UMaria Callas |

uMaria Callas

Omunye wabaculi abavelele ekhulwini elidlule, uMaria Callas, waba yinganekwane yangempela phakathi nokuphila kwakhe. Noma ngabe umdwebi uthentile, yonke into ibikhanyiswe ngokukhanya okusha okungalindelekile. Ukwazile ukubuka amakhasi amaningi wezikolo ze-opera ngokubukeka okusha, okusha, ukuze athole ubuhle obungaziwa kuwo kuze kube manje.

UMaria Callas (igama langempela uMaria Anna Sophia Cecilia Kalogeropoulou) wazalwa ngoDisemba 2, 1923 eNew York, emndenini wabafuduki abangamaGreki. Nakuba ayehola kancane, abazali bakhe banquma ukumnika imfundo yokucula. Ithalente likaMaria elimangalisayo labonakala esemncane. Ngo-1937, kanye nomama wakhe, wafika ezweni lakubo futhi wangena kwelinye lama-conservatories ase-Athene, u-Ethnikon Odeon, kuthisha odumile uMaria Trivella.

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Ngaphansi kobuholi bakhe, uCallas walungiselela futhi wenza ingxenye yakhe yokuqala ye-opera ekusebenzeni komfundi - indima ka-Santuzza ku-opera Rural Honor ka-P. Mascagni. Isenzakalo esibaluleke kangaka senzeka ngo-1939, okwaba uhlobo ingqopha-mlando ekuphileni umculi esizayo. Uthuthela kwenye indawo yase-Athens, i-Odeon Afion, ekilasini lomculi we-coloratura ovelele waseSpain u-Elvira de Hidalgo, owaqeda ukupholishwa kwezwi lakhe futhi wasiza uCallas ukuba abe umculi we-opera.

Ngo-1941, uCallas wenza i-debut yakhe e-Athens Opera, enza ingxenye ye-Tosca ku-opera kaPuccini yegama elifanayo. Lapha wasebenza kwaze kwaba ngo-1945, kancane kancane waqala ukuba kahle ehola izingxenye opera.

Ngempela, ezwini likaCallas kwakukhona "ukungalungile" okukhazimulayo. Embhalweni ophakathi, wezwa i-timbre ekhethekile engacacile, ngisho nokucindezelwa okuthile. Abaqaphi bezwi babheka lokhu njengento embi, futhi abalaleli babone ubuhle obukhethekile kulokhu. Akubangakho nje kwaqondana ukuthi bakhulume ngomlingo wezwi lakhe, ukuthi uheha izethameli ngokucula kwakhe. Umculi ngokwakhe wabiza izwi lakhe ngokuthi "dramatic coloratura".

Ukutholwa kukaCallas kwenzeka ngo-Agasti 2, 1947, lapho umculi ongaziwa oneminyaka engamashumi amabili nane ebonakala esiteji se-Arena di Verona, indlu enkulu ye-opera evulekile emhlabeni, lapho cishe bonke abaculi nabaqhubi abakhulu kakhulu. kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX kwenziwe. Ehlobo, kubanjwa umkhosi omkhulu we-opera lapha, lapho uCallas adlala indima yesihloko ku-Ponchielli's La Gioconda.

Umdlalo wenziwa nguTullio Serafin, omunye wabaqhubi abahamba phambili be-opera yase-Italy. Futhi futhi, umhlangano womuntu siqu unquma isiphetho somdlali we-actress. Kungenxa yesincomo sikaSerafina ukuthi uCallas umenywe eVenice. Lapha, ngaphansi kobuholi bakhe, wenza indima yesihloko ku-opera ethi "Turandot" kaG. Puccini kanye ne "Tristan and Isolde" kaR. Wagner.

Kwakubonakala sengathi ezingxenyeni ze-opera uKallas uphila izingcezu zokuphila kwakhe. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, wabonisa isiphetho abesifazane ngokuvamile, uthando nokuhlupheka, injabulo nokudabuka.

Ethiyetha edume kakhulu emhlabeni - "La Scala" kaMilan - uCallas uvele ngo-1951, edlala indawo ka-Elena ku-"Sicilian Vespers" kaG. Verdi.

Umculi odumile uMario Del Monaco uyakhumbula:

“Ngahlangana noCallas eRome, ngemva nje kokufika kwakhe evela eMelika, endlini kaMaestro Serafina, futhi ngikhumbula ukuthi wacula izingcaphuno ezimbalwa ezivela eTurandot lapho. Umbono wami wawungewona omuhle kakhulu. Yiqiniso, uCallas wabhekana kalula nazo zonke izinkinga zezwi, kodwa isikali sakhe asizange sinikeze umbono wokufana. Ama-mids and lows ayengama-gutral futhi ukuphakama kwakudlidliza.

Nokho, ngokuhamba kweminyaka, uMaria Callas wakwazi ukuguqula ukushiyeka kwakhe kube izimfanelo ezinhle. Zaba ingxenye ebalulekile yobuntu bakhe bobuciko futhi, ngomqondo othile, zathuthukisa indlela ayeqala ngayo ukwenza. UMaria Callas ukwazile ukusungula esakhe isitayela. Ngokokuqala ngqá ngacula naye ngo-August 1948 enkundleni yemidlalo yaseshashalazini yaseGenoese ethi “Carlo Felice”, edlala “iTurandot” ngaphansi kokuqondisa kukaCuesta, futhi ngemva konyaka, ngikanye naye, kanye noRossi-Lemenyi kanye nompetha uSerafin, saya eBuenos Aires...

… Ebuyela e-Italy, wasayina inkontileka ne-La Scala ye-Aida, kodwa abaseMilanese nabo abazange bavuse isasasa elikhulu. Inkathi eyinhlekelele enjalo ingaphula noma ubani ngaphandle kukaMaria Callas. Intando yakhe ingahambisana nethalente lakhe. Ngikhumbula, ngokwesibonelo, ukuthi, njengoba enombono omfushane kakhulu, wehla kanjani ezitebhisini waya eTurandot, ephumputha izinyathelo ngonyawo lwakhe ngokwemvelo kangangokuthi akekho owayengaqagela ngokushiyeka kwakhe. Kunoma iziphi izimo, wayeziphatha njengokungathi ulwa nabo bonke abantu abaseduze kwakhe.

Ngobunye ubusuku ngoFebhuwari ngo-1951, sihlezi endaweni yokudlela "Biffy Scala" ngemva kokudlala kwe-"Aida" eyayiqondiswa uDe Sabata kanye nokubamba iqhaza kozakwethu uConstantina Araujo, sasixoxa nomqondisi weLa Scala Ghiringelli kanye nonobhala jikelele wenhlangano. i-Oldani Theatre mayelana nokuthi iyiphi indlela engcono kakhulu yokuvula i-Opera kwisizini elandelayo… U-Ghiringelli wabuza ukuthi ngicabanga ukuthi uNorma uzofaneleka yini ukuvulwa kwesizini, ngase ngiphendula ngivuma. Kodwa uDe Sabata akazange alokothe ​​akhethe umculi wengoma eyinhloko wesifazane ... U-Severe ngokwemvelo, u-De Sabata, njengoGiringelli, wagwema ubuhlobo bokwethembana nabaculi. Nokho waphendukela kimi ebhalwe imibuzo ebusweni bakhe.

“Maria Callas,” ngiphendula ngaphandle kokungabaza. UDe Sabata, odangele, ukhumbule ukwehluleka kukaMary e-Aida. Nokho, ngema ngiqinile, ngithi kuyi-“Norma” Kallas izotholakala ngempela. Ngakhumbula indlela anqoba ngayo ukungathandwa kwabalaleli beColon Theatre ngokulungisa ukungaphumeleli kwakhe eTurandot. UDe Sabata wavuma. Ngokusobala, othile wayesembiza kakade ngegama elithi Kallas, futhi umbono wami wawuwujuqu.

Kunqunywe ukuthi kuvulwe isizini futhi neSicilian Vespers, lapho ngingazange ngibambe iqhaza, ngoba yayingafanele izwi lami. Ngawo lowo nyaka, umcimbi kaMaria Meneghini-Callas wavutha njengenkanyezi entsha emkhathini we-opera emhlabeni. Ithalente lasesiteji, ubuhlakani bokucula, ithalente lokulingisa elimangalisayo - konke lokhu kwanikezwa imvelo kuCallas, futhi waba umuntu ogqame kakhulu. U-Maria waqala indlela yokuncintisana nenkanyezi encane futhi enolaka ngokulinganayo - uRenata Tebaldi.

Ngo-1953 kwaphawula ukuqala kwalo mqhudelwano, owathatha iminyaka eyishumi futhi wahlukanisa umhlaba we-opera waba amakamu amabili.

Umqondisi omkhulu wase-Italy u-L. Visconti wezwa u-Callas okokuqala endimeni ka-Kundry ku-Wagner's Parsifal. Ethandwa ithalente lomculi, umqondisi ngesikhathi esifanayo wadonsela ukunaka kokungavumelani kwemvelo kokuziphatha kwakhe esiteji. Lo mculi, njengoba ekhumbula, wayegqoke isigqoko esikhulu, umphetho waso owawunyakaza ngezindlela ezahlukene, uvimbela ukuthi abone futhi anyakaze. UVisconti wazitshela: “Uma ngike ngasebenza naye, ngeke kudingeke ahlupheke kangako, ngizomnakekela.”

Ngo-1954, kwavela ithuba elinjalo: eLa Scala, umqondisi, osevele edumile, wenza umdlalo wakhe wokuqala we-opera - i-Vestal kaSpontini, noMaria Callas endimeni yesihloko. Kwalandelwa ukukhiqizwa okusha, okuhlanganisa "La Traviata" esiteji esifanayo, okwaba yisiqalo sodumo lomhlaba wonke lweCallas. Umculi ngokwakhe wabhala kamuva: “ULuchino Visconti umaka isigaba esisha esibalulekile empilweni yami yobuciko. Angisoze ngasikhohlwa isenzo sesithathu sikaLa Traviata, esenziwa nguye. Ngangena esiteji njengesihlahla sikaKhisimusi, ngigqoke njengeqhawekazi likaMarcel Proust. Ngaphandle kobumnandi, ngaphandle kwemizwelo eyinhlamba. Lapho u-Alfred engijikijela imali ebusweni, angizange ngigobe, angizange ngibaleke: Ngahlala esiteji ngilule izingalo, njengokungathi ngithi emphakathini: “Ngaphambi kwakho ungenamahloni. NguVisconti owangifundisa ukudlala esiteji, futhi nginothando olujulile nokubonga ngaye. Kunezithombe ezimbili kuphela opiyano lwami – uLuchino kanye nesoprano u-Elisabeth Schwarzkopf, okwathi ngenxa yothando lobuciko, wasifundisa sonke. Sisebenze neVisconti endaweni yomphakathi wangempela wokudala. Kodwa, njengoba ngike ngasho izikhathi eziningi, okubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi ube ngowokuqala ukunginika ubufakazi bokuthi ukusesha kwami ​​kwangaphambili kwakuyiqiniso. Engithethisa ngokuthinta okuhlukahlukene okwakubonakala kukuhle emphakathini, kodwa ngokuphambene nemvelo yami, wangenza ngacabanga kabusha okuningi, wagunyaza isimiso esiyisisekelo: ukwenza okuphezulu nokuzwakalisa izwi nokusetshenziswa okuncane kokunyakaza.

Ababukeli abashisekayo baklomelise uCallas ngesihloko esithi La Divina – Divine, asigcina ngisho nangemva kokushona kwakhe.

Ngokushesha ukwazi wonke amaqembu amasha, wenza eYurophu, eNingizimu Melika, eMexico. Uhlu lwezindima zakhe luyamangalisa ngempela: kusukela e-Isolde e-Wagner naseBrunhilde kuma-opera ka-Gluck no-Haydn kuya ezingxenyeni ezivamile zohlu lwakhe - u-Gilda, uLucia kuma-opera ka-Verdi no-Rossini. UCallas wabizwa ngomvuseleli wesitayela se-lyrical bel canto.

Ukuhumusha kwakhe indima kaNorma ku-opera kaBellini yegama elifanayo kuyaphawuleka. UCallas uthathwa njengomunye wabalingisi abahamba phambili kule ndima. Mhlawumbe eqaphela ubuhlobo bakhe obungokomoya naleli qhawekazi kanye namathuba ezwi lakhe, uCallas wacula le ngxenye emidlalweni yakhe eminingi yokuqala - eCovent Garden eLondon ngo-1952, kwase kuba sesiteji seLyric Opera eChicago ngo-1954.

Ngo-1956, ulindelwe yinjabulo edolobheni azalelwa kulo - iMetropolitan Opera yalungiselela ngokukhethekile ukukhiqizwa okusha kweNorma kaBellini yokuqala kaCallas. Le ngxenye, kanye no-Lucia di Lammermoor ku-opera ka-Donizetti enegama elifanayo, ibhekwa abagxeki baleyo minyaka njengephakathi kwezimpumelelo eziphakeme kakhulu zeciko. Kodwa-ke, akulula kangako ukuhlukanisa imisebenzi engcono kakhulu kuchungechunge lwakhe lwerekhodi. Iqiniso liwukuthi uCallas wasondela ngayinye yezindima zakhe ezintsha ngomthwalo wemfanelo ongavamile futhi ongavamile wamadonna we-opera prima. Indlela ezenzakalelayo yayingajwayelekile kuye. Wasebenza ngokuphikelela, ngendlela, ngokuzikhandla okugcwele kwamandla okomoya nawobuhlakani. Wayeqondiswa isifiso sokupheleliswa, futhi yingakho imibono yakhe, izinkolelo, nezenzo zakhe zingayekethisi. Konke lokhu kwaholela ezingxabanweni ezingapheli phakathi kukaKallas nabaphathi bemidlalo yeshashalazi, osomabhizinisi, futhi kwesinye isikhathi abalingani basesiteji.

Iminyaka eyishumi nesikhombisa, uCallas wacula cishe ngaphandle kokuzisola. Wenza cishe izingxenye ezingamashumi amane, edlala esiteji izikhathi ezingaphezu kuka-600. Ngaphezu kwalokho, waqhubeka eqopha amarekhodi, wenza ukuqoshwa kwekhonsathi ekhethekile, wacula emsakazweni nakuthelevishini.

UCallas wayevame ukucula eMilan's La Scala (1950-1958, 1960-1962), London's Covent Garden Theatre (kusukela ngo-1962), eChicago Opera (kusukela ngo-1954), kanye neNew York Metropolitan Opera (1956-1958). ). Izilaleli zaya emisebenzini yakhe hhayi nje ukuzwa i-soprano ebabazekayo, kodwa futhi nokubona umlingisi odabukisayo wangempela. Ukusebenza kwezingxenye ezithandwayo njenge-Violetta ku-Verdi's La Traviata, i-Tosca ku-opera ka-Puccini noma u-Carmen kwamlethela impumelelo yokunqoba. Kodwa-ke, kwakungekhona ngobuntu bakhe ukuthi wayelinganiselwe ngokudala. Ngenxa yokufuna ukwazi kwakhe kwezobuciko, izibonelo eziningi zomculo ezikhohliwe zekhulunyaka lesi-XNUMX ne-XNUMX zavela esiteji - i-Spontini's Vestal, i-Bellini's Pirate, i-Haydn's Orpheus kanye ne-Eurydice, i-Iphigenia e-Aulis, kanye ne-Gluck's Alceste, The Turk in Italy kanye “ne-Armida. ” by Rossini, “Medea” by Cherubini…

“Ukucula kukaKallas kwaba nezinguquko ngempela,” kubhala u-LO Hakobyan, – ukwazile ukuvuselela inkambiso yokuthi “okungenamkhawulo”, noma “mahhala”, i-soprano (ital. abaculi abakhulu bekhulu le-1953 - J. Pasta, M. Malibran, Giulia Grisi (njengohlu lwama-octave amabili nesigamu, umsindo ocebile kanye nezindlela ze-virtuoso coloratura kuwo wonke amarejista), kanye "namaphutha" angavamile ( ukudlidliza okwedlulele kumanothi aphezulu, hhayi ukuzwakala kwemvelo kwamanothi enguquko njalo). Ngaphezu kwezwi le-timbre eyingqayizivele, ebonakala ngokushesha, uCallas wayenethalente elikhulu njengomlingisi odabukisayo. Ngenxa yokucindezeleka ngokweqile, ukuhlolwa okuyingozi ngempilo yakhe (ngo-3, walahlekelwa ngu-30 kg ezinyangeni ze-1965), futhi ngenxa yezimo zokuphila kwakhe siqu, umsebenzi womculi wawuhlala isikhashana. UCallas ushiye isiteji ngo-XNUMX ngemuva kokudlala okungaphumelelanga njengoTosca eCovent Garden.

“Ngathuthukisa izindinganiso ezithile, futhi ngabona ukuthi kwase kuyisikhathi sokuhlukana nomphakathi. Uma ngibuya ngizoqala phansi,” kusho yena ngaleso sikhathi.

Igama likaMaria Callas nokho lavela kaningi emakhasini amaphephandaba nakomagazini. Wonke umuntu, ikakhulukazi, unesithakazelo ezikhathini ezinzima zokuphila kwakhe siqu - umshado ku-multimillionaire wamaGreki u-Onassis.

Ngaphambili, kusukela ngo-1949 kuya ku-1959, uMaria wayeshade nommeli wase-Italy, u-J. U-Meneghini futhi isikhathi esithile wenza ngaphansi kwesibongo esiphindwe kabili - uMeneghini-Kallas.

UCallas wayenobudlelwano obungalingani no-Onassis. Bahlangana futhi bahlukana, uMaria wayezozala umntwana, kodwa akakwazanga ukumsindisa. Nokho, ubuhlobo babo abuzange buphele emshadweni: U-Onassis washada nomfelokazi kaMongameli waseMelika uJohn F. Kennedy, uJacqueline.

Imvelo engaphumuli imdonsela ezindleleni ezingaziwa. Ngakho-ke, ufundisa ukucula eJuilliard School of Music, ufaka i-opera kaVerdi ethi "Sicilian Vespers" eTurin, futhi uqopha ngo-1970 ifilimu ethi "Medea" kaPaolo Pasolini ...

U-Pasolini wabhala ngokuthakazelisa kakhulu ngesitayela sokulingisa somdlali we-actress: "Ngabona uCallas - owesifazane wesimanje okwakuhlala kuye owesifazane wasendulo, ongavamile, omlingo, nezingxabano ezimbi zangaphakathi."

Ngo-September 1973, kwaqala “i-postlude” yomsebenzi wobuciko kaKallas. Inqwaba yamakhonsathi emadolobheni ahlukene aseYurophu naseMelika aphinde ahambisana nokushayelwa kwehlombe okukhulu kwezilaleli. Ababuyekezi abaqhoshayo, nokho, baqaphele ngephutha ukuthi ihlombe laliqondiswe kakhulu “kunganekwane” kunomculi wama-70s. Kodwa konke lokhu akuzange kumkhathaze umculi. “Anginaye umgxeki onokhahlo kunami,” kusho yena. - Yebo, phakathi neminyaka ngilahlekelwe okuthile, kodwa ngizuze okusha ... Umphakathi ngeke ushayele inganekwane kuphela. Cishe ushayela ihlombe ngoba lokho ayekulindele kwafezeka ngandlela thize. Futhi inkantolo yomphakathi iyona enhle kunazo zonke ... "

Mhlawumbe akukho nhlobo ukuphikisana. Sivumelana nababuyekezi: izethameli zihlangane futhi zabona "inganekwane" ngokushaya ihlombe. Kepha igama lale nganekwane nguMaria Callas…