wreath", ngokumangalisayo. ama-canvases afakwe emculweni wedrama ethi A K. Tolstoy “Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich” (“Umthandazo”, “Uthando Olungcwele”, “Ivesi Lokuzisola”). Umculo wale misebenzi umsulwa futhi uphakeme, uqukethe incazelo enkulu yokuziphatha. Kukhona isiqephu sefilimu ye-documentary ethi "Georgy Sviridov" lapho umqambi emi phambi komdwebo we-Blok's Museum (Leningrad), okuyinto imbongi ngokwayo engazange ihlukane nayo. Lona umdwebo ovela emdwebeni kaSalome oneNhloko kaJohane uMbhapathizi (ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-1963) womdwebi ongumDashi uK. Massis, lapho kuqhathaniswa khona ngokusobala izithombe zikaHerode ongumashiqela nomprofethi owafela iqiniso. "Umprofethi uwuphawu lwembongi, isiphetho sakhe!" USviridov uthi. Lokhu kufana akuzenzekelanga. U-Blok ube nesandulela esimangalisayo somlilo, isivunguvungu nekusasa elidabukisayo lekhulu lama-40 elizayo. Futhi emazwini esiprofetho esesabekayo sikaBlok, uSviridov wadala enye yezingoma zakhe zobuciko "Izwi elivela kuChoir" (1963). U-Blok waphefumulela ngokuphindaphindiwe umqambi, owabhala mayelana nezingoma ze-1962 ezisekelwe ezinkondlweni zakhe: lezi ziyizithombe ezincane ezizimele, nomjikelezo wegumbi "i-Petersburg Songs" (1967), nama-cantatas amancane "Izingoma ezidabukisayo" (1979), "Izingoma ezinhlanu mayelana neRussia" (1980), kanye nezinkondlo zama-choral cyclic Night Clouds (XNUMX), Songs of Timelessness (XNUMX).

… Ezinye izimbongi ezimbili, nazo ezazinezici ezingokwesiprofetho, zinendawo eyinhloko emsebenzini kaSviridov. Lona Pushkin futhi Yesenin. Emavesini kaPushkin, owazithoba yena nazo zonke izincwadi zesiRashiya zesikhathi esizayo ezwini leqiniso nonembeza, owakhonza abantu ngokuzidela ngobuciko bakhe, uSviridov, ngaphezu kwezingoma zomuntu ngamunye nezothando, wabhala amakhwaya angu-10 amahle kakhulu "Pushkin's Wreath". ” (1979), lapho ngokuzwana nenjabulo yempilo ephula ukubonakaliswa okunzima kwembongi yodwa phakade (“Bashaya ukusa”). I-Yesenin iyona eseduze kakhulu futhi, kuzo zonke izici, imbongi eyinhloko ye-Sviridov (izingoma ezingaba ngu-50 nezingoma zomculo). Ngokudabukisayo, umqambi wajwayelana nezinkondlo zakhe kuphela ngo-1956. Umugqa othi "Ngiyimbongi yokugcina yesigodi" washaqeka futhi waba umculo ngokushesha, ihlumela okwakhula kulo "Inkondlo Yenkumbulo kaSergei Yesenin" - umsebenzi oyingqopha-mlando. ye-Sviridov, yomculo waseSoviet futhi ngokujwayelekile, ukuze umphakathi wethu uqonde izici eziningi zempilo yaseRussia ngaleyo minyaka. U-Yesenin, njengabanye "ababhali ababambisene" abakhulu be-Sviridov, wayenesipho sesiprofetho - emuva maphakathi nawo-20s. waprofetha isiphetho esibi sezwe laseRussia. "Isivakashi sensimbi", esiza "endleleni yenkundla eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka", akuyona imoto u-Yesenin okuthiwa wayeyesaba (njengoba kwakucatshangwa ngaphambili), lesi isithombe esibi, esesabekayo. Umcabango wale mbongi wezwakala futhi wembulwa emculweni ngumqambi. Phakathi kwemisebenzi yakhe kaYesenin kukhona amakhwaya, imilingo ekucebeni kwabo kwezinkondlo ("Umphefumulo udabukisa izulu", "Kuhlwa okwesibhakabhaka", "Tabun"), ama-cantatas, izingoma zezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene kuze kufike enkondlweni yezwi le-Chamber-Vocal "Uhambile. Russia" (1977).

U-Sviridov, ngokubona kwakhe izinto kusengaphambili, ngaphambili najulile kunezinye izibalo eziningi zesiko lamaSoviet, wazizwa isidingo sokulondoloza ulimi lwaseRussia lwezinkondlo nomculo, amagugu ayigugu obuciko basendulo adalwe amakhulu eminyaka, ngoba phezu kwazo zonke lezi ngcebo yezwe eminyakeni yethu ephelele. ukuphulwa kwezisekelo namasiko, enkathini yokuhlukunyezwa okuhlangene, ngempela kwakukhona ingozi yokubhujiswa. Futhi uma izincwadi zethu zanamuhla, ikakhulukazi ngezindebe zika-V. Astafiev, V. Belov, V. Rasputin, N. Rubtsov, zibiza ngezwi elikhulu ukuze zisindise lokho okusengasindiswa, khona-ke uSviridov wakhuluma ngalokhu emuva maphakathi no- 50s.

Isici esibalulekile sobuciko be-Sviridov "i-super-historicity" yayo. Imayelana neRussia iyonke, ihlanganisa okwedlule, okwamanje nekusasa. Umqambi uhlale ekwazi ukugcizelela okubaluleke kakhulu nokungafi. Ubuciko bekwaya bukaSviridov busekelwe emithonjeni efana nezingoma ezingokomoya zama-Orthodox kanye nenganekwane yaseRussia, kufaka phakathi umjikelezo wokuhlanganisa kwawo ulimi lwezwi lengoma yenguquko, imashi, izinkulumo ze-oratorical - okungukuthi, izinto ezizwakalayo zekhulu lama-XX. , futhi kulesi sisekelo isenzakalo esisha esinjengamandla nobuhle, amandla angokomoya kanye nokungena, okuphakamisa ubuciko be-choral besikhathi sethu ezingeni elisha. Kwakukhona usuku oludumile lwe-opera yakudala yaseRussia, kwaba khona ukukhuphuka kwe-symphony yamaSoviet. Namuhla, ubuciko obusha bekwaya baseSoviet, obuvumelanayo futhi obuphakeme, obungenawo ama-analogue esikhathini esidlule noma emculweni wesimanje wangaphandle, buwukubonakaliswa okubalulekile kwengcebo engokomoya nobungqabavu babantu bakithi. Futhi lokhu kuwumsebenzi wokudala we-Sviridov. Lokho akuthola kwathuthukiswa ngempumelelo enkulu ngabanye abaqambi baseSoviet: V. Gavrilin, V. Tormis, V. Rubin, Yu. Butsko, K. Volkov. A. Nikolaev, A. Kholminov nabanye.

Umculo kaSviridov waba ubuciko beSoviet bekhulu lesi-XNUMX. ngenxa yokujula kwayo, ukuvumelana, ukuxhumana okuseduze namasiko acebile amasiko omculo waseRussia.

L. Polyakova