Christa Ludwig |

Christa Ludwig

U-Ludwig ungomunye wabaculi abaqhakazile nabaguquguquka kakhulu ekhulwini leminyaka elidlule. “Lapho ukhuluma noKrista,” kubhala omunye wabagxeki bakwamanye amazwe, “lo wesifazane othambile, omuhle, ohlale egqoke imfashini yakamuva futhi enokunambitheka okumangalisayo, olahla ngokushesha umusa wakhe nokufudumala kwenhliziyo, awukwazi ukuqonda ukuthi kuphi, lapho ecashe khona le drama ecashile yombono wobuciko bomhlaba ifihlwe enhliziyweni, okumvumela ukuthi ezwe usizi ku-Schubert barcarolle, ukuze aguqule ingoma ye-Brahms ebonakala igqamile ethi "Amehlo Akho" ibe ingoma eyodwa emangalisayo ukuchaza kwayo, noma ukudlulisa konke ukuphelelwa ithemba nobuhlungu benhliziyo beculo likaMahler elithi “Earthly Life”.

UChrista Ludwig wazalelwa eBerlin ngoMashi 16, 1928 emndenini wobuciko. Uyise u-Anton wacula ezindlini ze-opera zaseZurich, eBreslau naseMunich. Umama kaChrista, u-Eugenia Besalla-Ludwig, waqala umsebenzi wakhe wokuba yi-mezzo-soprano. Kamuva, wadlala njenge-soprano ephawulekayo ezitejini eziningi zeshashalazi zaseYurophu.

“… Umama, u-Evgenia Bezalla, wacula u-Fidelio no-Elektra, futhi ngiseyingane ngangibathanda. Kamuva, ngazitshela: “Ngelinye ilanga ngangiyocula ingoma ethi Fidelio futhi ngife,” kukhumbula uLudwig. - Khona-ke kwakubonakala kungakholeki kimi, kusukela ekuqaleni komsebenzi wami, ngeshwa, ngangingenayo i-soprano, kodwa i-mezzo-soprano futhi kwakungekho nhlobo irejista ephezulu. Kwathatha isikhathi eside ngaphambi kokuba ngibe nesibindi sokudlala indima ephawulekayo ye-soprano. Lokhu kwenzeka ngo-1961-1962, ngemva kweminyaka engu-16-17 esiteji ...

… Kusukela ngineminyaka emine noma emihlanu, ngangihlala ngikhona kuzo zonke izifundo ezazifundiswa umama. Nami, ngangivame ukudabula nabafundi noma iyiphi ingxenye noma izingcezu zezindima ezimbalwa. Lapho abafundi beqeda amakilasi, ngaqala ukuphinda - ukucula nokudlala konke engangikukhumbula.

Ngabe sengiqala ukuvakashela indawo yeshashalazi, lapho ubaba enebhokisi lakhe, ukuze ngikwazi ukubukela imidlalo ngesikhathi ngithanda ngaso. Ngiseyintombazane, ngazazi izingxenye eziningi ngekhanda futhi ngangivame ukwenza “njengomgxeki wasendlini”. Angatshela umama wakhe ukuthi esiqeshini esithi naso wahlanganisa amagama, noyise ukuthi ikhwaya icule ngokungahambisani noma ukukhanya akwanele.

Amakhono omculo wentombazane azibonakalisa kusenesikhathi: kakade eneminyaka eyisithupha wayesevele eveza ngokucacile izindima eziyinkimbinkimbi, ngokuvamile wayecula izingoma zomculo nomama wakhe. Isikhathi eside, umama wakhe wahlala enguthisha wezwi kuphela kaChrista, futhi akazange athole imfundo yezemfundo. “Angizange ngibe nalo ithuba lokufunda esikoleni somculo,” kukhumbula lo mculi. - Ngesikhathi lapho abaculi abaningi besizukulwane sami befunda umculo emakilasini, ukuze baziphilise, ngaqala ukucula ngineminyaka engu-17, okokuqala ngisesiteji sekhonsathi, kamuva ku-opera - ngenhlanhla, bathola okuhle kakhulu. izwi kimi , futhi ngahlabelela konke okwakunikezwa kimi - noma iyiphi indima, uma okungenani yayinomugqa owodwa noma emibili.

Ebusika buka-1945/46 u-Christa wenza i-debut yakhe emakhonsathini amancane edolobheni laseGiessen. Ngemva kokuthola impumelelo yakhe yokuqala, uya kunhlolokhono eFrankfurt am Main Opera House. Ngo-September 1946, uLudwig waba soloist kule yaseshashalazini. Indima yakhe yokuqala kwaba u-Orlovsky ku-operetta ka-Johann Strauss ethi Die Fledermaus. Iminyaka eyisithupha uKrista wayecula eFrankfurt cishe ecula izingxenye ezincane kuphela. Imbangela? Umculi osemncane akakwazanga ukubhala amanothi aphezulu ngokuzethemba okwanele: “Izwi lami lalikhuphuka kancane – njalo ezinyangeni eziyisithupha ngangingeza ingxenye yethoni. Uma ngisho naseVienna Opera ekuqaleni ngingenawo amanothi ambalwa kurejista ephezulu, ungacabanga ukuthi iziqongo zami zaziyini eFrankfurt!

Kodwa ukusebenza kanzima nokubekezela kwawenza umsebenzi wabo. Ezindlini ze-opera zikaDarmstadt (1952-1954) noHannover (1954-1955), kumasizini amathathu nje kuphela wacula izingxenye ezimaphakathi - uCarmen, Eboli eDon Carlos, Amneris, Rosina, Cinderella, Dorabella kuMozart ethi “That's the Way All. Abantu besifazane bayayenza”. Wadlala izindima ezinhlanu ze-Wagnerian ngesikhathi esisodwa - u-Ortrud, u-Waltraut, uFrikk e-Valkyrie, u-Venus e-Tannhäuser no-Kundry e-Parsifal. Ngakho uLudwig ngokuzethemba waba omunye wabaculi abasebasha abanekhono kakhulu endaweni ye-opera yaseJalimane.

Ekwindla ka-1955, umculi wenza i-debut yakhe esiteji se-Vienna State Opera endimeni yeCherubino ("Umshado we-Figaro"). U-VV Timokhin uyabhala: “Ngawo lowo nyaka, i-opera yaqoshwa kumarekhodi ngokuhlanganyela kukaKrista Ludwig (owenziwa uKarl Böhm), ​​futhi lokhu kuqoshwa kokuqala komculi osemusha kunikeza umbono womsindo wezwi lakhe. ngaleso sikhathi. I-Ludwig-Cherubino iyindalo emangalisayo ekuthandeni kwayo, ukuzenzela, uhlobo oluthile lwentshiseko yentsha yokuzizwa. Izwi lomdwebi lihle kakhulu ku-timbre, kodwa lisazwakala "lincane", kunoma yikuphi, likhanya kancane futhi licebile, ngokwesibonelo, ekurekhodweni kamuva. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uyifanelekela kahle indima yensizwa kaMozart othandweni futhi idlulisa ngokuphelele lokho kuthuthumela okusuka enhliziyweni nobubele okugcwele kuzo izindawo ezimbili ezidumile zeCherubino. Iminyaka eminingana, isithombe seCherubino esenziwe nguLudwig sasihlobise i-Viennese Mozart Ensemble. Abalingani bomculi kulokhu kusebenza kwakungu-Elisabeth Schwarzkopf, u-Irmgard Seefried, uSena Yurinac, u-Erich Kunz. Ngokuvamile i-opera yayiqhutshwa nguHerbert Karajan, owayemazi kahle uKrista kusukela ebuntwaneni. Iqiniso liwukuthi ngesinye isikhathi wayengumbhidisi omkhulu we-City Opera House e-Aachen nasezindaweni eziningi zokudlala - uFidelio, The Flying Dutchman - uLudwig wacula ngaphansi kokuqondisa kwakhe.

Impumelelo yokuqala enkulu yomculi ezindlini ezinkulu ze-opera yaseYurophu naseMelika ihlotshaniswa nezingxenye zeCherubino, iDorabella ne-Octavian. Udlala kulezi zindima eLa Scala (1960), eChicago Lyric Theatre (1959/60), kanye neMetropolitan Opera (1959).

U-VV Timokhin uyaphawula: “Indlela kaKrista Ludwig eya endaweni ephakeme yobuciko bezobuciko ayizange iphawulwe ngokwehla nokwenyuka okungalindelekile. Ngendima ngayinye entsha, ngezinye izikhathi ngokungabonakali emphakathini jikelele, umculi wazithathela imingcele emisha yobuciko, wacebisa iphalethi yakhe yokudala. Ngabo bonke ubufakazi, izethameli zaseViennese, mhlawumbe, zaqaphela ukuthi hlobo luni lomdwebi uLudwig akhule abe ngalo, ngesikhathi sokudlalwa kwekhonsathi ye-opera kaWagner "Rienzi" phakathi nomkhosi womculo we-1960. Le opera yasekuqaleni kaWagnerian ayenziwa noma kuphi namuhla, futhi phakathi kwabaculi kwakukhona abaculi abadumile uSeth Swangholm noPaul Scheffler. Kuqhutshwa uJosef Kripe. Kodwa i-heroine kusihlwa kwakunguChrista Ludwig, owayephathiswe indima ka-Adriano. Irekhodi lilondoloze lokhu kusebenza okumangalisayo. Umlilo wangaphakathi womdwebi, intshiseko namandla okucabanga kuzwakala kuwo wonke amabinzana, futhi izwi likaLudwig ngokwalo linqoba ngokucebile, ukufudumala nokuthambile kwethoni. Ngemva kodumo luka-Adriano, ihholo laphakamisa ihlombe lomculi osemusha. Bekuyisithombe lapho kwaqagelwa khona imisho yendalo yakhe yasesiteji esekhulile. Eminyakeni emithathu kamuva, uLudwig waklonyeliswa ngomklomelo ophakeme kakhulu wobuciko e-Austria - isihloko esithi "Kammersangerin".

U-Ludwig wazuza udumo emhlabeni ngokuyinhloko njengomculi waseWagnerian. Akunakwenzeka ukuthi ungakhangwa uVenus wakhe e-Tannhäuser. Iqhawekazi likaKrista ligcwele ubufazi obuthambile kanye namagama anenhlonipho. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, iVenus ibonakala ngamandla amakhulu, amandla negunya.

Ngezindlela eziningi, esinye isithombe sihambisana nesithombe seVenus - Kundry eParsifal, ikakhulukazi endaweni yesehlakalo sokuyenga kukaParsifal esenzweni sesibili.

“Kwakuyisikhathi lapho uKarajan ehlukanisa zonke izinhlobo zezingxenye zaba izingxenye, ezazidlalwa abaculi abahlukene. Kwakunjalo, ngokwesibonelo, eNgomeni Yomhlaba. Futhi kwaba okufanayo ngoKundry. U-Elizabeth Hengen wayengu-Kundry isigebengu kanye no-Kundry esenzweni sesithathu, futhi ngangiyi "isilingo" esenzweni sesibili. Kwakungekho okuhle ngakho, kunjalo. Ngangingazi nhlobo ukuthi uKundry uvelaphi nokuthi ungubani. Kodwa ngemva kwalokho, ngayidlala yonke indima. Futhi bekungenye yezindima zami zokugcina - noJohn Vickers. I-Parsifal yakhe ingenye yezinto eziqine kakhulu empilweni yami yasesiteji.

Ekuqaleni, lapho uVickers evela esiteji, wenza samuntu umuntu onganyakazi, futhi lapho eqala ukucula: “Amortas, die Wunde”, ngavele ngakhala, kwakunamandla kakhulu.

Kusukela ekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-60s, umculi ubelokhu ephendukela endimeni kaLeonora ku-Beethoven's Fidelio, okwaba yisipiliyoni sokuqala somculi sokwazi kahle ingoma ye-soprano. Bobabili abalaleli nabagxeki bahlatshwe umsindo wezwi lakhe kurejista ephezulu - emanzi, e-sonorous, ekhanyayo.

“UFidelio ‘wayeyingane enzima’ kimi,” kusho uLudwig. - Ngikhumbula lokhu kudlalwa eSalzburg, ngangikhathazeke kakhulu ngaleso sikhathi kangangokuthi umgxeki waseViennese uFranz Endler wabhala: "Simfisela yena kanye nathi sonke ubusuku obunokuthula." Ngabe sengicabanga: “Uqinisile, ngeke ngiphinde ngiyicule le.” Ngolunye usuku, eminyakeni emithathu kamuva, lapho ngiseNew York, u-Birgit Nilsson waphuka ingalo futhi akakwazanga ukucula i-Elektra. Futhi njengoba kwakungeyona inkambiso ngaleso sikhathi ukukhansela ukusebenza, umqondisi uRudolf Bing kwadingeka aqhamuke nokuthile okuphuthumayo. Ngithole ucingo: “Awukwazi yini ukucula uFidelio kusasa?” Ngazizwa sengathi ngisezwini lami, futhi ngaba nesibindi - ngangingenaso nhlobo isikhathi sokukhathazeka. Kodwa uBem wayekhathazeke kakhulu. Ngenhlanhla, yonke into yahamba kahle kakhulu, futhi ngonembeza omsulwa “ngadela” le ndima.

Kwakubonakala sengathi inkundla entsha yomsebenzi wobuciko yayivulwa ngaphambi komculi. Nokho, akuzange kube khona ukuqhubeka, njengoba uLudwig wayesaba ukulahlekelwa izimfanelo ezingokwemvelo zezwi lakhe.

Izithombe ezidalwe uLudwig kuma-opera ka-Richard Strauss zaziwa kabanzi: i-Dyer ku-opera yenganekwane ethi Owesifazane Ongenasithunzi, Umqambi ku-Ariadne auf Naxos, uMarshall ku-The Cavalier of the Roses. Ngemva kokudlala le ndima ngo-1968 eVienna, abezindaba babhala: “ULudwig the Marshall uyisambulo sangempela somdlalo. Wadala umuntu omangalisayo, owesifazane, ogcwele ukuthandeka, umusa kanye nomlingiswa ohloniphekile. UMarshall wakhe kwesinye isikhathi ungumuntu ongenangqondo, kwesinye isikhathi uyacabanga futhi uyadabukisa, kepha akukho lapho umculi ewela khona emizweni. Kwakuyimpilo ngokwayo kanye nezinkondlo, futhi lapho eyedwa esiteji, njengasekugcineni kwesenzo sokuqala, khona-ke kanye noBernstein benza izimangaliso. Mhlawumbe, kuwo wonke umlando wawo ogqamile eVienna, lo mculo awukaze uzwakale uphakeme futhi unomphefumulo.” Umculi wenza iMarshall ngempumelelo enkulu eMetropolitan Opera (1969), eSalzburg Festival (1969), eSan Francisco Opera House (1971), eChicago Lyric Theatre (1973), eGrand Opera (1976 / 77).

Ngokuvamile, uLudwig wenza esiteji se-opera nasesiteji sekhonsathi emazweni amaningi omhlaba nomyeni wakhe u-Walter Berry. ULudwig washada nomculi ocula yedwa waseVienna Opera ngo-1957 futhi bahlala ndawonye iminyaka eyishumi nantathu. Kodwa ukudlala ngokuhlanganyela akuzange kubalethele ukwaneliseka. ULudwig uyakhumbula: “… wayethukile, nganginovalo, sacasukana kakhulu. Wayenemisipha enempilo, wayekwazi ukucula ngaso sonke isikhathi, ehleka, ekhuluma futhi ephuza kusihlwa - futhi akazange alahlekelwe yizwi lakhe. Ngenkathi kwanele ukuba ngiphendule ikhala lami ngasemnyango ndawana thize - futhi ngase ngivele ngishitshile. Futhi lapho ebhekana nenjabulo yakhe, wehlisa umoya - ngakhathazeka nakakhulu! Kodwa leso akusona isizathu esasenza sahlukana. Asizange sithuthuke kakhulu ndawonye njengoba sihluke komunye nomunye. "

Ekuqaleni komsebenzi wakhe wobuciko, uLudwig akazange acule emakhonsathini. Kamuva, wakwenza ngokuzithandela nakakhulu. Engxoxweni ekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-70s, umdwebi wathi: “Ngizama ukuhlukanisa isikhathi sami phakathi kwesiteji se-opera nehholo lekhonsathi cishe ngokulinganayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, eminyakeni yamuva nje ngiye ngacula ku-opera kancane futhi ngenza amakhonsathi engeziwe. Lokhu kwenzeka ngoba kimina ukucula u-Carmen noma u-Amneris okwekhulu kuwumsebenzi ongathakazelisi kangako kunokulungisa uhlelo olusha lwe-solo noma ukuhlangana nombhidisi onekhono esiteji sekhonsathi.

U-Ludwig wabusa esiteji se-opera yomhlaba kwaze kwaba maphakathi nawo-90s. Omunye wabaculi begumbi abavelele kakhulu besikhathi sethu uye wadlala ngempumelelo enkulu eLondon, eParis, eMilan, eHamburg, eCopenhagen, eBudapest, eLucerne, e-Athens, eStockholm, eThe Hague, eNew York, eChicago, eLos Angeles, eCleveland, eNew Orleans. Unikeze ikhonsathi yakhe yokugcina ngo-1994.