Camille Saint-Saens |

UCamille Saint-Saëns

I-Saint-Saens ingeyezwe lakubo embuthanweni omncane wabameleli bombono wokuthuthuka emculweni. P. Tchaikovsky

C. Saint-Saens wangena emlandweni ngokuyinhloko njengomqambi, umdlali wopiyano, uthisha, umbhidi. Nokho, ithalenta lalobu buntu obunesiphiwo ngempela emhlabeni wonke alikaqedwa izici ezinjalo. U-Saint-Saens uphinde waba ngumbhali wezincwadi zefilosofi, izincwadi, imidwebo, yaseshashalazini, aqambe izinkondlo nemidlalo, wabhala izindatshana ezibucayi futhi wadweba ama-caricatures. Wakhethwa njengelungu le-French Astronomical Society, ngoba ulwazi lwakhe lwe-physics, i-astronomy, imivubukulo nomlando lwalungekho ngaphansi kwe-erudition yabanye ososayensi. Ezihlokweni zakhe ezivusa amadlingozi, umqambi wakhuluma ngokumelene nokulinganiselwa kokuthakaselayo, inkolelo-mbono, futhi wakhuthaza ukucwaninga okuphelele kokuthandwa kobuciko komphakathi jikelele. “Ukunambitheka komphakathi,” kugcizelela umqambi, “kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kuhle noma kulula, akunandaba, kuyisiqondiso esiyigugu esingenakulinganiswa kumdwebi. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uhlakaniphile noma unekhono, elandela lokhu kunambitheka, uzokwazi ukudala imisebenzi emihle.

UCamille Saint-Saens wazalelwa emndenini ohlotshaniswa nobuciko (uyise wabhala izinkondlo, umama wakhe wayengumculi). Ithalenta elikhanyayo lomculo womqambi lazibonakalisa ebuntwaneni obunjalo, okwamenza waba inkazimulo ye "Mozart yesibili". Kusukela eneminyaka emithathu, umqambi wesikhathi esizayo wayesevele efunda ukudlala upiyano, eneminyaka engu-5 waqala ukuqamba umculo, futhi kusukela kwabayishumi wenza njengomdlali wepiyano wekhonsathi. Ngo-1848, u-Saint-Saens wangena e-Paris Conservatory, lapho ephothula khona iminyaka engu-3 kamuva, okokuqala ekilasini lesitho, bese ekilasini lokuqamba. Ngesikhathi ephothula e-conservatory, u-Saint-Saens wayesengumculi ovuthiwe, umbhali wezingoma eziningi, kuhlanganise ne-First Symphony, eyaziswa kakhulu u-G. Berlioz no-C. Gounod. Kusukela ngo-1853 kuya ku-1877 uSaint-Saens wasebenza emasontweni ahlukahlukene eParis. Ubuciko bakhe bokuthuthukisa izitho ngokushesha bazuza ukuqashelwa emhlabeni wonke eYurophu.

Indoda enamandla angakhathali, uSaint-Saens, nokho, ayigcini ngokudlala isitho nokuqamba umculo. Usebenza njengomdlali wopiyano kanye nombhidisi, uhlela futhi ashicilele imisebenzi yongcweti abadala, ubhala imisebenzi yetiyetha, futhi uba ngomunye wabasunguli nothisha beNational Musical Society. Ngama-70s. izingoma zivela ngokulandelana, zihlangatshezwa ngentshiseko ngabaphila ngesikhathi. Phakathi kwazo kukhona izinkondlo ezihambisana nomculo we-Spinning Wheel ka-Omphala kanye noMdanso Wokufa, imidlalo ye-opera ethi The Yellow Princess, The Silver Bell kanye noSamson kanye noDelilah – enye yeziqongo zomsebenzi womqambi.

Eshiya umsebenzi kuma-cathedrals, uSaint-Saens uzinikela ngokuphelele ekuqambeni. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, uhamba kakhulu emhlabeni jikelele. Umculi odumile wakhethwa njengelungu le-Institute of France (1881), udokotela ohloniphekile we-University of Cambridge (1893), ilungu elihloniphekile legatsha laseSt. Petersburg le-RMS (1909). Ubuciko baseSaint-Saens buhlale buthola ukwamukelwa okufudumele eRussia, umqambi oye wavakashela ngokuphindaphindiwe. Wayenobudlelwano obuhle no-A. Rubinstein kanye no-C. Cui, wayewuthanda kakhulu umculo ka-M. Glinka, P. Tchaikovsky, kanye nabaqambi be-Kuchkist. Kube nguSaint-Saens olethe u-Boris Godunov clavier kaMussorgsky waseRussia eFrance.

Kuze kube sekupheleni kwezinsuku zakhe, u-Saint-Saens waphila impilo yokudala enegazi eligcwele: waqamba, engazi ukukhathala, wanikeza amakhonsathi futhi wahamba, eqoshiwe kumarekhodi. Lo mculi oneminyaka engu-85 wenze amakhonsathi akhe okugcina ngo-August 1921 ngaphambi nje kokufa kwakhe. Kuwo wonke umsebenzi wakhe wokudala, umqambi usebenze ngokunezithelo emkhakheni wezinhlobo zezinsimbi, enikeza indawo yokuqala emisebenzini yekhonsathi ye-virtuoso. Imisebenzi enjalo kaSaint-Saëns njenge-Introduction ne-Rondo Capriccioso ye-Violin ne-Orchestra, i-Third Violin Concerto (enikezelwe kumdlali wevayolini odumile uP. Sarasata), kanye ne-Cello Concerto yaziwa kabanzi. Lezi kanye neminye imisebenzi (I-Organ Symphony, izinkondlo ze-symphonic yohlelo, amakhonsathi wepiyano angu-5) ibeka i-Saint-Saens phakathi kwabaqambi abakhulu baseFrance. Wakha ama-opera angu-12, okwakudume kakhulu kuwo uSamsoni noDelila, abhalwe endabeni yeBhayibheli. Kwenziwa okokuqala ku-Weimar okwenziwa nguF. Liszt (1877). Umculo we-opera uheha ngobubanzi bokuphefumula okumnandi, ukuthakazelisa kwesici somculo wesithombe esimaphakathi - uDelila. NgokukaN. Rimsky-Korsakov, le ncwadi “iwuhlelo oluhle kakhulu lokudlala.”

Ubuciko baseSaint-Saens bubonakala ngezithombe zamagama alula, ukuzindla, kodwa, ngaphezu kwalokho, izindlela ezinhle nezimo zenjabulo. Isiqalo esihlakaniphile, esinengqondo ngokuvamile sinqoba imizwa emculweni wakhe. Umqambi usebenzisa kakhulu amaphimbo ezinganekwane nezinhlobo zansuku zonke ezingomeni zakhe. Amaculo ezingoma nezimemezelo, isigqi seselula, umusa nokuhlukahluka kokuthungwa, ukucaca kombala we-orchestra, ukuhlanganiswa kwezimiso zokwakheka zasendulo nezothando - zonke lezi zici zibonakala emisebenzini engcono kakhulu kaSaint-Saens, owabhala enye yezincwadi ezigqame kakhulu. amakhasi emlandweni wamasiko omculo womhlaba.

I. Vetlitsyna

Ngemva kokuphila isikhathi eside, uSaint-Saens wasebenza kusukela esemncane kuze kube sekupheleni kwezinsuku zakhe, ikakhulukazi enezithelo emkhakheni wezinhlobo zezinsimbi. Izinhlobonhlobo zezithakazelo zakhe zibanzi: umqambi ovelele, umshayi wopiyano, umqhubi, umhlaziyi ohlakaniphile, wayenesithakazelo ezincwadini, isayensi yezinkanyezi, isayensi yezilwane, isayensi yezitshalo, wahamba kakhulu, futhi wayenokuxhumana okunobungane nezibalo eziningi zomculo ezinkulu.

UBerlioz waphawula i-symphony yokuqala kaSaint-Saens eneminyaka eyishumi nesikhombisa ngala mazwi: “Le nsizwa yazi konke, intula into eyodwa kuphela - ukungabi nalwazi. UGounod wabhala ukuthi i-symphony ibeka isibopho kumbhali wayo ukuthi "abe yinkosi enkulu". Ngezibopho zobungane obuseduze, iSaint-Saens yayihlotshaniswa neBizet, iDelibes kanye nenani labanye abaqambi baseFrance. Wayengumsunguli wokudalwa kwe-"National Society".

Ngama-70s, u-Saint-Saens wasondelana no-Liszt, owazisa kakhulu ithalenta lakhe, owasiza ekuhleleni i-opera uSamsoni noDelila e-Weimar, futhi wagcina inkumbulo ejabulisayo ye-Liszt. U-Saint-Saens wavakashela eRussia ngokuphindaphindiwe, wayengumngane no-A. Rubinstein, ngokusikisela kokugcina wabhala i-Second Piano Concerto yakhe edumile, wayenesithakazelo esikhulu emculweni weGlinka, Tchaikovsky, kanye namaKuchkists. Ikakhulukazi, wethula abaculi baseFrance ku-Boris Godunov Clavier kaMussorgsky.

Impilo enjalo ecebile ngemibono kanye nokuhlangana komuntu siqu kwagxivizwa emisebenzini eminingi kaSaint-Saens, futhi bazinza esiteji sekhonsathi isikhathi eside.

Njengoba ayenesiphiwo esikhethekile, uSaint-Saens wayeyingcweti yesu lokuqamba ukubhala. Wayenokuguquguquka okumangalisayo kobuciko, evumelana ngokukhululekile nezitayela ezahlukene, imikhuba yokudala, ehlanganisa izithombe eziningi, izingqikithi, neziqephu. Walwa nokulinganiselwa kwezigaba zamaqembu okudala, ngokumelene nokuncane ekuqondeni amathuba obuciko omculo, ngakho-ke wayeyisitha sanoma yiluphi uhlelo kwezobuciko.

Le thesis ihamba njengentambo ebomvu kuzo zonke iziqephu zendatshana ezibucayi zeSaint-Saens, ezimangaza ngobuningi bezindida. Umbhali ubonakala eziphikisa ngamabomu: “Wonke umuntu ukhululekile ukushintsha izinkolelo zakhe,” usho kanje. Kodwa lokhu kumane nje kuyindlela yokucija umcabango. I-Saint-Saens iyanengwa yinkolelo-mbono kunoma yikuphi ukubonakaliswa kwayo, noma ngabe iwukuncoma okwakudala noma ukudumisa! izitayela zobuciko bemfashini. Umelela ububanzi bemibono yobuhle.

Kodwa ngemuva kwe-polemic kukhona umuzwa wokukhathazeka okukhulu. “Impucuko yethu entsha yaseYurophu,” ebhala ngo-1913, “iqhubekela phambili ngendlela emelene nobuciko.” U-Saint-Saëns unxuse abaqambi ukuthi bazi kangcono izidingo zobuciko zababukeli babo. “Ukunambitheka komphakathi, okuhle noma okubi, akusho lutho, kuwumhlahlandlela oyigugu kumculi. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uhlakaniphile noma ithalenta, elandela lokhu kunambitheka, uzokwazi ukudala imisebenzi emihle. U-Saint-Saens waxwayisa intsha ngokuthatheka okungamanga: “Uma ufuna ukuba yinoma yini, hlala umFulentshi! Yiba nguwe, ube ngowesikhathi sakho nezwe lakho…”.

Imibuzo yesiqiniseko sezwe kanye nentando yeningi yomculo yaphakanyiswa ngokushesha nangesikhathi ngabakwaSaint-Saens. Kodwa ukuxazululwa kwalezi zinkinga kokubili ngombono kanye nokusebenza, ekudaleni, kubonakala ngokuphikisana okuphawulekayo kuye: ummeli wokuthanda ubuciko obungakhethi, ubuhle nokuvumelana kwesitayela njengesiqinisekiso sokufinyeleleka komculo, i-Saint-Saens, ukulwela okuhlelekile ukuphelela, ngezinye izikhathi ukunganakwa ukuzwela. Yena ngokwakhe wakhuluma ngalokhu encwadini yakhe yesikhumbuzo mayelana ne-Bizet, lapho abhala khona ngaphandle kokucasuka: "Siphishekele imigomo ehlukene - wayebheke kuqala intshiseko nokuphila, futhi ngangijaha i-chimera yokuhlanzeka kwesitayela nokuphelela kwefomu. ”

Ukuphishekela “i-chimera” enjalo kwakhinyabeza umnyombo wesifiso sokudala sikaSaint-Saens, futhi ezikhathini eziningi emisebenzini yakhe wayegwedla phezu kwezimo zempilo kunokuba embule ukujula kokungqubuzana kwazo. Noma kunjalo, isimo sengqondo esinempilo ekuphileni, esingokwemvelo kuye, naphezu kokungabaza, umbono wezwe wobuntu, onekhono elihle kakhulu lobuchwepheshe, umqondo omangalisayo wesitayela nefomu, wasiza u-Saint-Saens ukuba enze imisebenzi eminingi ebalulekile.

M. Druskin

Ukwakhiwa:

Opera (inani elingu-11) Ngaphandle kukaSamsoni noDelila, yizinsuku zokuqala kuphela ezinikezwa kubakaki. The Yellow Princess, libretto by Galle (1872) The Silver Bell, libretto by Barbier and Carré (1877) Samson and Delilah, freetto by Lemaire (1866-1877) “Étienne Marcel”, freetto by Galle (1879) “Henry VIII”, libretto by Detroit and Sylvester (1883) Proserpina, libretto by Galle (1887) Ascanio, libretto by Galle (1890) Phryne, libretto by Augue de Lassus (1893) “Barbarian”, libretto by Sardu i Gezi (1901) “Elena” (1904) “Elena” 1906) "Ancestor" (XNUMX)

Ezinye izingoma zomculo nezeshashalazi I-Javotte, i-ballet (1896) Umculo wemidlalo yaseshashalazini eminingi (kuhlanganise nenhlekelele kaSophocles Antigone, 1893)

Imisebenzi ye-Symphonic Izinsuku zokuqanjwa zinikezwa kubakaki, okuvame ukungahambelani nezinsuku zokushicilelwa kwemisebenzi eqanjwe igama (isibonelo, i-Second Violin Concerto yanyatheliswa ngo-1879 - eminyakeni engamashumi amabili nanye ngemva kokubhalwa kwayo). Kungokufanayo esigabeni se-chamber-instrumental. Okokuqala Symphony Es-dur op. 2 (1852) I-Symphony yesibili a-moll op. 55 (1859) I-Symphony Yesithathu (“Symphony With Organ”) c-moll op. 78 (1886) “Omphal’s spinning wheel”, symphonic poem op. 31 (1871) "Phaeton", inkondlo ye-symphonic noma. 39 (1873) "Umdanso Wokufa", inkondlo ye-symphonic op. 40 (1874) "Youth of Hercules", inkondlo ye-symphonic op. 50 (1877) "Carnival of the Animals", Great Zoological Fantasy (1886)

Concerts Ikhonsathi yokuqala yepiyano ku-D-dur op. 17 (1862) Ikhonsathi Yesibili Yepiyano ku-g-moll op. 22 (1868) Ikhonsathi Yesithathu Yepiyano Es-dur op. 29 (1869) Ikhonsathi Yesine Yepiyano c-moll op. 44 (1875) “Afrika”, iphupho lepiyano ne-orchestra, op. 89 (1891) Ikhonsathi Yesihlanu Yepiyano ku-F-dur op. 103 (1896) Ikhonsathi Yokuqala Yevayolini A-dur op. 20 (1859) Isingeniso kanye ne-rondo-capricioso ye-violin ne-orchestra op. 28 (1863) Ikhonsathi Yeviyolin Yesibili C-dur op. 58 (1858) Ikhonsathi yevayoli yesithathu ku-h-moll op. 61 (1880) Ucezu lwekhonsathi yevayolini ne-orchestra, op. 62 (1880) Cello Concerto a-moll op. 33 (1872) Allegro appassionáto for cello and orchestra, op. 43 (1875)

Imisebenzi yezinsimbi ze-Chamber I-piano quintet a-moll op. 14 (1855) I-piano trio yokuqala ku-F-dur op. 18 (1863) Cello Sonata c-moll op. 32 (1872) Iquartet yepiyano B-dur op. 41 (1875) Septet yecilongo, upiyano, amavayolini angu-2, i-viola, i-cello ne-double bass op. 65 (1881) I-violin sonata yokuqala ku-d-moll, op. 75 (1885) I-Capriccio kokuthi Izindikimba zesi-Danish nesiRashiya zomtshingo, i-oboe, i-clarinet ne-piano op. 79 (1887) I-piano trio yesibili ku-e-moll op. 92 (1892) Ivayolin Yesibili Sonata Es-dur op. 102 (1896)

Imisebenzi yezwi Mayelana 100 zothando, vocal duets, inani lamakhwaya, imisebenzi eminingi yomculo ongcwele (phakathi kwazo: IMisa, Christmas Oratorio, Requiem, 20 motets nabanye), oratorios kanye cantatas ( "Umshado Prometheus", "Izikhukhula", "I-Lire neHabhu" nezinye).

Imibhalo yezincwadi Ukuqoqwa kwezihloko: "Harmony and Melody" (1885), "Portraits and Memoirs" (1900), "Tricks" (1913) nezinye.