Giovanni Mario |

Giovanni Mario

Omunye wabahlabeleli abahamba phambili bekhulu lesi-XNUMX, uMario wayenezwi elicacile nelizwakalayo eligcwele eline-timbre ethambile, umculo ongenasici, namakhono amahle kakhulu esiteji. Ubengumlingisi ovelele we-lyric opera.

UGiovanni Mario (igama langempela uGiovanni Matteo de Candia) wazalwa ngo-Okthoba 18, 1810 eCagliari, eSardinia. Njengoba ethanda izwe elishisekayo futhi ezinikele ngokulinganayo kwezobuciko, washiya iziqu zomndeni kanye nomhlaba lapho esemncane, waba yilungu lenhlangano yenkululeko kazwelonke. Ekugcineni, uGiovanni waphoqeleka ukuba abaleke eSardinia yakubo, elandelwa ama-gendarms.

EParis, wathathwa nguGiacomo Meyerbeer, owamlungiselela ukwamukelwa eParis Conservatoire. Lapha wafundela ukucula no-L. Popshar kanye noM. Bordogna. Ngemva kokuphothula e-Conservatory, isibalo esincane ngaphansi kwegama lokuqamba elithi Mario saqala ukudlala esiteji.

Ngokweseluleko sikaMeyerbeer, ngo-1838 wenza indima eyinhloko ku-opera uRobert uDeveli esiteji se-Grand Opera. Kusukela ngo-1839, uMario ubelokhu ecula ngempumelelo enkulu esiteji se-Italian Theatre, eba ngumdlali wokuqala wezindima eziyinhloko kuma-opera kaDonizetti: uCharles ("Linda di Chamouni", 1842), Ernesto ("Don Pasquale", 1843) .

Ekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-40s, uMario wacula eNgilandi, lapho acula khona eCovent Garden Theatre. Lapha, iziphetho zomculi uGiulia Grisi noMario, ababethandana ngentshiseko, babumbene. Abaculi othandweni bahlala bengenakuhlukaniswa hhayi kuphela empilweni, kodwa nasesiteji.

Ngokushesha edume, uMario walihamba lonke elaseYurophu, futhi wanikeza ingxenye enkulu yezimali zakhe ezinkulu kubashisekeli bezwe base-Italy.

"U-Mario wayengumdwebi wesiko eliyinkimbinkimbi," kubhala u-AA Gozenpud - indoda exhunywe kakhulu nemibono eqhubekayo yenkathi, futhi ngaphezu kwakho konke i-patriot evuthayo, i-Mazzini enomqondo ofanayo. Akukhona nje ukuthi uMario wasiza kakhulu ama-fighters ukuze azimele e-Italy. Umculi-isakhamuzi, wafaka ngokucacile ingqikithi yenkululeko emsebenzini wakhe, nakuba amathuba alokhu ayenqunyelwe kokubili yi-repertoire futhi, ngaphezu kwakho konke, ngesimo sezwi: i-lyric tenor ngokuvamile isebenza njengesithandwa ku-opera. Amaqhawe akusiwo umkhakha wakhe. U-Heine, ufakazi wemidlalo yokuqala kaMario noGrisi, uphawule kuphela ingxenye yezingoma ekusebenzeni kwabo. Ukubuyekezwa kwakhe kwabhalwa ngo-1842 futhi kwabonisa uhlangothi olulodwa lomsebenzi wabaculi.

Yiqiniso, amagama ahlala eseduze noGrisi noMario kamuva, kodwa awazange ahlanganise yonke indawo yobuciko babo bokwenza. U-Roubini akenzanga kuma-opera e-Meyerbeer kanye ne-Verdi encane, ukunambitheka kwakhe kobuhle kwanqunywa yi-triad ye-Rossini-Bellini-Donizetti. UMario ungummeleli wenye inkathi, nakuba ethonywe uRubini.

Umhumushi ovelele wezindima zika-Edgar (“Lucia di Lammermoor”), Count Almaviva (“The Barber of Seville”), Arthur (“Puritanes”), Nemorino (“Love Potion”), Ernesto (“Don Pasquale”) kanye abanye abaningi, yena ngekhono elifanayo alenza uRobert, Raoul noJohn kuma-opera kaMeyerbeer, uMbusi eRigoletto, uManrico e-Il trovatore, u-Alfred eLa Traviata.

UDargomyzhsky, owezwa uMario eminyakeni yokuqala yokudlala kwakhe esiteji, ngo-1844 washo okulandelayo: “… UMario, i-tenor eseqophelweni eliphezulu, enezwi elimnandi, elihlanzekile, kodwa elingenamandla, muhle kangangokuthi wangikhumbuza lot of Rubini, kuye yena, nokho, , ngokusobala ubheke ukulingisa. Akakabi yiciko eliphelile, kodwa ngikholwa ukuthi kumele anyukele phezulu.”

Ngawo lowo nyaka, umqambi nomgxeki waseRussia u-AN Serov wabhala: “AmaNtaliyane abe nama-fiasco amaningi akhaliphile kulobu busika njengaseBolshoi Opera. Kanjalo nomphakathi ubukhala kakhulu ngabaculi, umehluko nje wukuthi ama-vocal virtuoso ase-Italy kwesinye isikhathi awafuni ukucula, kanti awaseFrance awakwazi ukucula. Nokho, umbhangqwana wama-nightingale athandekayo ase-Italy, u-Signor Mario no-Signora Grisi, babehlale besendaweni yabo ehholo laseVantadour futhi basithwala nama-trill abo basiyisa entwasahlobo eqhakaza kakhulu, kuyilapho amakhaza, iqhwa nomoya kubhebhetheka eParis, amakhonsathi epiyano ayebhebhetheka, izinkulumo-mpikiswano emakamelweni amasekela kanye Poland. Yebo, ayajabula, ama-nightingale athakathayo; i-opera yase-Italy iyihlathi elihlala licula lapho ngibalekela khona lapho ubusika be-melancholy bungenza ngihlanye, lapho isithwathwa sempilo singabekezeleleki kimi. Lapho, ekhoneni elimnandi lebhokisi elivalwe ngesigamu, uzofudumala ngokuphelele futhi; izintelezi zomculo zizoshintsha iqiniso eliqinile libe izinkondlo, ukulangazelela kuzolahleka kuma-arabesque anezimbali, futhi inhliziyo izomamatheka futhi. Yeka ukuthi kujabulisa kanjani lapho uMario ecula, futhi emehlweni kaGrisi imisindo ye-nightingale othandweni ibonakala njenge-echo ebonakalayo. Yeka injabulo lapho uGrisi ecula, futhi ukubukeka okuthambile kukaMario nokumamatheka kwenjabulo kuvuleka ngokumnandi ezwini lakhe! Izithandani ezithandekayo! Imbongi yasePheresiya eyabiza i-nightingale ngokuthi i-rose phakathi kwezinyoni, kanye ne-rose i-nightingale phakathi kwezimbali, lapha izodideka ngokuphelele futhi idideke uma iqhathaniswa, ngoba bobabili, yena kanye naye, uMario noGrisi, bakhanyisa ngokucula kuphela, kodwa futhi ubuhle.

Ngo-1849-1853, uMario nomkakhe uGiulia Grisi benza esiteji se-Italian Opera eSt. I-timbre ekhangayo, ubuqotho kanye nokukhanga komsindo, ngokusho kwabantu besikhathi samanje, kwaheha izethameli. Ehlatshwe umxhwele indlela uMario adlala ngayo ingxenye ye-Arthur ethi The Puritans, u-V. Botkin wabhala: “Izwi likaMario likhulu kangangokuthi imisindo epholile yecello ibonakala yomile, inomsindo lapho ihambisana nokucula: uhlobo oluthile lokufudumala kukagesi kugeleza kulo, oluthi ngokushesha. ingena kuwe, igeleze kamnandi emithanjeni futhi ilethe yonke imizwa emzwelweni ojulile; lokhu akukhona ukudabuka, akukhona ukukhathazeka kwengqondo, akukhona ukuvukwa inkanuko, kodwa umzwelo ngokuqondile.

Ithalenta likaMario lamvumela ukuba adlulisele eminye imizwa ngokujula namandla afanayo - hhayi kuphela ububele nosizi, kodwa futhi nentukuthelo, intukuthelo, ukuphelelwa ithemba. Esimweni sesiqalekiso eLucia, umdwebi, kanye neqhawe, ukulila, ukungabaza nokuhlupheka. USerov wabhala ngesigcawu sokugcina: “Leli yiqiniso elimangalisayo elethwe umvuthwandaba walo. Ngobuqotho obukhulu, uMario naye uqhuba indawo yomhlangano kaManrico noLeonora e-Il trovatore, esuka “enjabulweni engenangqondo, yobungane, ekhohlwe konke okusemhlabeni”, “ekusoleni okunomona, ekuhlazweni okubuhlungu, ethoni yokuphelelwa ithemba ngokuphelele. isithandwa esilahliwe ..." - "Lapha izinkondlo zeqiniso, idrama yeqiniso," kubhala uSerov othandekayo.

"Wayengumdlali ongenakuqhathaniswa wengxenye ka-Arnold kuWilliam Tell," kuphawula uGozenpud. - E-St. Petersburg, u-Tamberlik wayevame ukucula, kodwa emakhonsathini, lapho i-trio evela kule opera, ishiywe emisebenzini, ivame ukuzwakala, uMario wabamba iqhaza kuyo. "Emdlalweni wakhe, ukukhala kuka-Arnold nokuduma kwakhe "Alarmi!" lagcwala, lanyakaza futhi lakhuthaza lonke ihholo elikhulu.” Ngedrama enamandla, wenza ingxenye kaRaoul kwethi The Huguenots noJohn kwethi The Prophet (Ukuvinjezelwa KweLeiden), lapho uP. Viardot ayengumngane wakhe khona.

Ukuba ne-charm yasesiteji engavamile, ubuhle, i-plastique, ikhono lokugqoka isudi, uMario endimeni ngayinye ayidlalile waphinde wazalwa kabusha waba isithombe esisha. USerov wabhala ngokuziqhenya kuka-Castilian kukaMario-Ferdinand kwethi The Favourite, mayelana nothando lwakhe olujulile lwe-melancholic endimeni yesithandwa sikaLucia esineshwa, mayelana nezikhulu nesibindi sikaRaul wakhe. Evikela izicukuthwane nobumsulwa, uMario wagxeka ubuxhwanguxhwangu, ukugxeka kanye nokuzikhukhumeza. Kwakubonakala sengathi akukho okushintshile ekubukeni kweqhawe esiteji, iphimbo lalo lalizwakala lihlaba umxhwele, kodwa ngokunganaki kumlaleli-mbukeli, umdwebi wembula unya nokungabi nalutho okusuka enhliziyweni komlingiswa. Wayenjalo uMbusi wakhe eRigoletto.

Lapha umculi wadala isithombe somuntu oziphethe kabi, umgxeki, okukhona umgomo owodwa kuphela - injabulo. UDuke ugomela ilungelo lakhe lokuma ngaphezu kwayo yonke imithetho. UMario - UMbusi mubi ngokungabi nasiphelo komphefumulo.

U-A. Stakhovich wabhala: “Bonke abaculi abadumile engibezwe ngemuva kukaMario kulo mdlalo we-opera, kusukela eTamberlik kuya eMazini ... bacula ... kule aria, konke ukuxokozela nokwaneliseka kwesosha ngokulindela ukunqoba okulula. Lena akuyona indlela uMario ayicula ngayo le ngoma, edlalwa ngisho nangama-hurdy-gurdies. Ekuculeni kwakhe, umuntu wayekwazi ukuzwa ukuqashelwa kwenkosi, konakaliswe uthando lwabo bonke ubuhle obuqhoshayo begceke lakhe futhi esuthiswe ngempumelelo ... Leli culo lazwakala ngokumangalisayo ezindebeni zikaMario okokugcina, lapho, njengengwe, ehlukumeza isisulu sakhe, umhlaseli wabhonga phezu kwesidumbu … Lo mzuzu ku-opera ungaphezu kwazo zonke izingoma ezihamba phambili ze-Triboulet emdlalweni ka-Hugo. Kodwa lesi sikhathi esibi, esinikeza ithuba elikhulu ethalenteni lomculi onesiphiwo endimeni ka-Rigoletto, sasigcwele ukwesaba emphakathini, ngokucula okukodwa ngemuva kwesiteji nguMario. Ngokuzola, kwacishe kwathululwa ngokunesizotha, izwi lakhe lakhala, kancane kancane lafiphala ekuntweleni kokusa - usuku lwaluyeza, futhi izinsuku eziningi ezinjalo zazizolandela, futhi ngaphandle kokujeziswa, ngokunganaki, kodwa ngokuzijabulisa okufanayo okumsulwa, okukhazimulayo. ukuphila “kweqhawe lenkosi” kwakuzogeleza. Ngempela, lapho uMario ecula le ngoma, inhlekelele ... yesimo yapholisa igazi likaRigoletto kanye nomphakathi.

Echaza izici zobuntu bokudala bukaMario njengomculi wezothando, umgxeki ka-Otechestvennye Zapiski wabhala ukuthi “ungowesikole sikaRubini no-Ivanov, umlingiswa oyinhloko… Lobu bubele bunophawu lwe-nebula lwangempela nolukhangayo kakhulu: ku-timbre yezwi likaMario kuningi lokho kuthandana okukhona emsindweni we-Waldhorn - ikhwalithi yezwi ayinakulinganiswa futhi ijabule kakhulu. Ukwabelana ngomlingisi ojwayelekile wabadlali balesi sikole, unezwi eliphakeme kakhulu (akanendaba ne-si-bemol engenhla, futhi i-falsetto ifinyelela ku-fa). I-Rubini eyodwa yayinoguquko olungabonakali kusuka emisindo yesifuba kuya ku-fistula; kuzo zonke izinsimbi ezizwiwe ngemva kwakhe, uMario wasondela kakhulu kunabanye kulokhu kuphelela: i-falsetto yakhe igcwele, ithambile, imnene futhi ivumela kalula imithunzi yepiyano ... Usebenzisa ubuhlakani obukhulu ubuciko beRubini boguquko olucijile ukusuka ku-Forte kuya upiyano. … Izingoma zikaMario kanye namaphaseji e-bravura zinhle, njengabo bonke abaculi abafundiswa umphakathi waseFrance … Konke ukucula kugcwele umbala omangalisayo, ake sithi uMario ngezinye izikhathi uthathwa yikho … Ukucula kwakhe kugcwele imfudumalo yangempela … Muhle umdlalo kaMario. .

U-Serov, owazisa kakhulu ubuciko bukaMario, waphawula "ithalenta lomdlali womculo onamandla amakhulu", "umusa, ukuthakazelisa, ukukhululeka", ukunambitheka okuphezulu kanye nobuciko besitayela. USerov wabhala ukuthi uMario ku-"Huguenots" wazibonakalisa "umculi obabazeka kakhulu, okwamanje ongenakho okulingana naye"; igcizelele ukuvezwa kwayo okumangalisayo. "Umdlalo onjalo esiteji se-opera yinto engakaze yenzeke."

UMario unake kakhulu ohlangothini lwesiteji, ukunemba komlando kwemvunulo. Ngakho, edala isithombe sikaDuke, uMario waletha iqhawe le-opera eduze nomlingiswa wedrama kaVictor Hugo. Ngokubukeka, ukwakheka, imvunulo, umdwebi uphinde waveza izici zikaFrancis I wangempela. Ngokusho kukaSerov, kwakuyisithombe somlando esivuselelwe.

Nokho, akuyena uMario kuphela owazisa ukunemba komlando kwemvunulo. Isigameko esithakazelisayo senzeke ngesikhathi sokukhiqizwa kwe-Meyerbeer's The Prophet eSt. Petersburg ngeminyaka yama-50s. Muva nje, igagasi lokuvukela umbuso liye lahlasela lonke elaseYurophu. Ngokusho kwesakhiwo se-opera, ukufa komkhohlisi owaba nesibindi sokubeka umqhele kwakufanele kubonise ukuthi isiphetho esifanayo silindele wonke umuntu ongenela amandla asemthethweni. Umbusi waseRussia u-Nicholas I ngokwakhe walandela ukulungiswa kokusebenza ngokunaka okukhethekile, enaka ngisho nemininingwane yemvunulo. Umqhele owawugqokwe uJohane uzungezwe isiphambano. U-A. Rubinstein uthi, ngemva kokubuyela emuva, i-tsar yaphendukela kumdlali (u-Mario) ngesicelo sokususa umqhele. Khona-ke u-Nikolai Pavlovich ephula isiphambano emqhele futhi uyibuyisela kumculi odidekile. Isiphambano asikwazanga ukusibekela ikhanda lembuka.

Ngo-1855/68, umculi wavakashela eParis, London, Madrid, futhi ngo-1872/73 wavakashela USA.

Ngo-1870, uMario wadlala okokugcina eSt. Petersburg, futhi waphuma esiteji ngemva kweminyaka emithathu.

UMario wafa ngoDisemba 11, 1883 eRoma.