Jussi Björling |

UJussi Björling

UmSwidi uJussi Björling wabizwa ngabagxeki ngokuthi ukuphela kwembangi ye-Italian Beniamino Gigli enkulu. Omunye wabaculi abaphawuleka kakhulu wayebizwa nangokuthi "uJussi othandekayo", "Apollo bel canto". “UBjörling wayenezwi lobuhle obumangalisayo ngempela, obunezici zesiNtaliyane ezihlukile,” kuphawula uVV Timokhin. "I-timbre yakhe yanqoba ngokukhazimula okumangalisayo nokufudumala, umsindo ngokwawo wawuhlukaniswa ngepulasitiki engavamile, ukuthambile, ukuguquguquka futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo wawucebile, ujusi, uvutha umlilo. Kuwo wonke umkhakha, izwi lomdwebi lalizwakala likhululekile futhi likhululekile - amanothi akhe aphezulu ayecwebezela futhi enomsindo, irejista ephakathi ihehe ukuthamba okumnandi. Futhi ngendlela acula ngayo umuntu wayekwazi ukuzwa isici senjabulo yase-Italy, ukuxhamazela, ukuvuleka okufudumele, nakuba noma yiluphi uhlobo lwehaba elingokomzwelo lwaluhlala lungaziwa ku-Björling.

Wayengumfanekiso ophilayo wamasiko e-Italian bel canto futhi wayengumculi ophefumulelwe wobuhle bayo. Labo bagxeki ababeka u-Björling phakathi kwezicelo zabadlali abadumile base-Italy (abanjengoCaruso, uGigli noma uPertile) baqinisile impela, kubo ubuhle bengoma, ipulasitiki yesayensi yomsindo, nothando lomshwana we-legato kuyizici ezibalulekile zomdlalo. ukubukeka. Ngisho nasemisebenzini yohlobo lwe-veristic, u-Björling akazange aphambuke ekuthinteni, ekucindezelekeni okumnandi, akazange aphule ubuhle begama lephimbo elinokuphindaphinda okuhlabelelayo noma ukuphimisela okuyihaba. Kukho konke lokhu akulandeli nakancane ukuthi uBjörling akayena umculi onolaka ngokwanele. Yeka ukugqwayiza nothando oluzwakalayo izwi lakhe ezigcawini ezimangalisayo zama-opera ka-Verdi nabaqambi besikole esiqondile - noma ngabe isiphetho se-Il trovatore noma indawo ye-Turiddu ne-Santuzza yase-Rural Honor! UBjörling uyiciko elinomqondo othuthuke kahle wokulinganisa, ukuvumelana kwangaphakathi kwakho konke, futhi umculi odumile waseSweden ulethe umbono omuhle wobuciko, iphimbo elilandisayo eligxilile kusitayela sokudlala sase-Italian esigcizelelwe ngokwesiko ukushuba kwemizwa.

Lona kanye izwi lika-Björling (kanye nezwi likaKirsten Flagstad) linomthunzi ongajwayelekile wokukhanya okukhanyayo, okuyisici sezindawo ezisenyakatho, umculo kaGrieg noSibelius. Lobu bubuhle obuthambile bunikeze ukuthinta okukhethekile nokubanika umoya ku-cantilena yesiNtaliyane, iziqephu ezinezingoma u-Björling azizwakala ngobuhle obuthakazelayo, obuyimilingo.

U-Yuhin Jonatan Björling wazalwa ngoFebhuwari 2, 1911 eStora Tuna emndenini womculo. Ubaba wakhe, uDavid Björling, ungumculi owaziwayo, ophothule eVienna Conservatory. Ubaba waphupha ukuthi amadodana akhe u-Olle, uJussi no-Yesta azoba abaculi. Ngakho, uJussi wathola izifundo zakhe zokuqala zokucula kuyise. Isikhathi sesifikile lapho umfelokazi wokuqala uDavid enquma ukuthatha amadodana akhe esiteji sekhonsathi ukuze ondle umndeni wakhe, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo ethula abafana emculweni. Uyise wahlela iqoqo lezwi lomndeni elibizwa ngokuthi i-Björling Quartet, lapho uJussi omncane acula khona ingxenye ye-soprano.

Laba bane badlala emasontweni, emakilabhini, ezikhungweni zemfundo ezweni lonke. Lamakhonsathi abeyisikole esihle sabaculi bakusasa - abafana basebancane babejwayele ukuzibona bengabaculi. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ngesikhathi sokudlala ku-quartet, kukhona okuqoshiwe kukaJussi oneminyaka eyisishiyagalolunye, osemncane kakhulu, okwenziwa ngo-1920. Futhi waqala ukuqopha njalo kusukela eneminyaka engu-18.

Eminyakeni emibili ngaphambi kokuba uyise ashone, uJussi nabafowabo kwadingeka benze imisebenzi eyinqaba ngaphambi kokuba bafeze iphupho labo lokuba abaculi abaqeqeshiwe. Eminyakeni emibili kamuva, uJussi wakwazi ukungena eRoyal Academy of Music eStockholm, ekilasini likaD. Forsel, ngaleso sikhathi owayeyinhloko ye-opera house.

Ngemva konyaka, ngo-1930, ukusebenza kokuqala kukaJussi kwenzeka esiteji se-Stockholm Opera House. Umculi osemusha wacula ingxenye kaDon Ottavio kuDon Giovanni kaMozart futhi waba nempumelelo enkulu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, uBjörling waqhubeka nezifundo zakhe eRoyal Opera School nothisha wase-Italy uTullio Voger. Ngemva konyaka, u-Björling uba umculi yedwa ne-Stockholm Opera House.

Kusukela ngo-1933, udumo lomculi onethalente lusakazekele kulo lonke elaseYurophu. Lokhu kuqhutshwa ukuvakasha kwakhe okuphumelelayo eCopenhagen, eHelsinki, e-Oslo, ePrague, eVienna, eDresden, eParis, eFlorence. Ukwamukelwa ngentshiseko kwalo mculi waseSweden kuphoqe abaphathi bemidlalo yeshashalazi emadolobheni amaningi ukuthi bandise inani lemidlalo ngokubamba iqhaza kwakhe. Umqhubi odumile u-Arturo Toscanini wamema umculi kuMkhosi weSalzburg ngo-1937, lapho umculi edlala indima kaDon Ottavio.

Ngawo lowo nyaka, uBjörling wenza ngempumelelo e-USA. Ngemva kokusebenza kohlelo olulodwa edolobheni lase-Springfield (Massachusetts), amaphephandaba amaningi alethe imibiko mayelana nekhonsathi emakhasini okuqala.

Ngokomlando weshashalazi, u-Björling waba umculi omncane kunabo bonke iMetropolitan Opera eyake yasayina naye inkontileka yokulingisa izindima eziholayo. NgoNovemba 24, uJussi wangena esiteji seMetropolitan okokuqala, wenza i-debut yakhe neqembu ku-opera La bohème. Futhi ngoDisemba 2, umculi wahlabelela ingxenye ye-Manrico e-Il trovatore. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokusho kwabagxeki, "ngobuhle nobuhle obuyingqayizivele" obunjalo, obuthinta ngokushesha abaseMelika. Lokho kwaba ukunqoba kweqiniso kukaBjörling.

U-VV Timokhin uyabhala: “UBjörling waqala ukubonakala esiteji seCovent Garden Theatre yaseLondon ngo-1939 ngaphandle kwempumelelo encane, kwathi isizini ka-1940/41 eMetropolitan wavula umdlalo weshashalazi othi Un ballo kumaschera, lapho umculi acula khona ingxenye yengoma. Richard. Ngokwesiko, abaphathi beshashalazi bamema abaculi abathandwa kakhulu ngabalaleli ekuvulweni kwesizini. Ngokuqondene ne-opera ye-Verdi eshiwo, yagcina ukudlalwa eNew York cishe ingxenye yesine yekhulu leminyaka edlule! Ngo-1940, uBjörling wadlala okokuqala esiteji seSan Francisco Opera (Un ballo in maschera kanye neLa bohème).

Phakathi neMpi Yezwe Yesibili, imisebenzi yomculi yayilinganiselwe eSweden. Emuva ngo-1941, iziphathimandla zaseJalimane, ziqaphela imizwa kaBjörling emelene nobufascist, zenqaba i-visa yokuthutha edlula eJalimane, eyayidingekile ohambweni oluya e-United States; khona-ke ukuvakasha kwakhe eVienna kwakhanselwa, njengoba enqaba ukucula ngesiJalimane ethi “La Boheme” nethi “Rigoletto”. UBjörling wadlala izikhathi eziningi emakhonsathini ahlelwa yi-International Red Cross evuna izisulu zobuNazi, futhi ngaleyo ndlela wazuza ukuthandwa nokwazisa okukhethekile ezinkulungwaneni zabalaleli.

Abalaleli abaningi bajwayelana nomsebenzi wenkosi yaseSweden ngenxa yokuqoshwa. Kusukela ngo-1938 ubelokhu eqopha umculo wesiNtaliyane ngolimi lokuqala. Kamuva, umculi ucula ngenkululeko ecishe ilingane ngesiNtaliyane, isiFulentshi, isiJalimane nesiNgisi: ngesikhathi esifanayo, ubuhle bezwi, ikhono lokukhuluma, ukunemba kwephimbo akukaze kumkhaphele. Ngokuvamile, u-Björling wathonya isilaleli ngokuyinhloko ngosizo lwezwi lakhe elicebe kakhulu le-timbre neliguquguquka ngendlela engavamile, cishe ngaphandle kokusebenzisa ukuthinta okumangalisayo nokubukeka kobuso esiteji.

Iminyaka yangemva kwempi yaphawulwa ukwanda okusha kwethalente elinamandla lomculi, okwamlethela izimpawu ezintsha zokuqashelwa. Udlala ezindlini ezinkulu ze-opera emhlabeni, unikeza amakhonsathi amaningi.

Ngakho, ngesizini ka-1945/46, umculi ucula e-Metropolitan, uvakashela isiteji sezindlu ze-opera eChicago naseSan Francisco. Futhi-ke iminyaka eyishumi nanhlanu, lezi zikhungo ze-opera zaseMelika zihlala zibamba umculi odumile. E-Metropolitan Theatre kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, kudlule izinkathi ezintathu kuphela ngaphandle kokubamba iqhaza kuka-Björling.

Ukuba usaziwayo, uBjörling akazange aphule, nokho, nedolobha lakubo, waqhubeka enza njalo esiteji saseStockholm. Lapha akazange agqame kuphela emculweni wakhe womculo wase-Italy owawudla umhlanganiso, kodwa futhi wenza okuningi ukuze athuthukise umsebenzi wabaqambi baseSweden, owadlalwa engomeni ethi The Bride kaT. Rangstrom, Fanal ka-K. Atterberg, Engelbrecht kaN. Berg.

Ubuhle namandla e-lyrical-dramatic tenor yakhe, ukuhlanzeka kwephimbo, isichazamazwi esicacile nokuphimisa kahle ngezilimi eziyisithupha sekuyinganekwane ngokoqobo. Phakathi kwezimpumelelo eziphakeme kakhulu zomculi, okokuqala, izindima kuma-opera we-repertoire yase-Italy - kusukela kwakudala kuya kuma-verists: The Barber of Seville kanye noWilliam Tell kaRossini; "Rigoletto", "La Traviata", "Aida", "Trovatore" by Verdi; "Tosca", "Cio-Cio-San", "Turandot" nguPuccini; "Ama-clown" nguLeoncavallo; Rural Honor Mascagni. Kodwa kanye nalokhu, yena kanye ne-Belmont enhle kakhulu ethi The Abduction from the Seraglio and Tamino in The Magic Flute, Florestan in Fidelio, Lensky and Vladimir Igorevich, Faust in the opera kaGounod. Ngamafuphi nje, ububanzi bokudala buka-Björling bubanzi njengobubanzi bezwi lakhe elinamandla. Ku-repertoire yakhe kunezingxenye ze-opera ezingaphezu kwamashumi amane, uqophe inqwaba yamarekhodi. Emakhonsathini, uJussi Björling ngezikhathi ezithile wayecula nabafowabo, nabo ababa abaculi abaziwayo, futhi ngezikhathi ezithile nomkakhe, umculi onekhono u-Anne-Lisa Berg.

Umsebenzi okhaliphile ka-Björling wafinyelela esicongweni. Izimpawu zesifo senhliziyo zaqala ukubonakala kakade phakathi neminyaka yama-50, kodwa umdwebi wazama ukungaziboni. Ngo-March 1960, wahlaselwa isifo senhliziyo ngesikhathi sokudlala eLondon kweLa bohème; umbukiso bekufanele ukhanselwe. Kodwa-ke, engakalulami, u-Jussi uphinde wavela esiteji ngemuva kwesigamu sehora kwathi ngemuva kokuphela kwe-opera waklonyeliswa ngendlela engakaze ibonwe.

Odokotela baphikelela ekwelashweni isikhathi eside. UBjörling wenqaba ukuthatha umhlalaphansi, ngoJuni wonyaka ofanayo wenza irekhodi lakhe lokugcina - i-Verdi's Requiem.

Ngomhla ziyisi-9 kuNcwaba wenza ikhonsathi e-Gothenburg, okwakumele ibe wumdlalo wokugcina womculi omkhulu. U-Arias waseLohengrin, Onegin, Manon Lesko, izingoma zika-Alven noSibelius zenziwa. UBjörling ushone emasontweni amahlanu kamuva ngoSepthemba 1960, XNUMX.

Lo mculi akabanga naso isikhathi sokwenza izinhlelo zakhe eziningi. Kakade ekwindla, lo mculi wayehlela ukubamba iqhaza ekuvuselelweni kwe-opera kaPuccini ethi Manon Lescaut esiteji seMetropolitan. Enhloko-dolobha yase-Italy, wayezoqedela ukuqoshwa kwengxenye kaRichard e-Un ballo e-maschera. Akakaze aqophe ingxenye ye-Romeo ku-opera kaGounod.