Ukusungulwa kwepiyano: kusukela ku-clavichord kuya kupiyano enkulu yesimanje

Noma iyiphi insimbi yomculo inomlando wayo oyingqayizivele, okuwusizo kakhulu futhi okuthakazelisayo ukwazi. Ukusungulwa kwepiyano kwaba umcimbi woguquko esikweni lomculo ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-18.

Impela wonke umuntu uyazi ukuthi upiyano akulona ithuluzi lokuqala lekhibhodi emlandweni wesintu. Abaculi beNkathi Ephakathi nabo babedlala izinsimbi zekhibhodi. I-organ iyinsimbi endala yekhibhodi yomoya, enenani elikhulu lamapayipi esikhundleni sezintambo. I-organ isabhekwa "njengenkosi" yezinsimbi zomculo, ehlukaniswa ngomsindo wayo onamandla, ojulile, kodwa ayisona isihlobo esiqondile sopiyano.

Enye yezinsimbi zokuqala zekhibhodi, isisekelo esingewona amapayipi, kodwa izintambo, kwakuyi-clavichord. Le nsimbi yayinesakhiwo esifana nepiyano yesimanje, kodwa esikhundleni sezando, njengangaphakathi kwepiyano, kwafakwa amapuleti ensimbi ngaphakathi kwe-clavichord. Nokho, umsindo waleli thuluzi wawusathule kakhulu futhi uthambile, okwenza kube nzima ukuwudlala phambi kwabantu abaningi esiteji esikhulu. Isizathu yilesi. I-clavichord yayinentambo eyodwa kuphela ngokhiye ngamunye, kuyilapho upiyano inezintambo ezintathu ngokhiye ngamunye.

UClavichord

Njengoba i-clavichord yayithule kakhulu, ngokwemvelo, ayizange ivumele abadlali ukunethezeka njengokuqaliswa kwe-shades ashukumisayo eyisisekelo - futhi. Kodwa-ke, i-clavichord ayizange ifinyeleleke futhi ithandwa kuphela, kodwa futhi iyinsimbi eyintandokazi phakathi kwabo bonke abaculi nabaqambi benkathi ye-Baroque, kuhlanganise no-JS Bach omkhulu.

Kanye ne-clavichord, ithuluzi lekhibhodi elithuthukisiwe lalisetshenziswa ngaleso sikhathi - i-harpsichord. Ukuma kwezintambo ze-harpsichord kwakuhlukile uma kuqhathaniswa ne-clavichord. Zazeluliwe ngokuhambisana nezikhiye - ncamashi njengepiyano, hhayi i-perpendicular. Umsindo we-harpsichord wawunomsindo, nakuba wawungenamandla ngokwanele. Kodwa-ke, leli thuluzi lalifaneleka ngempela ukudlala umculo ezigabeni "ezinkulu". Kwakungenakwenzeka futhi ukusebenzisa ama-shades ashukumisayo ku-harpsichord. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umsindo wensimbi waphela ngokushesha kakhulu, ngakho abaqambi bangaleso sikhathi bagcwalisa imidlalo yabo ngezinhlobonhlobo ze-melismas (ukuhlobisa) ukuze ngandlela-thile "bandise" umsindo wamanothi amade.

I-Harpsichord

Kusukela ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-18, bonke abaculi nabaqambi baqala ukuzizwa bedinga kakhulu ithuluzi lekhibhodi elinjalo, amakhono omculo nokuzwakalayo okungeke kube ngaphansi kwe-violin. Lokhu kwakudinga ithuluzi elinobubanzi obubanzi obuguqukayo obuzokwazi ukukhipha okunamandla nokuthambile kakhulu, kanye nakho konke ubuqili boshintsho oluguqukayo.

Afezeka lamaphupho. Kukholakala ukuthi ngo-1709, uBartolomeo Cristofori wase-Italy wasungula upiyano lokuqala. Wabiza indalo yakhe ngokuthi “gravicembalo col piano e forte,” elihunyushwa lisuselwa olimini lwesiNtaliyane lisho “insimbi yekhibhodi edlala ngokuthambile nangokuzwakalayo.”

Insimbi yomculo ehlakaniphile kaCristofori ibonakale ilula kakhulu. Isakhiwo sopiyano sasimi kanje. Yayihlanganisa okhiye, isando esizwakalayo, izintambo kanye nesibuyisi esikhethekile. Lapho ukhiye ushaywa, isando sishaya intambo, ngaleyo ndlela ibangele ukuba idlidlize, okungafani nhlobo nomsindo wezintambo ze-harpsichord ne-clavichord. Isando sahlehla, ngosizo lombuyiseli, ngaphandle kokuhlala sicindezelekile entanjeni, kanjalo sivala umsindo waso.

Kamuva, lo mshini wathuthukiswa kancane: ngosizo lwedivayisi ekhethekile, isando sehliselwa entanjeni, sabe sesibuyiselwa, kodwa hhayi ngokuphelele, kodwa phakathi nendawo, okwenza kube lula ukwenza ama-trills nokuphindaphinda - ngokushesha. ukuphindaphinda komsindo ofanayo. Umshini waqanjwa ngokuthi .

Isici esibaluleke kakhulu esihlukanisa upiyano ezinsimbini ezihambisanayo zangaphambilini ikhono lokungazwakali nje kuphela ngokuzwakalayo noma ngokuthula, kodwa futhi ukunika amandla umdlali wopiyano ukwenza i-crescendo ne-diminuendo, okungukuthi, ukushintsha ukuguquguquka nombala womsindo kancane kancane nangokuzumayo. .

Ngesikhathi lapho leli thuluzi elihle lizimemezela okokuqala, inkathi yenguquko phakathi kweBaroque neClassicism yayibusa eYurophu. Uhlobo lwe-sonata, olwavela ngaleso sikhathi, lwalufaneleka ngokumangalisayo ukusebenza kupiyano; izibonelo eziphawulekayo zalokhu imisebenzi kaMozart noClementi. Ngokokuqala ngqa, ithuluzi lekhibhodi elinawo wonke amakhono alo lisebenze njengensimbi eyedwa, okubangele ukuvela kohlobo olusha - ikhonsathi yepiyano ne-orchestra.

Ngosizo lwepiyano, sekulula ukuveza imizwa yakho nemizwa yakho ngomsindo othokozisayo. Lokhu kwabonakala emsebenzini wabaqambi benkathi entsha yothando emisebenzini kaChopin, Schumann, noLiszt.

Kuze kube namuhla, leli thuluzi elihle elinamakhono ahlukahlukene, naphezu kobusha balo, linomthelela omkhulu kuwo wonke umphakathi. Cishe bonke abaqambi abakhulu babhalele upiyano. Futhi, umuntu kufanele akholelwe ukuthi phakathi neminyaka udumo lwawo luzokhula kuphela, futhi luzosijabulisa ngokwengeziwe ngomsindo walo omlingo.