Isiqu |

I-German Stufe, Tonstufe, Klangstufe; I-English degree; i-French degree; ital. i-grado; ezinye iziqu zaseRussia

Indawo yethoni (umsindo) njengesixhumanisi ohlelweni lwesikali (i-gamma, ukulungisa, imodi, ithoni), kanye nethoni enjalo ngokwayo.

Umqondo we "S". ihlotshaniswa nomqondo wesilinganiso “njengesitebhisi” (isikali sesiNtaliyane, iLeiter yaseJalimane, iTonleiter), ukunyakaza okubonwa njengesinyathelo esidlulayo, okungukuthi, ukuguquka okungazelelwe kusuka kukhwalithi eyodwa (kusuka kwesinye isici) kuye kwenye ( isibonelo, c – d, d – e, e – f). Amashifu ka-S angenye yezibonakaliso zokunyakaza, ukuthuthukiswa, ngokusebenzisa isakhiwo se-pitch. Isethi S. okuka-k.-l. uhlelo, iphakamisa ukuhleleka koshintsho ukusuka ku-S. kuya kwenye; kulokhu kukhona ukufana okuthile phakathi kwemiqondo ye-S. kanye nomsebenzi wethoni. Ku-harmonic. tonality ngokuhambisana umehluko phakathi DOS ezimbili. izinhlobo zenhlangano yokuphakama komsindo - enekhanda elilodwa. kanye nepholigoni. - ngaphansi kwegama elithi "S." akusho nje umsindo ohlukile wesilinganiso, kodwa futhi wakhiwe kuwo njengakuwo oyinhloko. iphimbo lokucula (bathi, isibonelo, mayelana nokuphimisa ngokulandelana kwezinyathelo: V – VI). Ukuze uqoke u-S. walokho nezinye izinhlobo, u-G. Schenker kuya kwendabuko. okufakiwe ngezinombolo zesi-Roman kwengezwe isi-Arabhu:

S. chord ihlanganisa eziningana. Imisindo ye-S (isibonelo, i-V9 chord ihlanganisa u-5, 7, 2, 4, 6, futhi ukuguquka kusuka "isinyathelo somsindo" esisodwa kuya kwesinye ngaphakathi "kokufinyeleleka kwe-chord" eyodwa akubonwa njengoshintsho ekusebenzeni kwayo jikelele, njengoba ijwayelekile kuzo zonke "izinyathelo ezizwakalayo" eziyingxenye yayo). Ku-harmonic. i-tonality S. - isikhungo sendawo (i-micromode; isibonelo, ku-V C. 1 idonsela ku-7 naphezu kwamandla adonsela phansi amakhulu), ingaphansi kwe-general (S. njenge-sublad). Enye yezindlela ezivame kakhulu zokukhomba ama-chords ihlotshaniswa nomqondo we- “S.-chord”, ingqikithi yayo eyinkomba yenombolo yokuvumelana ochungechungeni lwesikali (i-notation esebenzayo, ngokungafani ne-notation yesinyathelo, inquma incazelo ye-chord ku-logic yenqubo ye-harmonic). Emculweni waseYurophu wekhulu le-17-19, ngokusekelwe ku-acoustic yezinyathelo ezingu-12. uhlelo, ubuswa i-diatonic. emnyombweni wayo (bheka i-Diatonic), izindlela zinkulu futhi zincane, kodwa, ezivumela i-chromatism. I-12 "izinyathelo ezizwakalayo" ezingenzeka phakathi kwalezi zindlela zahlukaniswa ngokusebenzayo zaba yizinhloko ezingu-7 (ku-C-dur zihambisana nezihluthulelo ezimhlophe ze-php.) kanye nokuphuma kokunye okungu-5 (okushintshiwe; kuhambisana nezikhiye ezimnyama); ushintsho olunjalo. i-chromaticity yinto yesibili kune-diatonic. isisekelo (F. Chopin, Etude a-moll op. 25 No 11), futhi ngokuvumelana nesimiso esiyinhloko sesakhiwo, ama-frets kufanele abhekwe njengesinyathelo esingu-7. Emculweni wekhulu lama-20 kanye nesinyathelo sesi-7, isinyathelo se-12 siphinde sisetshenziswe ngokuhlelekile (i-chromaticism yemvelo nezinye izinhlobo zayo, isibonelo, ku-A. Webern's Bagatelles, op. 9, i-piano trio ka-EV Denisov). Ngaphezu kwezinhlelo zezinyathelo ezingu-7 neziyi-12, kukhona ezinye ezinenani elincane lika-C. (isibonelo, i-pentatonic) kanye nelikhulu (microchromatic kusuka ku-24, 36 C.; lapha uchungechunge lwezinyathelo ezingu-12 lungasebenza. njengeyinhloko).

Kuyadingeka ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwemiqondo: S. kanye nencazelo ethize yephimbo (chord). Ngakho-ke, ohlelweni lwe-chromatic C (dur) kungenzeka ukusebenzisa imisindo ethi ces-heses-as futhi, ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-eis-fis-gis-ais, nokho, lawa manani ethoni athile awaholeli okweqile kwenombolo yangempela "yezinyathelo zomsindo" zechromatic enethoni engu-12. gamma.

References: U-Avraamov A., Ku-triad ye-2nd degree of major, "Music", 1915, No 205, 213; Glinsky M., Izimpawu zeChromatic emculweni wesikhathi esizayo, "RMG", 1915, No 49; Gorkovenko A., Umqondo wesinyathelo kanye nenkinga yesistimu, "SM", 1969, No 8; Albersheim G., Die Tonstufe, “Mf”, 1963, Jahrg. 16, H. 2. Bheka nelithi lit. ku-Art. I-Harmony, Imodi, Ukhiye, Isistimu yomsindo, i-Diatonic, i-Chromatic, i-Microchromatic, i-Pentatonic, i-Scale, i-Temperament.

Yu. N. Kholopov