Iphupho |

kusukela ku-Greek pantaoia - umcabango; lat. futhi ital. fantasia, German Fantasia, French fantaisie, eng. fancy, fantasy, fantasy

1) Uhlobo lomculo wezinsimbi (owezwi ngezikhathi ezithile), izici ezingazodwana ezivezwa ngokuphambuka ezinkambisweni zokwakha ezivamile ngesikhathi sazo, kancane kancane kokuqukethwe okungokomfanekiso okungajwayelekile kwamasiko. uhlelo lokuqamba. Imibono mayelana no-F. yayihlukile kwezomculo nezomlando. inkathi, kodwa ngaso sonke isikhathi imingcele yohlobo yayihlala ingaqondakali: ngekhulu le-16-17. U-F. uhlangana ne-ricercar, i-toccata, esitezi sesi-2. Ikhulu le-18 - nge-sonata, ngekhulu le-19. - ngenkondlo, njll. I-Ph. ihlale ihlotshaniswa nezinhlobo namafomu ajwayelekile ngesikhathi esithile. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, umsebenzi obizwa ngokuthi F. uyinhlanganisela engavamile "yemigomo" (isakhiwo, enengqondo) evamile kule nkathi. Izinga lokusatshalaliswa nenkululeko yohlobo lwe-F. lincike ekuthuthukisweni kwamamyuziyemu. amafomu enkathini enikeziwe: izikhathi ze-oda, ngendlela ethile noma enye isitayela esiqinile (ikhulu le-16 - ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-17, ubuciko be-baroque bengxenye yokuqala yekhulu le-1), ephawulwe "ngokuqhakaza okunethezeka" kukaF.; ngokuphambene nalokho, ukuxegiswa kwamafomu “aqinile” amisiwe (i-romaticism) futhi ikakhulukazi ukuvela kwamafomu amasha (ikhulu lama-18) kuhambisana nokuncipha kwenani lamafilosofi nokwanda kwenhlangano yabo yesakhiwo. Ukuvela kohlobo lwe-F. akuhlukaniseki kusukela ekuthuthukisweni kwezinsimbi kukonke: ukuhlelwa kwesikhathi komlando we-F. kuhambisana nokuhlelwa kwesikhathi okuvamile kwe-Western Europe. icala lomculo. F. ingenye yezinhlobo ezindala kakhulu ze-instr. umculo, kodwa, ngokungafani neningi lakuqala instr. izinhlobo ezakhiwe mayelana nobunkondlo. inkulumo nomdanso. ukunyakaza (canzona, suite), F. kusekelwe emculweni ofanele. amaphethini. Ukuvela kuka F. kubhekisela ekuqaleni. Ikhulu le-20 Omunye umsuka walo kwaba ngcono. B. h. ekuqaleni F. okuhloselwe izinsimbi ezihlutshiwe: eziningi. F. yelute ne-vihuela zadalwa e-Italy (F. da Milano, 16), Spain (L. Milan, 1547; M. de Fuenllana, 1535), Germany (S. Kargel), France (A. Rippe), England ( T. Morley). U-F. we-clavier nesitho ayengavamile kakhulu (F. ku-Organ Tablature ka-X. Kotter, i-Fantasia allegre ka-A. Gabrieli). Imvamisa zihlukaniswa ngokwephula umthetho, ngokuvamile ezilingisa ngokungaguquki. isethulo; lezi F. zisondelene kakhulu ne-capriccio, toccata, tiento, canzone kangangokuthi akwenzeki ngaso sonke isikhathi ukunquma ukuthi kungani umdlalo ubizwa ncamashi F. (isibonelo, i-F. enikezwe ngezansi ifana ne-richcar). Igama kuleli cala lichazwa yinkambiso yokubiza u-F. i-ricercar ethuthukisiwe noma eyakhiwe ngokukhululekile (ukuhlelwa kwe-vocal motets, okuhlukahlukene emoyeni we-instr., kwakubizwa futhi).

F. da Milano. Fantasy for lutes.

Ngekhulu le-16 F. nakho akuyona into engavamile, lapho ukuphathwa kwamahhala kwamazwi (okuhlotshaniswa, ikakhulukazi, nezici zezwi eliholela ezinsimbini ezihlutshiwe) empeleni kuholela endaweni yokugcina impahla enesethulo esifana nephaseji.

L. Milan. Fantasy for vihuela.

Ngekhulu le-17 F. idume kakhulu eNgilandi. G. Purcell ukhuluma naye (ngokwesibonelo, “Inganekwane yomsindo owodwa”); J. Bull, W. Bird, O. Gibbons, kanye nezinye izintombi nto baletha u-F. eduze kwendabuko. Ifomu lesiNgisi - umhlabathi (kuyaphawuleka ukuthi okuhlukile kwegama layo - imfashini - kuhambisana nelinye lamagama kaF.). Ikusasa lika-F. ekhulwini le-17. ehambisana ne-org. umculo. F. kwa-J. Frescobaldi bayisibonelo sokushisekela, ukuthuthukisa isimo sengqondo; "I-chromatic fantasy" yenkosi yase-Amsterdam u-J. Sweelinck (ihlanganisa izici ze-fugue elula neyinkimbinkimbi, i-ricercar, ukuhlukahluka kwe-polyphonic) ifakazela ukuzalwa kwethuluzi elikhulu. isitayela; S. Scheidt wasebenza ngendlela efanayo, u-to-ry ebizwa ngokuthi F. contrapuntal. izinhlelo zokucula nokuhluka kwamakhwaya. Umsebenzi walawa ma-organist nabashayi bamahabhu ulungiselele impumelelo enkulu ka-JS Bach. Ngalesi sikhathi, isimo sengqondo ku-F. sasinqunyiwe mayelana nomsebenzi wokujabula, ojabulisayo noma omangalisayo. umlingiswa onenkululeko ejwayelekile yokushintshana nokuthuthuka noma ubusha bezinguquko zamamuse. izithombe; kuba cishe ukuthuthuka okuyisibopho. isici esidala umbono wenkulumo eqondile, ukuvelela komdlalo ozenzakalelayo womcabango phezu kwecebo lokuqamba ngamabomu. Ku-ogani kanye nemisebenzi ye-clavier ka-Bach, u-F. udabukisa kakhulu futhi unothando kakhulu. uhlobo. F. ku-Bach (njengaku-D. Buxtehude kanye no-GF Telemann, osebenzisa isimiso se-da capo ku-F.) noma ehlanganiswe nomjikelezo ne-fugue, lapho, njenge-toccata noma i-prelude, isebenzela ukulungiselela nokufaka umthunzi okulandelayo. ucezu (F. kanye ne-fugue ye-organ g-moll, BWV 542), noma esetshenziswa njengesingeniso. izingxenye ku-suite (ye-violin kanye ne-clavier A-dur, i-BWV 1025), i-partita (ye-clavier a-minor, i-BWV 827), noma, ekugcineni, ikhona njengezimele. umkhiqizo. (F. yesitho G-dur BWV 572). Ku-Bach, ukuqina kwenhlangano akungqubuzani nesimiso se-F. Isibonelo, ku-Chromatic Fantasy ne-Fugue, inkululeko yokwethula iboniswa ngenhlanganisela enesibindi yezici zohlobo oluhlukile - org. i-improvisation texture, ukuphindaphinda nokucutshungulwa okungokomfanekiso kwekhorale. Zonke izigaba zibanjwe ndawonye ngomqondo wokunyakaza kwezikhiye ukusuka ku-T kuya ku-D, kulandelwa ukuma ku-S nokubuyela ku-T (ngaleyo ndlela, isimiso sefomu elidala lezingxenye ezimbili sinwetshwa ku-F.). Isithombe esifanayo siphinde sibe yisici samanye amaphupho ka-Bach; nakuba zivame ukugcwala ngokulingiswa, amandla amakhulu okubumba kuzo ukuvumelana. I-Ladoharmonic ifreyimu yefomu ingavezwa nge-giant org. amaphuzu asekela i-tonics yezihluthulelo eziholayo.

Izinhlobonhlobo ezikhethekile ze-Bach's F. izinhlelo ezithile zamakhwaya (isibonelo, “Fantasia super: Komm, heiliger Geist, Herre Gott”, BWV 651), imigomo yentuthuko engaphuli amasiko ohlobo lwamakhwaya. Ukuhumusha okukhululekile kakhulu kwehlukanisa amaphupho athuthukile, ngokuvamile angaphandle kweqhinga le-FE Bach. Ngokwezitatimende zakhe (encwadini ethi “Isipiliyoni sendlela efanele yokudlala i-clavier”, 1753-62), “iphupho libizwa ngokuthi mahhala lapho kuhileleke okhiye abaningi kulo kunesiqephu esakhiwe noma esithuthukisiwe ngamamitha aqinile… iqukethe iziqephu ezihlukahlukene ezivumelanayo ezingadlalwa ngamaculo aphukile noma zonke izinhlobo zemifanekiso ehlukahlukene... Inganekwane engenabuhlakani yamahhala ilungele ukuveza imizwa.”

I-lyric edidekile. amaphupho ka-WA ​​Mozart (clavier F. d-moll, K.-V. 397) afakaza kwezothando. ukuchazwa kohlobo. Ezimweni ezintsha bafeza umsebenzi wabo wesikhathi eside. izingcezu (kodwa hhayi ku-fugue, kodwa ku-sonata: F. kanye ne-sonata c-moll, K.-V. 475, 457), yenza kabusha isimiso sokushintshwa kwe-homophonic ne-polyphonic. izethulo (org. F. f-moll, K.-V. 608; isikimu: AB A1 C A2 B1 A3, lapho u-B eyizigaba ze-fugue, u-C eyizinhlobonhlobo). U-I. Haydn wethula u-F. ku-quartet (op. 76 No 6, ingxenye 2). L. Beethoven wahlanganisa inyunyana ye-sonata kanye no-F. ngokudala i-sonata ye-14 edumile, op. 27 No 2 – “Sonata quasi una Fantasia” kanye ne-13th sonata op. 27 No 1. Waletha kuF. umqondo we-symphony. ukuthuthukiswa, virtuoso izimfanelo instr. concerto, the monumentality of the oratorio: in F. for upiyano, ikwaya kanye ne-orchestra c-moll op. 80 njengehubo lobuciko elizwakalayo (engxenyeni emaphakathi ye-C-dur, ebhalwe ngendlela yokuhlukahluka) indikimba, kamuva eyasetshenziswa “njengendikimba yenjabulo” esiphethweni se-symphony yesi-9.

Romantics, isibonelo. F. Schubert (uchungechunge luka-F. lwe-pianoforte ezandleni ezi-2 nezi-4, F. we-violin ne-pianoforte op. 159), F. Mendelssohn (F. we-pianoforte op. 28), F. Liszt (org. kanye ne-pianoforte . F. .) nezinye, zacebisa u-F. ngezimfanelo eziningi ezijwayelekile, zajulisa izici zohlelo ezazivezwe ngaphambilini kulolu hlobo (R. Schumann, F. wepiyano C-dur op. 17). Nokho, kuyaphawuleka ukuthi “uthando. inkululeko”, isici sezinhlobo zekhulu le-19, ngokwezinga elincane kakhulu ikhathaza F. Isebenzisa izinhlobo ezivamile - i-sonata (AN Skryabin, F. yepiyano ku-h-moll op. 28; S. Frank, org. F. A. -dur), umjikelezo we-sonata (Schumann, F. wepiyano C-dur op. 17). Ngokuvamile, ngekhulu le-19 F.. isici, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuhlanganisa amafomu akhululekile nahlanganisiwe (kuhlanganise nezinkondlo), kanti ngakolunye, nama-rhapsodies. UMn. izingoma ezingenalo igama elithi F., empeleni, yizona (u-S. Frank, “Isandulela, I-Chorale ne-Fugue”, “Isandulela, i-Aria ne-Finale”). IsiRashiya. abaqambi bethula u-F. endaweni ye-wok. (MI Glinka, “Venetian Night”, “Night Review”) kanye ne-symphony. umculo: emsebenzini wabo kwakukhona othize. orc. izinhlobonhlobo zalolu hlobo yi-symphonic fantasy (SV Rachmaninov, The Cliff, op. 7; AK Glazunov, The Forest, op. 19, The Sea, op. 28, njll.). Banikeza u-F. okuthile okucacile ngesiRashiya. uhlamvu (MP Mussorgsky, "Night on Bald Mountain", uhlobo lwalo, ngokusho komlobi, "Russian and original"), bese-ke intandokazi yasempumalanga (MA Balakirev, empumalanga F. "Islamey" ye-fp. ), ke fantastic (AS Dargomyzhsky, "Baba Yaga" for orchestra) umbala; yinikeze iziqephu ezibaluleke ngokwefilosofi (PI Tchaikovsky, "Isiphepho", F. ye-orchestra esekelwe kumdlalo wegama elifanayo ka-W. Shakespeare, op. 18; "Francesca da Rimini", F. ye-orchestra yeqembu Ingoma yokuqala yesihogo evela ku-"Divine Comedy" ka-Dante, op.1).

Ngekhulu lama-20 F. njengoba ezimele. uhlobo aluvamile (M. Reger, Choral F. for organ; O. Respighi, F. wepiyano ne-orchestra, 1907; JF Malipiero, Iphupho Lansuku zonke le-orchestra, 1951; O. Messiaen, F. wevayolini nopiyano; M. Tedesco, F. wesiginci esinezintambo eziyisi-6 nopiyano; A. Copland, F. wepiyano; A. Hovaness, F. from Suite for upiyano “Shalimar”; N (I. Peiko, Concert F. for horn and chamber i-orchestra, njll.). Ngezinye izikhathi ukuthambekela kwe-neoclassical kubonakaliswa ku-F. (F. Busoni, “Counterpoint F.”; P. Hindemith, i-sonatas ye-viola nepiyano – ku-F, ingxenye yokuqala, ku-S., ingxenye yesi-1; K. I-Karaev, i-sonata ye-violin nepiyano, isiphetho, J. Yuzeliunas, ikhonsathi yesitho, ukunyakaza kokuqala). Ezimweni eziningi, izingoma ezintsha zisetshenziswa ku-F. izindlela zekhulu lama-3 - i-dodecaphony (A. Schoenberg, F. i-violin nepiyano; F. Fortner, F. endikimbeni ethi “BACH” yamapiyano angu-1, izinsimbi zomculo eziyedwa ezingu-20 ne-orchestra), amasu e-sonor-aleatoric. (SM Slonimsky, “Coloristic F.” yepiyano).

Esitezi sesi-2. Ikhulu lama-20 esinye sezici ezibalulekile zohlobo lwefilosofi—ukwakhiwa komuntu, ngendlela eqondile (imvamisa ethambekele ekuthuthukisweni)—kuyisici somculo wanoma yiluphi uhlobo, futhi ngalo mqondo, izingoma eziningi zakamuva (zokuthi isibonelo, i-sonatas yepiyano yesi-4 neyesi-5 ka-BI Tishchenko) ihlangana no-F.

2) Isilekeleli. incazelo ebonisa ukuwohloka kwenkululeko ethile yokuhumusha. izinhlobo: i-waltz-F. (MI Glinka), Impromptu-F., Polonaise-F. (F. Chopin, op. 66,61), i-sonata-F. (AN Scriabin, op. 19), overture-F. (PI Tchaikovsky, "Romeo and Juliet"), F. Quartet (B. Britten, "Fantasy quartet" ye-oboe nezintambo. trio), recitative-F. (S. Frank, i-sonata ye-violin nepiyano, ingxenye 3), F.-burlesque (O. Messiaen), njll.

3) Okuvamile emakhulwini we-19-20. uhlobo instr. noma orc. umculo, osuselwe ekusetshenzisweni kwamahhala kwezindikimba ezibolekwe ezingomeni zabo noma emisebenzini yabanye abaqambi, kanye nasezinganekwaneni (noma ezibhalwe ngemvelo yesintu). Kuye ngezinga lokusungula. ukulungisa kabusha izingqikithi zika-F. noma kwakha ubuciko obusha obuphelele bese kusondela ukuchaza, i-rhapsody (amaphupho amaningi ka-Liszt, “Serbian F.” we-orchestra ka-Rimsky-Korsakov, “F. on the Ryabinin’s themes” upiyano nge-orchestra ka-Arensky, “Cinematics F. ” kuzindikimba zomculo we-farce othi “Inkunzi Ephahleni” yevayolini ne-orchestra i-Milhaud, njll.), noma “i-montage” elula yezindikimba namavesi, afana ne-potpourri (F. kumatimu ye-operetta yakudala, F. kuzindikimba zabaqambi bezingoma ezidumile, njll.).

I-4) I-Creative Fantasy (i-Fantasie yaseJalimane, i-Fantasie) - ikhono lokuqaphela komuntu ukumela (umbono wangaphakathi, ukuzwa) izenzakalo ezingokoqobo, ukubukeka kwazo okunqunywe ngokomlando imiphakathi. ulwazi nemisebenzi yesintu, kanye nokudalwa kwengqondo ngokuhlanganisa nokucubungula le mibono (kuwo wonke amazinga omqondo, okuhlanganisa nokunengqondo kanye nokungazi lutho) kobuciko. izithombe. Kwamukelwe ezikhovaneni. isayensi (psychology, aesthetics) ukuqonda uhlobo lokusungula. F. isekelwe esikhundleni sikaMarxist ngokomlando. kanye nemiphakathi. isimo sokuqaphela komuntu kanye nethiyori ye-Leninist of reflection. Ekhulwini lama-20 kuneminye imibono mayelana nemvelo yokudala. F., ezibonakala ezimfundisweni zikaZ. Freud, CG Jung noG. Marcuse.

References: 1) Kuznetsov KA, Izithombe zomculo nezomlando, M., 1937; Mazel L., Fantasia f-moll Chopin. Okuhlangenwe nakho kokuhlaziya, M., 1937, okufanayo, encwadini yakhe: Research on Chopin, M., 1971; I-Berkov VO, i-Chromatic fantasy J. Sweelinka. Kusukela emlandweni wokuzwana, M., 1972; U-Miksheeva G., ama-Symphonic fantasies ka-A. Dargomyzhsky, encwadini: From the history of Russian and Soviet music, vol. 3, M., 1978; I-Protopopov VV, Izindatshana ezivela emlandweni wezinhlobo zezinsimbi ze-1979 - ekuqaleni kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX, M., XNUMX.

3) Marx K. kanye no-Engels R., On Art, vol. 1, M., 1976; I-Lenin VI, I-Materialism kanye ne-empirio-criticism, i-Poln. khola. soch., 5th ed., v. 18; yakhe siqu, Philosophical Notebooks, ibid., vol. 29; I-Ferster NP, i-Creative fantasy, M., 1924; Vygotsky LS, Psychology of art, M., 1965, 1968; Averintsev SS, "Analytical Psychology" K.-G. UJung namaphethini wenganekwane yokudala, ku: On Modern Bourgeois Aesthetics, vol. 3, M., 1972; Davydov Yu., Marxist historicism kanye nenkinga yenkinga yobuciko, ekuqoqweni: Ubuciko bonxiwankulu besimanje, M., 1975; wakhe, Art in the social philosophy of G. Marcuse, in: Critique of modern bourgeois sociology of art, M., 1978.

TS Kyuregyan