U-Alfred Cortot |

U-Alfred Cortot

U-Alfred Cortot waphila impilo ende futhi enezithelo ngokungajwayelekile. Wehlela emlandweni njengomunye wabaphambili bomculo wopiyano emhlabeni, njengomshayi wopiyano omkhulu waseFrance ekhulwini lethu leminyaka. Kodwa ngisho noma sikhohlwa isikhashana mayelana nodumo lomhlaba wonke kanye nokufaneleka kwalo mphathi wepiyano, khona-ke noma kunjalo lokho akwenza kwakungaphezu kokwanele ukubhala igama lakhe emlandweni womculo wesiFulentshi.

Empeleni, uCortot waqala umsebenzi wakhe wokuba ngumdlali wopiyano ngokumangazayo sekwephuzile - kuphela lapho esezohlanganisa iminyaka engama-30. Yiqiniso, ngisho nangaphambi kwalokho wanikela isikhathi esiningi epiyano. Ngesikhathi esengumfundi eParis Conservatory - okokuqala ekilasini likaDecombe, futhi ngemva kokushona kokugcina ekilasini lika-L. Diemer, wenza i-debut yakhe ngo-1896, enza i-Beethoven's Concerto ku-G minor. Enye yemibono eqinile yobusha bakhe kwaba umhlangano wakhe - ngisho nangaphambi kokungena endaweni yokugcina izinto - no-Anton Rubinstein. Umculi omkhulu waseRussia, ngemva kokulalela umdlalo wakhe, wayala umfana ngala mazwi: “Baby, ungakhohlwa engizokutshela kona! I-Beethoven ayidlalwa, kodwa ihlanganiswe kabusha. La mazwi aba isiqubulo sempilo kaCorto.

• Umculo wepiyano esitolo se-inthanethi se-Ozon →

Nokho, eminyakeni yakhe yomfundi, uCortot wayenesithakazelo esikhulu kwezinye izindawo zomsebenzi womculo. Wayethanda uWagner, wafunda amaphuzu e-symphonic. Ngemva kokuphothula esikoleni somculo ngo-1896, wazimemezela ngempumelelo njengomdlali wopiyano emazweni amaningana aseYurophu, kodwa ngokushesha waya edolobheni laseWagner, iBayreuth, lapho asebenza khona iminyaka emibili njengomphelekezeli, umsizi womqondisi, futhi ekugcineni, umqhubi. ngaphansi kokuqondisa kwama-Mohicans wokuqhuba ubuciko - u-X. Richter no-F Motlya. Lapho ebuyela eParis, uCortot usebenza njengomsakazi ongaguquki womsebenzi kaWagner; ngaphansi kokuqondisa kwakhe, umbukiso wokuqala othi The Death of the Gods (1902) wenzeka enhlokodolobha yaseFrance, kudlalwa amanye ama-opera. "Lapho uCortot eqhuba, anginakho ukuphawula," yile ndlela uCosima Wagner ngokwakhe ahlole ngayo ukuqonda kwakhe lo mculo. Ngo-1902, umculi wasungula i-Cortot Association of Concerts enhloko-dolobha, ayihola izinkathi ezimbili zonyaka, wabe eseba umqhubi weParis National Society kanye namakhonsathi adumile eLille. Phakathi neminyaka eyishumi yokuqala yekhulu lesi-XNUMX, uCortot wethule emphakathini waseFrance inqwaba yemisebenzi emisha - kusukela ku-Ring of the Nibelungen kuya emisebenzini yanamuhla, okuhlanganisa nababhali baseRussia. Futhi kamuva wayevame ukudlala njengomqhubi nama-orchestra angcono kakhulu futhi wasungula amanye amaqembu amabili - i-Philharmonic ne-Symphony.

Yiqiniso, yonke le minyaka uCortot akayekanga ukudlala njengomdlali wopiyano. Kodwa akukhona nje ukuthi sigxile kule mininingwane kwezinye izici zomsebenzi wakhe. Nakuba kwakungemuva kuka-1908 kuphela lapho ukusebenza kwepiyano kwavela kancane kancane emisebenzini yakhe, kwaba ukuguquguquka okuhlukahlukene komdwebi okwanquma kakhulu izici ezihlukile zokubukeka kwakhe kopiyano.

Yena ngokwakhe wakha inkolelo yakhe yokuhumusha ngale ndlela: “Isimo sengqondo ngomsebenzi singaba kabili: kungaba ukunganyakazi noma ukusesha. Ukusesha inhloso yombhali, amasiko aphikisanayo. Into ebaluleke kakhulu ukunikeza umcabango mahhala, udale ukwakheka futhi. Lena incazelo.” Futhi kwesinye isimo, waveza lo mqondo olandelayo: “Isiphetho esiphezulu somculi siwukuvuselela imizwa yomuntu efihlwe emculweni.”

Yebo, okokuqala, uCortot wayekhona futhi wahlala engumculi epiyano. I-Virtuosity ayizange imhehe futhi yayingelona uhlangothi oluqinile, olugqamayo lobuciko bakhe. Kodwa ngisho nomculi wopiyano oqinile njengoG. Schonberg wavuma ukuthi kwakunesidingo esikhethekile kulo mdlali wopiyano: “Wasithathaphi isikhathi sokugcina ikhono lakhe lihlelekile? Impendulo ilula: akenzanga nhlobo. U-Cortot wayehlale enza amaphutha, wayenenkumbulo edlulayo. Kunoma yimuphi omunye umculi, ongabalulekile kangako, lokhu ngeke kuthethelelwe. Kwakungabalulekile kuCortot. Lokhu kwabonwa njengoba izithunzi zibonakala emidwebeni yamakhosi amadala. Ngoba, naphezu kwawo wonke amaphutha, ikhono lakhe elihle lalingenasici futhi likwazi ukwenza noma yiziphi “iziqhumane” uma umculo wawufuna. Isitatimende somgxeki odumile waseFrance uBernard Gavoti siyaphawuleka futhi: “Into enhle kakhulu ngoCortot ukuthi ngaphansi kweminwe yakhe upiyano luyayeka ukuba upiyano.”

Ngempela, ukuhumusha kukaCortot kubuswa umculo, kubuswa umoya womsebenzi, ubuhlakani obujulile, izinkondlo ezinesibindi, ukucabanga okunengqondo kobuciko - konke okwamehlukanisa nabanye abadlali bopiyano abaningi. Futhi-ke, ukunotha okumangalisayo kwemibala yomsindo, okwakubonakala kudlula amakhono wepiyano evamile. Akumangalisi ukuthi uCortot ngokwakhe waqamba igama elithi "i-piano orchestration", futhi emlonyeni wakhe kwakungelona neze ibinzana elihle. Ekugcineni, inkululeko emangalisayo yokusebenza, eyanikeza ukuhumusha kwakhe kanye nayo kanye inqubo yokudlala umlingiswa wokuzindla kwefilosofi noma ukulandisa okujabulisayo okwaheha izilaleli ngendlela engenakuvinjelwa.

Zonke lezi zimfanelo zenze uCortot waba omunye wabahumushi abangcono kakhulu bomculo wothando wekhulu leminyaka elidlule, ikakhulukazi uChopin noSchumann, kanye nababhali baseFrance. Ngokuvamile, i-repertoire yomculi yayibanzi kakhulu. Kanye nemisebenzi yalaba baqambi, wenza kahle kakhulu ama-sonatas, ama-rhapsodies nokulotshwa kwe-Liszt, imisebenzi emikhulu nezithombe ezincane zikaMendelssohn, uBeethoven, noBrahms. Noma yimuphi umsebenzi otholwe kuye izici ezikhethekile, eziyingqayizivele, ezivulwe ngendlela entsha, ngezinye izikhathi ezibangela ukungqubuzana phakathi kolwazi, kodwa zijabulisa izilaleli ngokungaguquki.

U-Cortot, umculi womnkantsha wamathambo akhe, akazange aneliseke kuphela nge-solo repertoire namakhonsathi ane-orchestra, wayehlala ephendukela kumculo wekamelo. Ngo-1905, kanye noJacques Thibault noPablo Casals, basungula iqembu labathathu, amakhonsathi abo amashumi eminyaka ambalwa - kwaze kwaba sekufeni kukaThibaut - bekungamaholide abathandi bomculo.

Inkazimulo ka-Alfred Cortot - umdlali wopiyano, umqhubi, i-ensemble player - kakade kuma-30s esabalale emhlabeni jikelele; emazweni amaningi wayaziwa ngamarekhodi. Kwakungalezo zinsuku - ngesikhathi sokudlondlobala kwakhe - lapho umdwebi wavakashela izwe lakithi. Lena yindlela uprofesa K. Adzhemov awuchaza ngayo umoya wamakhonsathi akhe: “Sasikubheke ngabomvu ukufika kukaCortot. Entwasahlobo ka-1936 wenza eMoscow naseLeningrad. Ngikhumbula ukuvela kwakhe kokuqala esiteji seHholo Elikhulu laseMoscow Conservatory. Ngemva kokuthatha indawo ensimbi, ngaphandle kokulinda ukuthula, umculi ngokushesha "wahlasela" ingqikithi ye-Schumann's Symphonic Etudes. Iculo elincane elino-C, eligcwele umsindo, libonakala liwunqamula umsindo wehholo elingaphumuli. Kwathula kwathi cwaka.

Ngokuzithoba, ngokujabula, ngokukhuluma inkanuko, u-Cortot udale kabusha izithombe zothando. Ngokuhamba kwesonto, ngokulandelana, imisebenzi yakhe yobuciko yazwakala phambi kwethu: ama-sonata, ama-ballads, ama-preludes ka-Chopin, ikhonsathi yopiyano, i-Schumann's Kreisleriana, Izigcawu Zezingane, Izinguquko Ezibucayi zikaMendelssohn, Isimemo sika-Weber Sokudansa, Sonata ku-B encane kanye I-Rhapsody yesiBili ka-Liszt… Isiqephu ngasinye sagxivizwa engqondweni njengesithombe esiwusizo, esibaluleke kakhulu futhi esingajwayelekile. Ubuhle obubaziweyo bezithombe ezinomsindo bubangelwe ubunye bomcabango onamandla womdwebi kanye nekhono elimangalisayo lokudlala upiyano elathuthukiswa phakathi neminyaka (ikakhulukazi i-vibrato enemibala yama-timbres). Ngaphandle kwabagxeki abambalwa abanengqondo yezemfundo, incazelo yokuqala kaCortot yazuza ukunconywa okujwayelekile kwezilaleli zaseSoviet. B. Yavorsky, K. Igumnov, V. Sofronitsky, G. Neuhaus wazisa kakhulu ubuciko bukaKorto.

Kuyafaneleka futhi ukucaphuna lapha umbono ka-KN Igumnov, umdwebi osondele ngandlela thile, kodwa ngandlela thize ephikisana nenhloko yabashayi bopiyano baseFrance: “Uyingcweti, ungowezizwe ngokulinganayo kukho kokubili umfutho ozenzakalelayo kanye nobuhlakani bangaphandle. Unengqondo ngandlela-thile, isiqalo sakhe esingokomzwelo singaphansi komqondo. Ubuciko bakhe buhle, ngezinye izikhathi bunzima. Iphalethi yakhe yomsindo ayibanzi kakhulu, kodwa iyakhanga, akadonseleki emiphumeleni yezinsimbi zomculo wepiyano, unesithakazelo ku-cantilena nemibala esobala, akalweli imisindo ecebile futhi ubonisa uhlangothi oluhle kakhulu lwethalente lakhe emkhakheni we amazwi womculo. Isigqi sayo sikhululekile kakhulu, i-rubato yayo engavamile kakhulu ngezinye izikhathi iphula umugqa ojwayelekile wefomu futhi yenza kube nzima ukubona ukuxhumana okunengqondo phakathi kwemisho ngayinye. U-Alfred Cortot usezitholele olwakhe ulimi futhi ngalolu limi ulandisa kabusha imisebenzi ajwayelekile yongcweti abakhulu besikhathi esidlule. Imicabango yomculo yakamuva ekuhumusheni kwayo ivame ukuthola isithakazelo esisha nokubaluleka, kodwa ngezinye izikhathi iphenduka ibe yinto engaguquleki, bese umlaleli engabaza hhayi ngobuqotho bomculi, kodwa mayelana neqiniso lobuciko elingaphakathi lokuhumusha. Lokhu qobo, lokhu kubuza, isici sika-Cortot, kuvusa umqondo wokwenza futhi akuwuvumeli ukuba uzinze enkambweni evamile eyaziwayo. Nokho, uCortot akakwazi ukulingiswa. Ukukwamukela ngaphandle kwemibandela, kulula ukuwela ekusunguleni.

Kamuva, izilaleli zethu zaba nethuba lokujwayelana nokudlala komdlali wopiyano ongumFulentshi kumarekhodi amaningi, inani lawo alinciphi ngokuhamba kweminyaka. Kulabo abazilalelayo namuhla, kubalulekile ukukhumbula izici zobuciko bomculi, ezigcinwe ekurekhodweni kwakhe. “Noma ubani othinta incazelo yakhe,” kubhala omunye wababhali bokuphila kukaCortot, “kufanele alahle inkohliso ejulile yokuthi ukuhumusha, okuthiwa, kuwukudluliselwa komculo kuyilapho, ngaphezu kwakho konke, ukwethembeka embhalweni womculo, “incwadi” yawo. Njengoba kusetshenziswe ku-Cortot, isikhundla esinjalo siyingozi kakhulu empilweni - impilo yomculo. Uma "umlawula" ngamanothi ezandleni zakhe, umphumela ungacindezela kuphela, ngoba wayengeyena "i-philologist" yomculo nhlobo. Akazange yini one ngokungaphezi nangokungenamahloni kuzo zonke izimo okungenzeka - ngejubane, ngokuguquguquka, e-rubato edabukile? Ingabe imibono yakhe yayingabalulekile kuye ngaphezu kwentando yomqambi? Yena ngokwakhe wenza isikhundla sakhe ngale ndlela: "Chopin ayidlali ngeminwe, kodwa ngenhliziyo nangemicabango." Lesi kwakuyisivumokholo sakhe njengotolika ngokujwayelekile. Amanothi awathakazelisi njengemithetho emile, kodwa, ngezinga eliphakeme kakhulu, njengokukhanga imizwa yomculi nomlaleli, isikhalazo okwakudingeka asichaze. U-Corto wayengumdali ngomqondo obanzi wegama. Ingabe umdlali wopiyano wanamuhla angakufeza lokhu? Cishe cha. Kodwa u-Cortot akazange agqilazwe isifiso sanamuhla sokuphelela kwezobuchwepheshe - cishe wayeyinganekwane ngesikhathi sokuphila kwakhe, cishe ngaphandle kokugxekwa. Babona ebusweni bakhe hhayi nje umdlali wopiyano kuphela, kodwa ubuntu, ngakho-ke kwakunezici ezavela zaba phezulu kakhulu kunenothi elithi “okulungile” noma “amanga”: ikhono lakhe lokuhlela, ukufunda kwakhe okungakaze kuzwakale, isikhundla sakhe njenge uthisha. Konke lokhu futhi kwadala igunya elingenakuphikwa, elingakaze linyamalale kuze kube namuhla. UCortot wayekwazi ukukhokhela amaphutha akhe ngokoqobo. Kulesi senzakalo, umuntu angamamatheka ngendlela exakile, kodwa, naphezu kwalokhu, umuntu kufanele alalele incazelo yakhe.”

Inkazimulo kaCortot - umdlali wopiyano, umbhidisi, umsakazi wenkulumo-ze - yandiswa ngemisebenzi yakhe njengothisha nombhali. Ngo-1907, wazuza ifa lekilasi lika-R. Punyo eParis Conservatory, kwathi ngo-1919, kanye no-A. Mange, wasungula i-Ecole Normale, eyaduma ngokushesha, lapho ayengumqondisi nothisha - wafundisa izifundo zokuhumusha zasehlobo lapho. . Igunya lakhe njengothisha lalingenakuqhathaniswa, futhi abafundi abavela kuwo wonke umhlaba bathutheleka ekilasini lakhe ngokoqobo. Phakathi kwalabo abafunda noCortot ngezikhathi ezihlukahlukene kwakuno-A. Casella, D. Lipatti, K. Haskil, M. Tagliaferro, S. Francois, V. Perlemuter, K. Engel, E. Heidsieck kanye nenqwaba yabanye abadlali bopiyano. Izincwadi zikaCortot – “Umculo Wepiyano WaseFrance” (ngemiqulu emithathu), “Rational Principles of Piano Technique”, “Course of Interpretation”, “Aspects of Chopin”, izinhlelo zakhe kanye nemisebenzi ye- methodical yazungeza umhlaba.

“… Mncane futhi unothando olungenabugovu ngomculo,” kusho uClaude Debussy ngoCortot ekuqaleni kwekhulu lethu leminyaka. U-Corto wahlala esemncane futhi ethanda umculo impilo yakhe yonke, ngakho wahlala enkumbulweni yawo wonke umuntu owamuzwa edlala noma ekhuluma naye.

Grigoriev L., Platek Ya.