Umculo wefilimu |

Umculo wefilimu uyingxenye yomsebenzi wefilimu, enye yezindlela zawo ezibalulekile zokukhuluma. Ekuthuthukisweni kwe-art-va muses. Idizayini yefilimu ihlukanisa phakathi kwesikhathi sokuthula nesikhathi sesinema yomsindo.

Ebhayisikobho ethule, umculo wawungakabi yingxenye yefilimu. Akazange abonakale enqubweni yokwenza ifilimu, kodwa ngesikhathi sokuboniswa kwayo - ukubukwa kwamafilimu kwakuhambisana nabadwebi bopiyano, ama-trios, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ama-orchestra. Noma kunjalo, isidingo esiphelele somculo. ukuhambisana osekuvele kulesi sigaba sokuqala ekuthuthukisweni kwe-cinematography kwembula isimo sayo somsindo nokubukwayo. Umculo usuphenduke umngane obalulekile wefilimu ethule. Ama-albhamu omculo anconyelwe ukuhambisana namafilimu akhululiwe. isebenza. Ukugqugquzela umsebenzi wabaculi-abadwebi, ngesikhathi esifanayo babangela ingozi yokumisa, ukuzithoba kobuciko obuhlukahlukene. imibono esimisweni esisodwa sokufanekisa okuqondile. Ngakho-ke, isibonelo, i-melodrama yayihambisana nomculo wothando othakazelisayo, wamahlaya. amafilimu - ama-humorsques, ama-scherzos, amafilimu e-adventure - ngokuphazima kweso, njll. Imizamo yokudala umculo wangempela wamafilimu isukela eminyakeni yokuqala yokuba khona kwesinema. Ngo-1908 u-C. Saint-Saens waqamba umculo (uhlu lwezintambo, izinsimbi, upiyano ne-harmonium ezingxenyeni ezingu-5) ukuze kuboniswe okokuqala ngqa ifilimu ethi The Assassination of the Duke of Guise. Ukuhlola okufanayo kwenziwa eJalimane, e-USA.

Ku-Sov. Inyunyana ngokufika kobuciko befilimu obusha, obushintshashintshayo, kwavela indlela ehlukile ye-cinematography - ama-claviers okuqala kanye nezikolo zomculo zaqala ukudalwa. ukuhambisana namafilimu athile. Phakathi edume kakhulu umculo DD Shostakovich ifilimu "New Babylon" (1929). Ngo-1928. umqambi u-E. Meisel wabhala umculo ukuze abonise izikhova. ifilimu "Battleship Potemkin" eBerlin. Abaqambi bafuna ukuthola isixazululo somculo esiyingqayizivele, esizimele nesiphathekayo, esinqunywa idramaturgy ye-cinematography. ukukhiqizwa, inhlangano yayo yangaphakathi.

Ngokusungulwa kwemishini yokuqopha umsindo, ifilimu ngayinye ithole iculo layo eliyingqayizivele. Ibanga lomsindo wakhe lihlanganisa izwi elizwakalayo nomsindo.

Kusukela ekuzalweni kwe-cinema yomsindo, kakade ngawo-1930. kube nokuhlukaniswa kwe-cinematography ibe yi-intraframe — ukhonkolo, okhuthazwayo, olungisiswa umsindo wensimbi evezwe ohlakeni, isipikha somsakazo, ukucula komlingiswa, njll., futhi ngaphandle kwesikrini — “kombhali”, “okunemibandela”. Umculo ongaphandle kwesikrini, njengokungathi, ususiwe esenzweni futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo ubonisa izenzakalo zefilimu, uveza ukugeleza okufihliwe kwesakhiwo.

Kumafilimu we-30s, aphawuleka ngokulingisa kwawo okubukhali kwesakhiwo, umbhalo ozwakalayo wathola ukubaluleka okukhulu; izwi nesenzo sekuyizindlela ezibaluleke kakhulu zokuveza umlingiswa. I-cinematic enjalo isakhiwo sasidinga inani elikhulu lomculo we-intra-frame, ehlanganisa ngokuqondile isikhathi nendawo yesenzo. Abaqambi babefuna ukunikeza eyabo incazelo yeminyuziyamu. izithombe; umculo osohlwini lwaba ngaphandle kwesikrini. Ekuqaleni kwama-30s. imakwe ngokuseshwa kokufakwa kwe-semantic komculo kwifilimu njengesinema enengqondo nebalulekile. ingxenye. Enye yezindlela ezidume kakhulu zokulingisa abalingisi bomculo nemicimbi yefilimu ingoma. Umculo usakazwa kabanzi ngalesi sikhathi. ifilimu yamahlaya esuselwe engomeni edumile.

Amasampula wakudala we-K. yalolu hlobo adalwe ngu-IO Dunaevsky. Umculo wakhe, izingoma zamafilimu ("Merry Fellows", 1934, "Circus", 1936, "Volga-Volga", 1938, dir. GA Alexandrov; "Rich Bride", 1938, "Kuban Cossacks", 1950, eqondiswa ngu-IA Pyriev), egcwele isimo sengqondo sokujabula, esihlukaniswa yi-leitmotif yezici, isihloko. ubulula, ubuqotho, kwazuza ukuthandwa okukhulu.

Kanye noDunayevsky, isiko lengoma lokuklama ifilimu lasungulwa ngabaqambi br. Pokrass, TN Khrennikov nabanye, kamuva, ku-50s-ekuqaleni. NV Bogoslovsky, A. Ya. Eshpay, A. Ya. ULepin, AN Pakhmutova, AP Petrov, VE Basner, MG Fradkin nabanye Ifilimu ethi "Chapaev" (70, abaqondisi umfowabo uVasiliev, comp. GN Popov) ihlukaniswa ngokungaguquguquki nokunemba kokukhethwa komculo we-intra-frame. Isakhiwo sengoma-intonation yefilimu (isisekelo sokuthuthukiswa okuphawulekayo ingoma yomdabu), ene-leitingtonation eyodwa, iveza ngokuqondile isithombe sikaChapaev.

Kumafilimu we-30s. ubudlelwano phakathi kwesithombe nomculo babusekelwe ku-Ch. ar. ngokusekelwe ezimisweni zokufana: umculo waqinisa lokhu noma lowomzwelo, isimo sengqondo esidalwe umlobi wefilimu, isimo sakhe sengqondo kumlingiswa, isimo, njll. Okwakuthakazelisa kakhulu kulokhu kwakuwumculo omusha kaDD Shostakovich wamafilimu ethi Alone (1931, dir. GM Kozintsev), The Golden Mountains (1931, dir. SI Yutkevich), The Counter (1932, eqondiswa uFM Ermler, SI Yutkevich). Kanye noShostakovich, izikhova ezinkulu ziza e-cinema. Abaqambi be-symphonic - SS Prokofiev, Yu. A. Shaporin, AI Khachaturian, DB Kabalevsky nabanye. Abaningi babo basebenzisana kuma-cinema kuyo yonke impilo yabo yokudala. Ngokuvamile izithombe ezavela ku-K. zaba yisisekelo sama-symphonies azimele. noma i-symphony yezwi. umkhiqizo. (cantata "Alexander Nevsky" Prokofiev nabanye). Kanye nabaqondisi besiteji, abaqambi bafuna iminyuziyamu eyisisekelo. izinqumo zefilimu, lwela ukuqonda inkinga yendawo nenjongo yomculo ku-cinema. Umphakathi onekhono ngempela uxhume ikhompuyutha. SS Prokofiev kanye no-dir. U-SM Eisenstein, osebenze ngenkinga yesakhiwo somsindo obonakalayo wefilimu. U-Eisenstein no-Prokofiev bathola izindlela zoqobo zokusebenzelana phakathi komculo nobuciko obubonakalayo. Umculo ka-Prokofiev wamafilimu ka-Eisenstein "u-Alexander Nevsky" (1938) kanye "no-Ivan the Terrible" (uchungechunge lokuqala - 1; ukukhululwa esikrinini 1945nd - 2) kuhlukaniswa ngokufingqiwe, ukuguquguquka kwemifanekiso yama-muses. izithombe, ukufana kwazo ncamashi nesigqi kanye namandla azovezwa. izixazululo (i-counterpoint ethuthukisiwe yomsindo obonakalayo ifinyelela ukuphelela okukhethekile endaweni ye-Battle on the Ice kusukela kufilimu ethi "Alexander Nevsky"). Umsebenzi ohlanganyelwe ku-cinema, ukusesha kokudala kuka-Eisenstein no-Prokofiev kube nesandla ekwakhiweni kwe-cinema njengendlela ebalulekile yobuciko. ukuzwakalisa. Lesi siko samukelwa kamuva ngabaqambi be-1958s - ekuqaleni. 50s Isifiso sokuhlola, ukutholakala kwamathuba amasha okuhlanganisa umculo nezithombe kuhlukanisa umsebenzi we-EV Denisov, RK Shchedrin, ML Tariverdiev, NN Karetnikov, AG Schnittke, BA Tchaikovsky nabanye.

Isilinganiso esikhulu sobuciko. imvamisa, isici somculo njengobuciko bebonke, sinqume indima yawo emsebenzini wefilimu: K. wenza “... umsebenzi wesithombe esijwayelekile maqondana nento eveziwe…” (SM Eisenstein), ikuvumela ukuthi uveze okubaluleke kakhulu umcabango noma umbono wefilimu. I-cinema yesimanje yomsindo obonakalayo ihlinzeka ngokuba khona kwamamuse kufilimu. imiqondo. Isekelwe ekusetshenzisweni kwakho kokubili okungaphandle kwesikrini kanye nohlaka lwangaphakathi, umculo okhuthazwayo, ovame ukuphenduka indlela engabonakali, kodwa ejulile futhi ecashile ngengqikithi yabalingiswa babantu. Kanye nokusetshenziswa kabanzi kwendlela yokuhambisana okuqondile komculo nezithombe, ukusetshenziswa komculo "okuphikisayo" kuqala ukudlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu (incazelo eyahlaziywa ngu-SM Eisenstein ngisho nangaphambi kokufika kwe-cinema yomsindo). Yakhelwe phezu kwenhlanganisela ehlukene yomculo nezithombe, le nqubo ithuthukisa idrama yezenzakalo ezibonisiwe (ukudutshulwa kwabathunjwa efilimini yesiNtaliyane ethi The Long Night ka-1943, 1960, kuhambisana nomculo ojabulisayo wemashi yobufascist; owokugcina ojabulisayo iziqephu zefilimu yase-Italy ethi Divorce in Italian, 1961, zidlulela emsindweni wemashi yomngcwabo). Kusho. umculo uye waba nokuziphendukela kwemvelo. i-leitmotif evame ukudalula umqondo ojwayelekile, obaluleke kakhulu wefilimu (ngokwesibonelo, ingqikithi kaGelsomina efilimini yase-Italy ethi The Road, 1954, eqondiswa nguF. Fellini, usomahlaya N. Rota). Ngezinye izikhathi kwanamuhla Efilimini, umculo awusetshenziselwa ukuthuthukisa, kodwa ukuqukatha imizwelo. Isibonelo, efilimini ethi "400 Blows" (1959), umqondisi uF. Truffaut nomqambi u-A. Constantin balwela ubunzima bomculo. izindikimba zokukhuthaza umbukeli ekuhloleni okunengqondo kwalokho okwenzekayo esibukweni.

Muses. umqondo wefilimu ungaphansi komqondo wombhali jikelele. Ngakho, isibonelo, eJapane. ifilimu ethi "The Naked Island" (1960, dir. K. Shindo, comp. X. Hayashi), ekhuluma ngempilo enzima, enzima, kodwa enenjongo ejulile yabantu abadlala i-duel nemvelo emzabalazweni wokuba khona, umculo uvela njalo. ezithombeni ezibonisa nsuku zonke umsebenzi walaba bantu, futhi ngokushesha anyamalale lapho imicimbi emikhulu ingena ezimpilweni zabo. Efilimini ethi "The Ballad of a Soldier" (1959, dir. G. Chukhrai, comp. M. Ziv), wadlala njengomculi wezingoma. indaba, izithombe zomculo zine-adv. isisekelo; okutholwe umqambi wephimbo lomculo kuqinisekisa ubuhle baphakade nobungaguquki bobudlelwane obulula nobunomusa babantu.

Umculo wefilimu ungaba owokuqala, obhalelwe le filimu ngokuqondile, noma wakhiwe imiculo eyaziwayo, izingoma, umculo wakudala. umculo uyasebenza. Ku-cinema yesimanje kuvame ukusebenzisa umculo wakudala - J. Haydn, JS Bach, WA ​​Mozart, nabanye, ukusiza abenzi befilimu ukuxhuma indaba yesimanje. umhlaba nge high humanistic. amasiko.

Umculo uthatha indawo ebaluleke kakhulu emculweni. amafilimu, indaba enikelwe ngabaqambi, abaculi, abaculi. Wenza idrama ethile. imisebenzi (uma lena kuyindaba emayelana nokudala ucezu oluthile lomculo), noma ifakwe kwifilimu njengenombolo yokufaka. Indima eyinhloko yomculo ekuguqulweni kwefilimu yemidlalo ye-opera noma ye-ballet, kanye nezizimele ezidalwe ngesisekelo sama-opera nama-ballet. ukukhiqizwa kwefilimu. Inani lalolu hlobo lwe-cinematography ngokuyinhloko ekudumeni okubanzi kwemisebenzi engcono kakhulu yakudala. nomculo wesimanje. Ngama-60s. eFrance, kwenziwa umzamo wokudala uhlobo lwe-opera yefilimu yoqobo (Izambulela zaseCherbourg, 1964, dir. J. Demy, comp. M. Legrand).

Umculo ufakiwe kumafilimu opopayi, amadokhumentari namafilimu esayensi adumile. Emafilimini opopayi, kuthuthukiswe ezabo izindlela zomculo. umklamo. Okuvame kakhulu kubo kuyindlela yokufana okuqondile komculo nesithombe: ingoma iphinda iphindaphinda noma ilingise ukunyakaza esikrinini (ngaphezu kwalokho, umphumela owumphumela ungaba kokubili kwe-parodic kanye ne-lyrical). Kusho. okuthakaselayo kulokhu kumafilimu e-Amer. dir. W. Disney, futhi ikakhulukazi imidwebo yakhe evela ochungechungeni lwe-“Funny Symphonies”, ehlanganisa iminyuziyamu edumile ezithombeni ezibonakalayo. umkhiqizo. (isibonelo, "Umdanso Wamathambo" kumculo wenkondlo ye-symphonic ka-C. Saint-Saens "Umdanso Wokufa", njll.).

Isiteji sokuthuthukiswa komculo wesimanje. ukuklanywa kwefilimu kubonakala ngokubaluleka okulinganayo komculo phakathi kwezinye izingxenye zomsebenzi wefilimu. Umculo wefilimu ungenye yezwi elibaluleke kakhulu le-cinematography. i-polyphony, evame ukuba yisihluthulelo sokuveza okuqukethwe yifilimu.

References: Bugoslavsky S., Messman V., Umculo nesinema. Ngaphambili kwefilimu nomculo, M., 1926; I-Blok DS, i-Vugoslavsky SA, i-Musical accompaniment in cinema, M.-L., 1929; London K., Film Music, trans. evela eJalimane, M.-L., 1937; Ioffe II, Umculo we-cinema yaseSoviet, L., 1938; Cheremukhin MM, Umculo wefilimu yomsindo, M., 1939; Korganov T., Frolov I., Cinema nomculo. Umculo kumdlalo wefilimu, M., 1964; Petrova IF, Umculo we-cinema yaseSoviet, M., 1964; U-Eisenstein S., Kusukela ekubhaleni nge-Prokofiev, "SM", 1961, No 4; yena, uMqondisi nomqambi, ibid., 1964, No 8; Fried E., Umculo ebhayisikobho yaseSoviet, (L., 1967); U-Lissa Z., I-Aesthetics yomculo wefilimu, M., 1970.

IM Shilova