USamuil Abramovich Samosud (Samuil Samosud) |

USamuil Samosud

Umqhubi weSoviet, Umculi Wabantu we-USSR (1937), owawina imiklomelo emithathu kaStalin (1941, 1947, 1952). “Ngazalelwa edolobheni laseTiflis. Ubaba wayengumqhubi. Ukuthambekela komculo kwabonakala ngisemncane. Ubaba wangifundisa ukudlala i-cornet-a-piston ne-cello. Ukucula kwami ​​ngedwa kwaqala ngineminyaka eyisithupha. Kamuva, eTiflis Conservatory, ngaqala ukutadisha izinsimbi ezifuthwayo noProfesa E. Gijini kanye ne-cello noProfesa A. Polivko.” Ngakho-ke uSamosud uqala inothi lakhe le-autobiographical.

Ngemva kokuphothula esikoleni somculo ngo-1905, umculi osemusha waya ePrague, lapho afunda khona nomculi we-cellist odumile uG. Vigan, kanye nomqhubi omkhulu wePrague Opera K. Kovarzovats. Ukuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo kwe-SA Samosud kwenzeke “e-Parisian Schola Cantorum” ngaphansi kokuqondisa komqambi u-V. d'Andy kanye nombhidisi u-E. Colonne. Mhlawumbe, nalapho wenza isinqumo sokuzinikela ekuqhubeni. Noma kunjalo, ngemva kwesikhathi esithile ebuyile phesheya, wasebenza njengomdlali ocula yedwa e-St. Petersburg People's House.

Kusukela ngo-1910, iSamosud isebenze njengomqhubi we-opera. Endlini Yabantu, ngaphansi kokulawula kwakhe, kukhona uFaust, Lakme, Oprichnik, Dubrovsky. Futhi ngo-1916 wenza "Mermaid" ngokuhlanganyela F. Chaliapin. USamosud uyakhumbula: “UGalinkin, owayevame ukudlala izingoma zikaShalyapin, wayengaphilile, futhi i-orchestra yangitusa kakhulu. Ngenxa yobusha bami, uChaliapin wayengasethembi lesi siphakamiso, kodwa wavuma. Lokhu kudlala kwadlala indima enkulu empilweni yami, njengoba esikhathini esizayo ngenza cishe yonke imisebenzi kaChaliapin, futhi kakade ngokugcizelela kwakhe. Ukuxhumana kwansuku zonke no-Chaliapin - umculi ohlakaniphile, umlingisi nomqondisi - kimi kwakuyisikole esikhulu sobuciko esavula imibono emisha kwezobuciko.

Umlando wokudala ozimele weSamosud, njengokungathi, uhlukaniswe izingxenye ezimbili - iLeningrad neMoscow. Ngemva kokusebenza eMariinsky Theatre (1917-1919), umqhubi wahola iqembu lomculo owazalwa ngo-Okthoba - i-Maly Opera Theatre eLeningrad futhi waba umqondisi wayo wezobuciko kwaze kwaba ngu-1936. idumela "lebhulali ye-opera yaseSoviet." Imikhiqizo emihle kakhulu yama-opera asendulo (I-Abduction from the Seraglio, Carmen, Falstaff, The Snow Maiden, The Golden Cockerel, njll.) kanye nemisebenzi emisha yababhali bangaphandle (Krenek, Dressel, njll.) ). Kodwa-ke, uSamosud wabona umsebenzi wakhe oyinhloko ekudaleni i-repertoire yesimanje yaseSoviet. Futhi walwela ukufeza lo msebenzi ngokuphikelela nangenhloso. Emuva eminyakeni engamashumi amabili, uMalegot waqala ukudlala ngezindikimba zenguquko - "For Red Petrograd" ka-A. Gladkovsky kanye no-E. Prussak (1925), "Yamashumi amabili nanhlanu" ka-S. Strassenburg esekelwe enkondlweni kaMayakovsky ethi "Kuhle" (1927), Iqembu labantu abasha lagxila ku-Samosud Leningrad abaqambi abasebenza kuhlobo lwe-opera - D. Shostakovich ("Ikhala", "Lady Macbeth wesifunda saseMtsensk"), I. Dzerzhinsky ("I-Quiet Flows the Don"). Zhelobinsky ( "Kamarinsky Muzhik", "Igama Day"), V Voloshinov nabanye.

I-Lynching yasebenza ngentshiseko engavamile nokuzinikela. Umqambi u-I. Dzerzhinsky wabhala: “Uyazi inkundla yemidlalo yaseshashalazini njengaye akekho omunye umuntu ... Kuye, umdlalo we-opera uwukuhlanganisa komculo kanye nesithombe esimangalisayo sibe siphelele, ukwakhiwa kweqoqo lobuciko langempela kukhona uhlelo olulodwa. , ukubekwa phansi kwazo zonke izici zokusebenza zibe ngumbono oyinhloko, oholayo womsebenzi wama-uXNUMXbuXNUMXb ... Igunya C A. Ukuzehlulela kusekelwe esikweni elihle, isibindi sokudala, ikhono lokusebenza kanye nekhono lokwenza abanye basebenze. Yena ngokwakhe uhlolisisa zonke "izinto ezincane" zobuciko zokukhiqiza. Angabonakala ekhuluma nabaculi, ama-props, abasebenzi basesiteji. Ngesikhathi sokuzilolonga, uvame ukushiya isiteji somqhubi futhi, kanye nomqondisi, basebenze ezigcawini ze-mise en, baqhubekisela umculi ukuthi enze isenzo esithile, eluleka umculi ukuthi ashintshe lokhu noma leyo mininingwane, achazele i-choir indawo engacacile amaphuzu, njll. I-Samosud ingumqondisi wangempela wokudlala, idala ngokucatshangelwa ngokucophelela - ngokuningiliziwe - uhlelo. Lokhu kunikeza ukuzethemba nokucaca ezenzweni zakhe.”

Umoya wokusesha kanye nokusha uhlukanisa imisebenzi yeSamosud futhi esikhundleni sokuba umqhubi omkhulu weBolshoi Theatre yase-USSR (1936-1943). Wakha lapha imikhiqizo yakudala ngempela ka-Ivan Susanin enguqulweni entsha yemibhalo kanye noRuslan noLyudmila. Namanje ku-orbit yokunaka komqhubi yi-opera yaseSoviet. Ngaphansi kokuqondisa kwakhe, "I-Virgin Soil Upturned" ka-I. Dzerzhinsky idlalwa e-Bolshoi Theatre, futhi phakathi neMpi Enkulu Yobuzwe wadlala i-opera ka-D. Kabalevsky ethi "On Fire".

Isigaba esilandelayo sokuphila kokudala kweSamosud sihlotshaniswa ne-Musical Theatre eqanjwe ngo-KS Stanislavsky no-VI Nemirovich-Danchenko, lapho ayeyinhloko yomnyango womculo kanye nomqhubi omkhulu (1943-1950). “Akunakwenzeka ukukhohlwa ukuzilolonga kweSamosud,” kubhala abaculi bemidlalo yaseshashalazini uN. Kemarskaya, T. Yanko noS. Tsenin. - Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi i-operetta ejabulisayo ethi "The Beggar Student" ka-Millöker, noma umsebenzi wokuphefumula okumangalisayo - "I-Spring Love" ka-Encke, noma i-opera yamahlaya kaKhrennikov ethi "Frol Skobeev" - yayilungiselelwa ngaphansi kobuholi bakhe - yeka ukuthi uSamuil Abramovich wayengena ngaphakathi. ekwazi ukubuka ingqikithi yesithombe, yeka ukuthi wahola kanjani umenzi ngokuhlakanipha nangobuqili kuzo zonke izilingo, kuzo zonke izinjabulo ezitholakala endimeni! Njengoba uSamuil Abramovich evezwe ngobuciko ngesikhathi sokuzilolonga, isithombe sikaPanova eLyubov Yarovaya, esiyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ngokwemibandela yomculo neyokulingisa, noma isithombe esinamawala nesinyakazayo sikaLaura ku-The Beggar Student! Futhi kanye nalokhu - izithombe zika-Euphrosyne, uTaras noma uNazar ku-opera "Umndeni kaTaras" kaKabalevsky.

Phakathi neMpi Enkulu Yobuzwe, uSamosud waba ngumdlali wokuqala we-Seventh Symphony ka-D. Shostakovich (1942). Futhi ngo-1946, abathandi bomculo baseLeningrad baphinde bambona kuphaneli yokulawula ye-Maly Opera Theatre. Ngaphansi kokuqondisa kwakhe, i-premiere ye-opera ka-S. Prokofiev ethi "War and Peace" yenziwa. USamosud wayenobungane obuseduze kakhulu noProkofiev. Waphathiswa umqambi ukwethula izethameli (ngaphandle "Impi Nokuthula") i-Seventh Symphony (1952), i-oratorio "Ukuqapha Umhlaba" (1950), "I-Winter Fire" suite (1E50) neminye imisebenzi. . Kwenye yezincwadi zocingo eya kumqhubi wesifundo, uS. Prokofiev wabhala: “Ngikukhumbula ngokwazisa okufudumele njengomhumushi ohlakaniphile, onekhono nongenasici wemisebenzi yami eminingi.”

Ephethe inkundla yeshashalazi eqanjwe ngo-KS Stanislavsky no-VI Nemirovich-Danchenko, uSamosud ngasikhathi sinye wahola i-All-Union Radio Opera ne-Symphony Orchestra, futhi eminyakeni yamuva nje ubesenhloko ye-Moscow Philharmonic Orchestra. Esikhumbuzweni sabaningi, ukudlala kwakhe okumangalisayo kwama-opera ekhonsathini kugcinwe - Lohengrin kaWagner kanye noMeistersingers, ekaRossini ethi The Thieving Magpies kanye namaNtaliyane e-Algeria, ama-Enchantress kaTchaikovsky ... Futhi konke okwenziwa yiSamosuda ukuthuthukisa ubuciko baseSoviet ngeke kwenzeke. angikhohliwe abaculi nabathandi bomculo.

L. Grigoriev, J. Platek