Yuri Shaporin (Yuri Shaporin).

Yuri Shaporin

Umsebenzi nobuntu buka-Yu. I-Shaporin iyinto ephawulekayo kwezobuciko bomculo baseSoviet. Umthwali kanye nomqhubezeli wamasiko obuhlakani beqiniso baseRussia, indoda enemfundo yasenyuvesi enemisebenzi eminingi, eyathatha kusukela ebuntwaneni zonke izinhlobo zobuciko baseRussia, iwazi ngokujulile futhi izwa umlando waseRussia, izincwadi, izinkondlo, imidwebo, izakhiwo - uShaporin wamukelwa. futhi wamukele izinguquko ezalethwa yi-Great October Socialist Revolution futhi ngokushesha wahileleka ngenkuthalo ekwakhiweni kwesiko elisha.

Wazalelwa emndenini wezihlakaniphi zaseRussia. Uyise wayengumculi onesiphiwo, umama wakhe waphothula eMoscow Conservatory, engumfundi kaN. Rubinstein noN. Zverev. Ubuciko ekuboniseni kwabo okuhlukahlukene buzungeze umqambi wesikhathi esizayo ngokoqobo kusukela kumbeleko. Ukuxhumana nesiko laseRussia nakho kwavezwa eqinisweni elithakazelisayo elinjalo: umfowabo womkhulu womqambi ohlangothini lukamama, imbongi V. Tumansky, wayengumngane ka-A. Pushkin, uPushkin ukhuluma ngaye emakhasini ka-Eugene Onegin. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ngisho nendawo yokuphila ka-Yuri Alexandrovich yembula ukuxhumana kwakhe nemvelaphi yomlando waseRussia, isiko, umculo: lo nguGlukhov - umnikazi wezikhumbuzo ezibalulekile ze-Kyiv (lapho uShaporin afunda khona e-Faculty of History and Philology of the University), Petersburg-Leningrad (lapho umqambi esizayo wafunda e-Faculty of Law of the University, e-Conservatory futhi wahlala ngo-1921-34), Village Wezingane, Klin (kusukela 1934) futhi, ekugcineni, eMoscow. Kukho konke ukuphila kwakhe, umqambi wayehambisana nokuxhumana nabameleli abakhulu kunawo wonke amasiko aseRussia naseSoviet - abaqambi A. Glazunov, S. Taneyev, A. Lyadov, N. Lysenko, N. Cherepnin, M. Steinberg, izimbongi nabalobi uM. Gorky, A. Tolstoy, A. Block, Sun. Rozhdestvensky, abaculi A. Benois, M. Dobuzhinsky, B. Kustodiev, umqondisi N. Akimov nabanye.

Umsebenzi womculo we-amateur kaShaporin, owaqala eGlukhov, waqhubeka eKyiv nasePetrograd. Umqambi wakusasa wayethanda ukucula eqenjini, ekwayeni, futhi wazama isandla sakhe ekuqambeni. Ngo-1912, ngokweseluleko sika-A. Glazunov no-S. Taneyev, wangena ekilasini lokuqamba le-Conservatory yaseSt. Petersburg, aliqeda ngo-1918 kuphela ngenxa yokubuthwa. Le kwakuyiminyaka lapho ubuciko baseSoviet baqala ukumila. Ngalesi sikhathi, uShaporin waqala ukusebenza kwenye yezindawo zayo ezibaluleke kakhulu - imisebenzi yomqambi iminyaka eminingi yayihlotshaniswa nokuzalwa nokubunjwa kweshashalazi encane yaseSoviet. Wasebenza eBolshoi Drama Theatre yasePetrograd, eDrama Theatre yasePetrozavodsk, eLeningrad Drama Theatre, kamuva kwadingeka asebenzisane nezinkundla zemidlalo yaseshashalazini eMoscow (eqanjwe ngo-E. Vakhtangov, Central Children's Theater, Moscow Art Theatre, Maly). Kwakudingeka aphathe ingxenye yomculo, ukuziphatha futhi, vele, abhale umculo ozodlalwa (20), okuhlanganisa “King Lear”, “Much Ado About Nothing” kanye “neComedy of Errors” kaW. Shakespeare, “Robbers” kaF. . Schiller, “Umshado ka-Figaro” ka-P. Beaumarchais, “Tartuffe” ka-JB Moliere, “Boris Godunov” ka-Pushkin, “Aristocrats” ka-N. Pogodin, njll. Kamuva, ulwazi lwale minyaka lwaba usizo ku-Shaporin lapho ukudala umculo amafilimu ("Izingoma Ezintathu mayelana Lenin", "Minin futhi Pozharsky", "Suvorov", "Kutuzov", njll). Kusukela emculweni womdlalo othi "Blokha" (ngokusho kuka-N. Leskov), ngo-1928, i-"Joke Suite" yadalelwa iqoqo elingavamile (umoya, i-domra, i-accordion yezinkinobho, upiyano nezinsimbi zomculo) - "stylization of lokho okubizwa ngokuthi i- popular print”, ngokusho komqambi ngokwakhe.

Eminyakeni yama-20s. I-Shaporin iphinde ihlanganise ama-sonata angu-2 wepiyano, i-symphony ye-orchestra nekhwaya, ezothando emavesini ka-F. Tyutchev, usebenzela izwi ne-orchestra, amakhwaya eqoqo lebutho. Itimu yempahla yomculo ye-Symphony iyinkomba. Lena ikhanvasi enkulu, eyisikhumbuzo enikelwe endikimbeni yenguquko, isikhundla somculi enkathini yezinhlekelele zomlando. Ukuhlanganisa izingqikithi zezingoma zangaleso sikhathi (“Yablochko”, “March of Budyonny”) nolimi lomculo olusondelene nesitayela sakudala saseRussia, uShaporin, emsebenzini wakhe wokuqala omkhulu, kudala inkinga yokuhlobana nokuqhubeka kwemibono, izithombe, nolimi lomculo. .

Iminyaka yama-30s yaba nezithelo kumqambi, lapho kubhalwa ezothando zakhe ezihamba phambili, umsebenzi waqala ku-opera ethi The Decembrists. Ikhono eliphezulu, isici se-Shaporin, ukuhlanganiswa kwe-epic kanye ne-lyrical kwaqala ukuzibonakalisa komunye wemisebenzi yakhe engcono kakhulu - i-symphony-cantata "Enkundleni ye-Kulikovo" (emgqeni we-A. Blok, 1939). Umqambi ukhetha ukuguquka komlando waseRussia, inkathi yawo yobuqhawe, njengesihloko sokuqanjwa kwakhe, futhi wethula i-cantata ngeziqephu ezi-2 ezivela emisebenzini yesazi-mlando u-V. Klyuchevsky: “AmaRussia, esekuyekile ukuhlasela kwamaMongol, yasindisa impucuko yaseYurophu. Umbuso waseRussia awuzalwanga esifubeni sika-Ivan Kalita, kodwa ensimini yaseKulikovo. Umculo we-cantata ugcwele impilo, ukunyakaza, kanye nezinhlobonhlobo zemizwa yabantu ethathwe. Izimiso ze-Symphonic zihlanganiswa lapha nemigomo ye-operatic dramaturgy.

Okuwukuphela kwe-opera yomqambi, i-Decembrists (lib. Vs. Rozhdestvensky esekelwe ku-AN Tolstoy, 1953), nayo inikezelwe endikimbeni yomlando nenguquko. Izigcawu zokuqala ze-opera yesikhathi esizayo zivele ngo-1925 - khona-ke u-Shaporin wacabanga ukuthi i-opera ingumsebenzi wezingoma ezinikezelwe isiphetho sikaDecembrist Annenkov noPolina Goble wakhe othandekayo. Njengomphumela womsebenzi omude nonamandla we-libretto, izingxoxo eziphindaphindiwe zezazi-mlando nabaculi, ingqikithi yezingoma yahlehliselwa ngemuva, futhi izisusa zamaqhawe-amadrama kanye nezokushisekela izwe zaba yizo eziyinhloko.

Kuwo wonke umsebenzi wakhe, uShaporin wabhala umculo we-chamber vocal. Izothando zakhe zifakwe esikhwameni segolide somculo weSoviet. Ukushesha kwenkulumo yelyrical, ubuhle bomuzwa omkhulu womuntu, idrama yangempela, umsuka kanye nemvelo yokufundwa kwevesi okunesigqi, ipulasitiki yomculo, ukuhlukahluka nokunotha kokuthungwa kwepiyano, ukuphelela nobuqotho bomculo. Ifomu lihlukanisa ezothando ezinhle kakhulu zomqambi, phakathi kwazo kukhona ezothando emavesini kaF. Tyutchev ("Ukhuluma ngani, umoya wasebusuku", "Izinkondlo", umjikelezo "Inkumbulo Yenhliziyo"), ama-elegies ayisishiyagalombili izinkondlo zezimbongi zaseRussia, Izingoma ezinhlanu zothando ezinkondlweni zika-A. Pushkin (kuhlanganise nezothando ezidume kakhulu zomqambi "Spell"), umjikelezo othi "Intsha Ekude" ezinkondlweni zika-A. Blok.

Kukho konke ukuphila kwakhe, u-Shaporin wenza imisebenzi eminingi yezenhlalakahle, imisebenzi yomculo neyokufundisa; uvele emaphephandabeni njengomgxeki. Kusukela ngo-1939 kwaze kwaba izinsuku zokugcina zokuphila kwakhe, wafundisa ikilasi lokuqamba kanye nezinsimbi eMoscow Conservatory. Ikhono elihle kakhulu, ukuhlakanipha nokuhlakanipha kothisha kwamvumela ukuba akhulise abaqambi abahlukene njengoR. Shchedrin, E. Svetlanov, N. Sidelnikov, A. Flyarkovsky. G. Zhubanova, Ya. Yakhin nabanye.

Ubuciko beShaporin, umculi waseRussia ngempela, buhlala bubalulekile ngokokuziphatha futhi buphelele ngobuhle. Ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX, esikhathini esinzima ekuthuthukisweni kobuciko bomculo, lapho amasiko amadala ebhidlika, kwakhiwa ukunyakaza kwesimanjemanje, wakwazi ukukhuluma ngoshintsho olusha lwezenhlalo ngolimi oluqondakalayo nolubalulekile ngokujwayelekile. Wayengumnikazi wamasiko acebile futhi asebenzayo obuciko bomculo waseRussia futhi wakwazi ukuthola iphimbo lakhe siqu, elithi "Shaporin note", okwenza umculo wakhe ubonakale futhi uthandwe ngabalaleli.

V. Bazarnova