Iyini Ipiyano - Uhlolojikelele Olukhulu

Ipiyano (kusuka ku-Italian forte - umsindo nopiyano - ethule) iyinsimbi yomculo enezintambo ezinomlando ocebile. Sekwaziwa emhlabeni wonke iminyaka engaphezu kwamakhulu amathathu, kodwa isasebenza kakhulu.

Kulesi sihloko - ukubuka konke okuphelele kwepiyano, umlando wayo, idivayisi nokunye okuningi.

Umlando wensimbi yomculo

Ngaphambi kokwethulwa kopiyano, bekukhona ezinye izinhlobo zezinsimbi zekhibhodi:

1. I-Harpsichord . Yasungulwa e-Italy ngekhulu le-15. Umsindo ukhishwe ngenxa yokuthi lapho ukhiye ucindezelwa, induku (i-pusher) yaphakama, ngemva kwalokho i-plectrum "yayihlwitha" intambo. Ububi be-harpsichord ukuthi awukwazi ukushintsha ivolumu, futhi umculo awuzwakali unamandla ngokwanele.
2. UClavichord (kuhunyushwe kusuka kusiLatini - "ukhiye nentambo"). Isetshenziswa kabanzi ngekhulu le-XV-XVIII. Umsindo uphakame ngenxa yomthelela we-tangent (iphinikhodi yensimbi ngemuva kokhiye) entanjeni. Ivolumu yomsindo yayilawulwa ngokucindezela ukhiye. I-downside ye-clavichord umsindo ophela ngokushesha.

Umqambi wepiyano nguBartolomeo Cristofori (1655-1731), umpetha womculo wase-Italy. Ngo-1709, waphothula umsebenzi wensimbi ebizwa ngokuthi i-gravicembalo col piano e forte (i-harpsichord ezwakala ithambile futhi inomsindo) noma "pianoforte". Cishe wonke amanodi ayinhloko omshini wesimanje wepiyano ayesevele ekhona.

UBartolomeo Cristofori

Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ipiyano iye yathuthukiswa:

• kwavela amafreyimu ensimbi aqinile, ukubekwa kwezintambo kwashintshwa (enye ngaphezu kwesinye i-crosswise), futhi ubukhulu bawo banda - lokhu kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukufeza umsindo ogcwele kakhulu;
• ngo-1822, umFulentshi u-S. Erar wagunyaza umshini “wokuphindaphinda kabili”, okwenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukuphinda umsindo ngokushesha nokwandisa amandla e-Play;
• Ekhulwini lama-20, kwasungulwa amapiyano nama-synthesizer kagesi .

ERussia, ukukhiqizwa kwepiyano kwaqala ngekhulu le-18 eSt. Kuze kube ngu-1917, bekunabadwebi abangaba ngu-1,000 XNUMX namakhulu amafemu omculo - isibonelo, u-KM Schroeder, u-Ya. Becker” nabanye.

Sekukonke, kuwo wonke umlando wokuba khona kwepiyano, abakhiqizi abahlukene abangaba ngu-20,000, amafemu nabantu ngabanye, basebenze kule nsimbi.

Ibukeka kanjani upiyano, upiyano lwe-gran ne-fortepiano

I-Fortepiano igama elijwayelekile lezinsimbi zomculo ezishaywayo zalolu hlobo. Lolu hlobo luhlanganisa amapiyano amakhulu namapiyano (ukuhumusha ngokwezwi nezwi - "upiyano oluncane").

Ophiyano olukhulu, izintambo, zonke izinsimbi kanye nebhodi lomsindo (indawo ezwakalayo) kubekwe ngokuvundlile, ngakho linobukhulu obuhlaba umxhwele kakhulu, futhi ukuma kwalo kufana nephiko lenyoni. Isici saso esibalulekile yisivalo sokuvula (uma sivuliwe, amandla omsindo akhuliswa).

Kukhona amapiyano anobukhulu obuhlukahlukene, kodwa ngokwesilinganiso, ubude bensimbi kufanele okungenani bube yi-1.8 m, futhi ububanzi kufanele bube okungenani ngu-1.5 m.

Ipiyano ibonakala ngohlelo oluqondile lwezinqubo, ngenxa yalokho inobude obukhulu kunophiyano, umumo obude futhi incike eduze nodonga lwegumbi. Izilinganiso zepiyano zincane kakhulu kunezo zepiyano ezinkulu - ububanzi obujwayelekile bufinyelela ku-1.5 m, futhi ukujula cishe ku-60 cm.

Umehluko wezinsimbi zomculo

Ngaphezu kosayizi abahlukene, upiyano olukhulu lunomehluko olandelayo ophiyano:

1. Izintambo zophiyano olukhulu zisendizeni efanayo nezikhiye (i-perpendicular on upiyano), futhi zinde, ezinikeza umsindo omkhulu nocebile.
2. Ipiyano enkulu inamaphedali angu-3 kanti upiyano unama-2.
3. Umehluko omkhulu inhloso yezinsimbi zomculo. Ipiyano ilungele ukusetshenziswa ekhaya, njengoba kulula ukufunda ukuyidlala, futhi ivolumu ayinkulu kangangokuthi iphazamisa omakhelwane. Ipiyano yakhelwe ikakhulukazi amagumbi amakhulu nabaculi abangochwepheshe.

Ngokuvamile, upiyano nopiyano olukhulu kusondelene, bangabhekwa njengomfowethu omncane nomdala emndenini wepiyano.

Izinhlobo

Izinhlobo eziyinhloko zepiyano :

• upiyano oluncane (ubude 1.2 - 1.5 m.);
• upiyano wezingane (ubude 1.5 - 1.6 m.);
• upiyano oluphakathi (1.6 - 1.7 m ubude);
• upiyano olukhulu lwegumbi lokuhlala (1.7 - 1.8 m.);
• professional (ubude bayo 1.8 m.);
• upiyano olukhulu lwamahholo amancane namakhulu (1.9/2 m ubude);
• amapiyano amakhulu ekhonsathi amancane namakhulu (2.2/2.7 m.)

Singasho izinhlobo ezilandelayo zamapiyano:

• upiyano-spinet - ukuphakama okungaphansi kuka-91 ​​cm, usayizi omncane, umklamo ongaphansi, futhi, ngenxa yalokho, hhayi ikhwalithi yomsindo engcono kakhulu;
• ikhonsoli yepiyano (inketho evamile) - ukuphakama kwe-1-1.1 m, ukuma kwendabuko, umsindo omuhle;
• studio (professional) upiyano - ukuphakama 115-127 cm, umsindo uqhathaniswa upiyano omkhulu;
• amapiyano amakhulu - ukuphakama kusuka ku-130 cm nangaphezulu, amasampula asendulo, ahlukaniswa ngobuhle, ukuqina nomsindo omuhle kakhulu.

Ukuhlelwa

Ipiyano enkulu nepiyano zabelana ngesakhiwo esifanayo, nakuba imininingwane ihlelwe ngokwehlukile:

• izintambo zidonselwa ohlakeni lwensimbi ekhonjiwe ngosizo lwezikhonkwane, eziwela i-treble kanye ne-bass shingles (zikhulisa ukudlidliza kwezintambo), zixhunywe kwisihlangu sokhuni ngaphansi kwezintambo (ideskithophu ye-resonant);
• esimweni esiphansi , izenzo zezintambo ezingu-1, futhi phakathi namarejista aphezulu, "ikhorasi" yezintambo ezingu-2-3.

Mechanics

Lapho umdlali wopiyano ecindezela isihluthulelo, i-damper (i-muffler) isuka kude nentambo, iyenze izwakale ngokukhululekile, ngemva kwalokho isando sishaye kuyo. Ikhala kanje upiyano. Uma insimbi ingadlalwa, izintambo (ngaphandle kwama-octave adlulele) zicindezelwa ku-damper.

Ama-Piano Pedals

Ipiyano ivamise ukuba namaphedali amabili, kanti upiyano olukhulu lunamathathu:

1. I-pedal yokuqala . Uma uyicindezela, wonke ama-dampers ayaphakama, futhi izintambo ezithile ziyakhala lapho okhiye bekhululwa, kuyilapho abanye beqala ukudlidliza. Ngale ndlela kungenzeka ukufeza umsindo oqhubekayo kanye nama-overtones engeziwe.
2. Iphedali yesobunxele . Yenza umsindo unganyakazi futhi iwunciphise. Akuvamile ukusetshenziswa.
3. I-Pedal yesithathu (itholakala kupiyano kuphela). Umsebenzi wawo ukuvimba ama-damper athile ukuze ahlale ephakanyiswe kuze kukhishwe i-pedal. Ngenxa yalokhu, ungagcina iculo elilodwa ngenkathi udlala amanye amanothi.

Ukudlala insimbi yomculo

Zonke izinhlobo zamapiyano zinamakhi angu-88, angu-52 amhlophe kuthi asele angama-36 amnyama. Ibanga elijwayelekile lale nsimbi yomculo lisuka kunothi A subcontroctave kuya kunothi C ku-octave yesihlanu.

Amapiyano namapiyano amakhulu ahlukahlukene kakhulu futhi angadlala cishe noma iyiphi ingoma. Zifanele kokubili imisebenzi eyedwa kanye nokusebenzisana ne-orchestra.

Isibonelo, abadlali bopiyano bavame ukuhambisana ne-violin, i-dombra, i-cello nezinye izinsimbi.

Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa

Ungakhetha kanjani upiyano ukuze usetshenziswe ekhaya?

Kudingeka ukucabangela iphuzu elibalulekile - i-piano enkulu noma upiyano omkhulu, umsindo ongcono. Uma ubukhulu bendlu yakho kanye nesabelomali kuvumela, kufanele uthenge upiyano omkhulu. Kwezinye izimo, ithuluzi eliphakathi nendawo lizoba yindlela engcono kakhulu - ngeke ithathe indawo enkulu, kodwa izozwakala kahle.

Ingabe kulula ukufunda ukudlala upiyano?

Uma upiyano ludinga amakhono athuthukile, khona-ke upiyano ilungele Wabasaqalayo. Labo abangazange bafunde esikoleni somculo beyingane akufanele bacasuke - manje ungathatha kalula izifundo zepiyano ku-inthanethi.

Yibaphi abakhiqizi bepiyano abahamba phambili?

Kuyaqapheleka ukuthi izinkampani ezimbalwa ezikhiqiza amapiyano amakhulu namapiyano aphezulu:

• premium : Amapiyano amakhulu e-Bechstein, amapiyano e-Bluthner namapiyano amakhulu, amapiyano amakhulu ekhonsathi ye-Yamaha;
• abasesigabeni esiphakathi : Amapiyano amakhulu kaHoffmann, amapiyano ka-August Forester;
• amamodeli ebhajethi athengekayo : Boston, Yamaha pianos, Haessler grand pianos.

Abadlali bepiyano abadumile nabaqambi

1. Frederic Chopin (1810-1849) ungumqambi ovelele wasePoland kanye nomshayi wepiyano we-virtuoso. Ubhale imisebenzi eminingi ngezinhlobo ezahlukene, ehlanganisa ezakudala kanye nentsha, enethonya elikhulu emculweni womhlaba.
2. UFranz Liszt (1811-1886) - Umdlali wepiyano waseHungary. Waduma ngokudlala upiyano lwakhe lwe-virtuoso kanye nemisebenzi yakhe eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu - isibonelo, i-waltz ye-Mephisto Waltz.
3. Sergei Rachmaninov (1873-1943) ungumqambi wopiyano odumile waseRussia. Ihlukaniswa ngendlela yayo yokudlala kanye nesitayela sombhali esiyingqayizivele.
4. UDenis Matsuev ungumdlali wepiyano we-virtuoso wesimanje, ophumelele imiqhudelwano ehlonishwayo. Umsebenzi wakhe uhlanganisa amasiko esikole sepiyano saseRussia kanye nezinto ezintsha.

Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo NgePiano

• ngokubona kososayensi, ukudlala upiyano kunomphumela omuhle ekuqeqesheni, empumelelweni ezifundweni, ekuziphatheni nasekuxhumaniseni ukunyakaza kwezingane ezisafunda isikole;
• ubude bepiyano enkulu yekhonsathi enkulu emhlabeni buyi-3.3 m, futhi isisindo singaphezu kwethani elilodwa;
• maphakathi nekhibhodi yepiyano itholakala phakathi kwamanothi “mi” kanye “fa” ku-octave yokuqala;
• umbhali womsebenzi wokuqala wepiyano kwakunguLodovico Giustini, owabhala i-sonata ethi “12 Sonate da cimbalo di piano e forte” ngo-1732.

Ukufingqa

Ipiyano iyinsimbi ethandwa kakhulu futhi eguquguqukayo kangangokuthi akunakwenzeka ukuthola i-analogue yayo. Uma ungakaze uyidlale ngaphambili, izame - mhlawumbe indlu yakho izogcwala kakhulu imisindo yemilingo yalezi zikhiye.