I-invoyisi |

lat. factura - ukukhiqiza, ukucubungula, isakhiwo, kusuka ku-facio - ngiyakwenza, ngiyafeza, ngiyakha; I-Faktur yesiJalimane, i-Satz - indawo yokugcina impahla, i-Satzweise, i-Schreibweise - isitayela sokubhala; I-French Facture, isakhiwo, ukuhambisana - idivayisi, ukwengeza; Ukuthungwa kwesiNgisi, ukuthungwa, ukwakheka, ukwakheka; ital. isakhiwo

Ngomqondo obanzi - enye yezinhlangothi zefomu lomculo, ifakiwe emcabangweni wobuhle nefilosofi yefomu lomculo ngobunye nazo zonke izindlela zokukhuluma; ngomqondo omncane futhi ojwayelekile - umklamo othize wendwangu yomculo, isethulo somculo.

Igama elithi "texture" livezwa mayelana nomqondo "wesitolo somculo". I-Monodic. i-warehouse ithatha kuphela "ubukhulu obuvundlile" ngaphandle kobudlelwane obuqondile. Ku-monodich eqinile. amasampula (ingoma kaGregory, ingoma ye-Znamenny) enekhanda elilodwa. Indwangu yomculo kanye no-F. ziyefana. I-monodic ecebile. F. uhlukanisa, isibonelo, umculo waseMpumalanga. abantu ababengayazi i-polyphony: ngesi-Uzbek. futhi taj. I-Makome icula ebizwa ngokuthi instr. hlanganisa ngokubamba iqhaza kwezigubhu ezicula usul. I-Monodic. i-warehouse kanye no-F. kudlulela kalula entweni emaphakathi phakathi kwe-monody ne-polyphony - kube isethulo se-heterophonic, lapho ukucula ngokuhlanganyela ohlelweni lokusebenza kuba ukuwohloka okuyinkimbinkimbi. ongakhetha melodic-textural.

Ingqikithi ye-polyphony. i-warehouse - ukuhlanganisa ngesikhathi esifanayo. imiculo ezwakalayo. imigqa izimele ngokuqhathaniswa. ukuthuthukiswa okuthi (okungazimele kakhulu noma okuncane kongwaqa abaqhamuka ngokuma mpo) okwakha ukuqondana kwamamuse. amafomu. Emculweni we-polyphonic Izicubu zezwi zibonisa ukuthambekela ekulinganeni kokusebenza, kodwa futhi zingaba nemisebenzi eminingi. Phakathi kwezimfanelo zezidalwa ze-polyphonic F.. ukuminyana nokuncane (“i-viscosity” kanye “nokungafihli”) kubalulekile, i-to-rye ilawulwa ngenani lepholyphonic. amazwi (abangcweti besitayela esiqinile babhala ngokuzithandela amazwi angu-8-12, begcina uhlobo olulodwa luka-F. ngaphandle koshintsho olubukhali ku-sonority; nokho, ngobuningi kwakuyisiko ukusetha i-polyphony enhle kakhulu ngamazwi amabili noma amathathu, isibonelo, i-Crucifixus ngoquqaba lwasePalestrina). I-Palestrina iveza kuphela, futhi ekubhaleni kwamahhala, amasu e-polyphonic asetshenziswa kakhulu. ukuqina, ukuqina (ikakhulukazi ekugcineni kocezu) ngosizo lokwanda nokuncipha, i-stretta (fugue ku-C-dur kusukela kuvolumu yoku-1 ye-Bach's Well-Tempered Clavier), inhlanganisela yezindikimba ezahlukene (i-coda yesiphetho I-symphony kaTaneyev ku-c-moll). Esibonelweni esingezansi, ukujiya kombhalo ngenxa yokushaya ngamandla kwezingeniso kanye nokukhula kombhalo kwezakhi ze-1st (amashumi amathathu nesibili) kanye nezi-2 (ama-chords) zetimu ziyisici:

JS Bach. I-Fugue ku-D-dur kusukela kuvolumu yoku-1 ye-Well-Tempered Clavier (imigoqo 23-27).

Ku-polyphonic F. ijwayelekile yobunye bephethini, ukungabi bikho kokugqama okubukhali ku-sonority, kanye nenani elingaguquki lamazwi. Enye yezinto eziphawulekayo ze-polyphonic P. - fluidity; i-polyphony. F. ihlukaniswa ngokubuyekeza njalo, ukungabi bikho kwezimpinda zangempela kuyilapho kugcinwa isihloko esigcwele. ubunye. Ichaza inani le-polyphonic. F. inesigqi. kanye nesilinganiso sengqikithi yamavoti. Ngezikhathi ezifanayo, ikhwaya F. ivela kuwo wonke amazwi. Le F. ayifani ne-chord-harmonic, njengoba ukunyakaza lapha kunqunywa ukuthunyelwa kwe-melodic. imigqa ezwini ngalinye, futhi hhayi ngobudlelwano obusebenzayo be-harmonics. eziqondile, isibonelo:

F. d'Ana. Ingcaphuno evela ku-motet.

Icala eliphambene liyi-polyphonic. F., ngokusekelwe ku-metrorhythm egcwele. ukuzimela kwamazwi, njengasezincwadini ze- mensural (bheka isibonelo ku- v. Canon, ikholomu 692); uhlobo oluvame kakhulu lwe-polyphonic ehambisanayo. F. kunqunywa ngokwetimu. kanye nesigqi. njengabo. amazwi (ekulingiseni, canons, fugues, njll.). I-Polyphonic F. ayibandakanyi isigqi esibukhali. i-stratification kanye nesilinganiso esingalingani samazwi: amazwi aphikisanayo ahamba ngesikhathi esifushane uma kuqhathaniswa akha isizinda se-cantus firmus ebusayo (ngobuningi kanye nama-motets ekhulwini le-15-16, ezinhlelweni zekwaya yesitho sika-Bach). Emculweni wezikhathi zakamuva (ikhulu le-19 nelama-20), i-polyphony yezindikimba ezihlukene yathuthukiswa, yakha i-F. ebukeka ngendlela engavamile (ngokwesibonelo, ukuluka okuthungwe kwe-leitmotifs of fire, isiphetho, nephupho likaBrünnhilde ekuphetheni kwe-opera kaWagner ethi The Valkyrie. ). Phakathi kwezimo ezintsha zomculo zekhulu lama-20. kufanele kuqashelwe: F. i-polyphony eqondile (ukunyakaza kwamazwi ahambisanayo kanye nesigqi esingahlobene, bheka i-Milhaud's Chamber Symphonies); P., ehlotshaniswa nokuphindaphinda okuyinkimbinkimbi kwe-polyphonic. amazwi kanye nokuphenduka i-polyphony yezingqimba (ngokuvamile emsebenzini ka-O. Messiaen); I-pointillistic "demateerialized". F. ku-op. A. Webrn kanye nepholigoni ephambene. ubunzima orc. i-counterpoint ka-A. Berg no-A. Schoenberg; i-polyphonic F. aleatory (ku-V. Lutoslavsky) kanye ne-sonoristic. imiphumela (ngu-K. Penderecki).

O. Messiaen. U-Epouvante (i-Rhythmic canon. Isibonelo No 50 encwadini yakhe ethi “The Technique of My Musical Language”).

Ngokuvamile, igama elithi "F". isetshenziswa kumculo we-harmonica. inqolobane. Ezinhlobonhlobo ezingenakulinganiswa zezinhlobo ze-harmonic. F. Eyokuqala futhi elula ukuhlukaniswa kwayo ibe yi-homophonic-harmonic kanye ne-chordal efanele (okubhekwa njengento ekhethekile ye-homophonic-harmonic). I-Chordal F. i-monorhythmic: wonke amazwi abekwe ngemisindo yesikhathi esifanayo (ukuqala kwe-overture-fantasy ka-Tchaikovsky i-Romeo noJuliet). Ku-harmonic ye-homophonic. F. imidwebo yomculo, ibhesi namazwi ahambisanayo ihlukaniswe ngokucacile (ukuqala kwe-c-moll nocturne ka-Chopin). Kuhlukaniswa okulandelayo. izinhlobo ezethulo ze-harmonic. ongwaqa (Tyulin, 1976, ch. 3rd, 4th): a) harmonic. umfanekiso wohlobo lwechord-engokomfanekiso, emele uhlobo olulodwa noma olunye lokwethulwa okulandelanayo kwemisindo yamaculo (isandulela C-dur sisuka kuvolumu yoku-1 ye-Bach's Well-Tempered Clavier); b) enesigqi. umfanekiso - ukuphindaphinda komsindo noma i-chord (inkondlo D-dur op. 32 No 2 kaScriabin); c) ukwehluka. okuphindiwe, isib. ku-octave ene-orc. isethulo (i-minuet evela ku-symphony ka-Mozart ku-g-moll) noma ukuphindaphinda okude kube kweyesithathu, kwesithupha, njll., ukwakha “ukunyakaza kwekhasethi” (“Musical Moment” op. 16 No 3 ka-Rachmaninov); d) izinhlobo ezahlukene zomculo. izibalo, ingqikithi yazo esekwethulweni kwe-melodic. ukunyakaza ngokuvumelana. amaphimbo – inkimbinkimbi yokuhlanganisa imisindo ngokudlula nangokusiza. imisindo (etude c-moll op. 10 No 12 by Chopin), melodicization (ikwaya ne-orchestra isethulo sendikimba eyinhloko ekuqaleni komdwebo wesine othi "Sadko" nguRimsky-Korsakov) kanye ne-polyphonization yamazwi (isingeniso esithi "Lohengrin" nguWagner), i-org "revitalization" ye-melodic-rhythmic. iphuzu (umdwebo 4 "Sadko", inombolo 4). I-systematization enikeziwe yezinhlobo ze-harmonic. F. evame kakhulu. Emculweni, kunezindlela eziningi eziqondile zombhalo, ukubukeka kwazo kanye nezindlela zokusetshenziswa kunqunywa ngesitayela. izimiso zalo mculo-mlando. izinkathi; ngakho-ke, umlando ka-F. awunakuhlukaniswa nomlando wokuvumelana, i-orchestration (ngokubanzi, i-instrumentalism), kanye nokusebenza.

I-Harmonic. warehouse kanye F. kuvela ku-polyphony; isibonelo, u-Palestrina, owabuzwa ngokuphelele ubuhle bokuhluzeka, wayengasebenzisa umfanekiso wezingoma ezivelayo phezu kwezinyathelo eziningi ngosizo lwe-polyphonic eyinkimbinkimbi (ama-canons) kanye nekhorasi ngokwayo. kusho (ukuwela, ukuphindaphinda), ukuncoma ukuvumelana, njengobucwebe obunamatshe (uKyrie ovela esixukwini sikaPapa Marcello, imigoqo 9-11, 12-15 - i-counterpoint emihlanu). Isikhathi eside ku-instr. umkhiqizo. abaqambi bomlutha wamakhorasi wekhulu le-17. F. ukubhala okuqinile kwakusobala (isb, ku-org. Kiss. Ya Sweelinka), nabaqambi babeneliswe ngamasu alula nemidwebo ye-harmonica exubile. kanye ne-polyphonic. F. (isib. J. Frescobaldi). Indima ecacile ka-F. kuyaqina ekukhiqizeni. 2 ubulili 17 phakathi. (ikakhulukazi, ukuhlanganisa kwendawo nombhalo we-solo kanye ne-tutti ku-Op. A. Corelli). Umculo I. C. I-Bach imakwe ngokuthuthuka okuphezulu kakhulu kwe-F. (chaconne d-moll for violin solo, “Goldberg Variations”, “Brandenburg Concertos”), nakwenye i-virtuoso Op. (“I-Chromatic Fantasy ne-Fugue”; I-Fantasy G-dur yesitho, i-BWV 572) U-Bach wenza okuvumbulula umbhalo, kamuva okusetshenziswe kabanzi ngabathandanayo. Umculo wama-Viennese classics ubonakala ngokucaca kokuvumelana futhi, ngokufanele, ukucaca kwamaphethini aqoshiwe. Abaqambi basebenzisa izindlela zombhalo ezilula futhi bezisekelwe ezinhlotsheni ezijwayelekile zokunyakaza (isibonelo, izibalo ezinjengezigaba noma i-arpeggios), ezingangqubuzani nesimo sengqondo sika-F. njengento ebalulekile ngokwetimu (bona, ngokwesibonelo, indawo emaphakathi enguqukweni yesi-4 kusukela ekuhambeni kokuqala kwe-sonata ka-Mozart No 1 A-dur, K.-V. 331); ekwethulweni nasekuthuthukisweni kwezindikimba ezivela ku-Allegri sonatas, ukuthuthukiswa kwe-motivic kwenzeka ngokuhambisana nokuthuthukiswa kombhalo (isibonelo, ezingxenyeni eziyinhloko nezixhumayo zokunyakaza koku-1 kwe-Beethoven's Sonata No 1). Emculweni wekhulu le-19, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwabaqambi be-Romantic, okuhlukile kuyabonwa. ezihlukahlukene F. - kwesinye isikhathi kuluhlaza futhi kunezendlalelo eziningi, kwesinye isikhathi kuthokomele ekhaya, kwesinye isikhathi kuxakile; umehluko oqinile wombhalo kanye nesitayela uyavela ngisho nasemsebenzini wenkosi eyodwa (cf. abahlukahlukene nabanamandla F. i-sonatas ku-h-moll yepiyano. kanye nomdwebo ocwengisiswe ngokomzwelo we-fp. dlala “Amafu Ampunga” kaLiszt). Enye yezitayela ezibaluleke kakhulu emculweni wekhulu le-19. - ukwenziwa komuntu ngamunye kwemidwebo eqoshiwe: intshisekelo kusici esingavamile, esiyingqayizivele, sobuciko be-romanticism, kwenze kwaba ngokwemvelo ukwenqaba izibalo ezijwayelekile ku-F. Kutholwe izindlela ezikhethekile zokukhethwa komculo onama-octave amaningi (Liszt); ithuba lokuthuthukisa i-F. abaculi batholakala, okokuqala, emculweni wokuvumelana okubanzi. izibalo (incl. h ngendlela engavamile njengaku-fp yokugcina. i-sonata b-moll Chopin), ngesinye isikhathi iphenduka icishe ibe yi-polyphonic. isethulo (itimu yengxenye eseceleni ekuvezweni kwe-ballad yoku-1 yepiyano. Chopin). Ukuhlukahluka kombhalo kusekele intshisekelo yesilaleli ku-wok. kanye ne-instr. imijikelezo yama-miniatures, ngokwezinga elithile ikhuthaze ukwakheka komculo ezinhlotsheni ezincike ngokuqondile ku-F. - izifundo, ukuhlukahluka, ama-rhapsodies. Ukuzalwa Okujabulisayo. ngesandla, kwakukhona polyphonization ka F. ngokuvamile (isiphetho se-violin sonata kaFrank) kanye ne-harmonica. imifanekiso ikakhulukazi (8-ch. I-canon esethulweni se-Wagner's Rhine Gold). IsiRashiya. abaculi bathola umthombo wama-sonorities amasha kumasu ombhalo aseMpumalanga. umculo (bheka, ikakhulukazi, "Islamei" kaBalakirev). Enye yezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu. impumelelo yekhulu le-19 endaweni kaF. - ukuqinisa ukunotha kwayo kwe-motivic, i-thematic. ukugxila (R. Wagner, I. Brahms): kwezinye i-Op. empeleni, asikho nesisodwa isilinganiso sokungesona isihloko. impahla (isb i-symphony ku-c-moll, upiyano. UTaneyev Quintet, ama-opera aphuzi kaRimsky-Korsakov). Iphuzu elidlulele lokuthuthukiswa komuntu ngamunye F. kwaba ukuvela P.-harmony kanye F.-timbre. Ingqikithi yalesi simo ukuthi ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile, ukuvumelana, njengokungathi, kudlulela ku-Ph., ukuvezwa akunqunywa kakhulu ngokwakhiwa komsindo njengokuhlelwa okuhle kakhulu: ukuhlobana "kwezitezi" ze-chord. nomunye, ngamarejista opiyano, ne-orchestra iza kuqala. amaqembu; okubaluleke kakhulu akukona ukuphakama, kodwa ukugcwaliswa kokuthungwa kwe-chord, okungukuthi e. ithathwa kanjani. Izibonelo ze-F.-harmony ziqukethwe ku-Op. UM. AP Mussorgsky (isibonelo, “Iwashi elinomsindo wokukhala” esenzweni sesi-2. opera "Boris Godunov"). Kodwa ngokuvamile, lesi simo sivamile kakhulu kumculo wekhulu lama-20: i-F.-harmony ivame ukutholakala ekukhiqizeni. A. N. Scriabin (ukuqala kokuphindaphinda kwengxenye yokuqala ye-1th fp. i-sonatas; umvuthwandaba we-7th fp. i-sonatas; iculo lokugcina fp. inkondlo ethi “Elangabini”), K. Debussy, S. AT. Rachmaninov. Kwezinye izimo, ukuhlanganiswa kwe-F. nokuvumelana kunquma i-timbre (fp. dlala "i-Skarbo" ka-Ravel), ephinyiswa ikakhulukazi ku-orc. inqubo "yokuhlanganisa izibalo ezifanayo", lapho umsindo uvela ekuhlanganiseni kwesigqi. okuhlukile kwesibalo esisodwa esithungwe (inqubo eyaziwa isikhathi eside, kodwa eyathuthukiswa kahle kakhulu kuzikolo ze-I. F.

Esicelweni sekhulu lama-20. izindlela ezahlukene zokubuyekeza i-F. coexist. Njengoba izitayela ezijwayelekile kakhulu ziphawulwe: ukuqiniswa kwendima ye-F. ngokujwayelekile, kuhlanganise ne-polyphonic. F., mayelana nokudlondlobala kwe-polyphony emculweni wekhulu lama-20. (ikakhulukazi, njengokubuyiselwa kwe-F. yenkathi edlule ekukhiqizeni isiqondiso se-neoclassical); ukuqhubeka komuntu ngamunye kwamasu ombhalo (u-F. ngokuyisisekelo "uhlanganiswe" ngomsebenzi omusha ngamunye, njengoba nje ifomu lomuntu ngamunye kanye nokuvumelana kwakhiwa kubo); ukutholakala - mayelana nama-harmonics amasha. izinkambiso - ukuphindaphindeka okungavumelani (3 etudes op. 65 by Scriabin), umehluko wezinto eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu futhi "ezilula ngokucolisisiwe" F. (ingxenye yokuqala yekhonsathi yepiyano yesi-1 ka-Prokofiev), kanye nemidwebo ethuthukisiwe. uhlobo (No 5 “Horizontal and Vertical” kusuka “Polyphonic Notebook” kaShchedrin); inhlanganisela yezici zombhalo zangempela ze-nat. umculo nokuvumelana kwakamuva. kanye ne-orc. ubuchwepheshe prof. i-art-va (enemibala egqamile “Imidanso Ye-Symphonic” Mold. Comp. P. Rivilis neminye imisebenzi); ukuqhubeka kwetimu ye-F. c) ikakhulukazi, emisebenzini ye-serial kanye ne-serial), okuholela kubunikazi be-thematism kanye no-F.

Ukuvela emculweni omusha wekhulu lama-20. inqolobane engeyona eyendabuko, engahlobene ne-harmonic noma i-polyphonic, inquma izinhlobo ezihambisanayo ze-Ph.: isiqeshana esilandelayo somkhiqizo. ibonisa ukungaqhubeki okuyisici salo mculo, ukungahambisani kwe-F. - irejista ye-stratification (ukuzimela), eguquguqukayo. kanye nokukhuluma. umehluko:

P. Boulez. Piano Sonata No 1, ukuqala komnyakazo wokuqala.

Inani lika-F. kwezobuciko bomculo. I-avant-garde ilethwa ku-logic. umkhawulo, lapho u-F. eba cishe yedwa (enambeni yemisebenzi ka-K. Penderetsky) noma amayunithi. umgomo womsebenzi womqambi wangempela (izwi. I-"Stimmungen" sextet ye-Stockhausen iwukuhlukahluka kwe-texture-timbre eyodwa ye-B-dur triad). F. ukuthuthukiswa kwephimbo elinikeziwe noma isigqi. ngaphakathi - main. ukwamukela ama-aleatorics alawulwayo (op. V. Lutoslavsky); inkambu ye-F. ihlanganisa isethi engenakubalwa ye-sonoristic. okusunguliwe (iqoqo lamasu e-sonoristic - "Ifantasy ye-Coloristic" ye-opera Slonimsky). Kumculo we-elekthronikhi nokhonkolo odalwe ngaphandle kwesiko. amathuluzi nezindlela zokwenza, umqondo we-F., ngokusobala, awusebenzi.

F. ulahla izindlela. amathuba okubumba (Mazel, Zuckerman, 1967, pp. 331-342). Ukuxhumana phakathi kwefomu kanye nefomu kuvezwa eqinisweni lokuthi ukugcinwa kwephethini enikeziwe yefomu kunomthelela ebunyeni bokwakhiwa, ukuguqulwa kwayo kukhuthaza ukuchithwa. U-F. usesebenze isikhathi eside njengethuluzi lokuguqula elibaluleke kakhulu kumasekhondi. i-ostinato kanye ne-neostinatny variational amafomu, eveza kwezinye izimo ezinkulu ezinamandla. amathuba ("Bolero" nguRavel). F. iyakwazi ukushintsha ngokuphelele ukubukeka kanye nengqikithi yamamuse. isithombe (ukwenza i-leitmotif engxenyeni yokuqala, ekuthuthukisweni kanye nekhodi yengxenye yesi-1 ye-2th piano sonata ngu-Scriabin); izinguquko zombhalo zivame ukusetshenziswa ekuziphindaphindeni kwamafomu amathathu-movement (ingxenye yesibili ye-4th piano sonata ka-Beethoven; i-nocturne c-moll op. 2 ngu-Chopin), ekuphenduleni ku-rondo (isiphetho se-piano sonata No. Beethoven). Indima yokwakheka ka-F. ibalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwamafomu e-sonata (ikakhulukazi i-orc. ukuqanjwa), lapho imingcele yezigaba inqunywa ushintsho endleleni yokucubungula futhi, ngenxa yalokho, i-F. thematic. impahla. Ushintsho luka-F. luba ngenye yezinto eziphambili. izindlela zokuhlukanisa ifomu emisebenzini yekhulu lama-16. (“Pacific 48” ka-Honegger). Kwezinye izingoma ezintsha, ifomu liphenduka libe elinqumayo ekwakhiweni kwefomu (isibonelo, kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi amafomu aphindaphindayo asuselwa ekubuyiselweni okuguquguqukayo kwesakhiwo esisodwa).

Izinhlobo zika-F zivame ukuxhunyaniswa ne-def. izinhlobo (isib., umculo womdanso), okuyisisekelo sokuhlanganisa ekukhiqizeni. izici ezihlukene zohlobo olunikeza umculo ukungaqondakali okuphumelelayo kwezobuciko (izibonelo ezigqamayo zalolu hlobo emculweni kaChopin: isibonelo, i-Prelude No. 20 c-moll - ingxube yezici zekhorale, imashi yomngcwabo kanye ne-passacaglia). F. igcina izimpawu zeminyuziyamu eyodwa noma enye yomlando noma yomuntu ngamunye. isitayela (futhi, ngokuhlangana, inkathi): okuthiwa. Ukuhambisana nesiginci kwenza i-SI Taneev idale isitayela esicashile sesiRashiya sakuqala. ama-elegies othandweni "Lapho, i-whirling, amaqabunga ekwindla"; G. Berlioz engxenyeni yesi-3 ye-symphony ethi "Romeo and Julia" ukudala izwe. futhi umbala womlando ukhiqiza ngobuciko umsindo we-madrigal i-cappella yekhulu le-16; U-R. Schumann ubhala umculo wangempela ku-Carnival. izithombe zika-F. Chopin no-N. Paganini. F. ungumthombo oyinhloko womculo. incazelo, ikakhulukazi ekholisayo ezimweni lapho k.-l. traffic. Ngosizo lwe-F. ukucaca okubonakalayo komculo kufinyelelwa (isingeniso se-Wagner's Gold of the Rhine), ngesikhathi esifanayo. egcwele imfihlakalo nobuhle (“Udumo Lwasogwadule” oluvela ku-“The Tale of the Invisible City of Kitezh and the Maiden Fevronia” ka-Rimsky-Korsakov), futhi ngezinye izikhathi nokuthuthumela okumangalisayo (“inhliziyo ishaya ekuhlwithweni” othandweni luka-MI Glinka “Ngikhumbula Isikhathi Esimangalisayo”).

References: Sposobin I., Evseev S., Dubovsky I., Inkambo esebenzayo yokuvumelana, ingxenye 2, M., 1935; I-Skrebkov SS, Incwadi ye-polyphony, izingxenye 1-2, M.-L., 1951, 1965; eyakhe, Ukuhlaziywa kwemisebenzi yomculo, M., 1958; Milstein Ya., F. List, ingxenye 2, M., 1956, 1971; UGrigoriev SS, Eculweni likaRimsky-Korsakov, M., 1961; Grigoriev S., Muller T., Incwadi ye-polyphony, M., 1961, 1977; Mazel LA, Zukkerman VA, Ukuhlaziywa kwemisebenzi yomculo, M., 1967; U-Shchurov V., Izici zokuthungwa kwezingoma ze-polyphonic zezingoma zaseNingizimu Rashiya, eqoqweni: Kusukela emlandweni womculo waseRussia nowaseSoviet, M., 1971; Zukkerman VA, Ukuhlaziywa kwemisebenzi yomculo. Ifomu Lokuhlukahluka, M., 1974; Zavgorodnyaya G., Ezinye izici zokuthungwa emisebenzini ka-A. Onegger, "SM", 1975, No 6; Shaltuper Yu., Ngesitayela sika-Lutoslavsky ngeminyaka yama-60s, kokuthi: Izinkinga Zesayensi Yomculo, vol. 3, M., 1975; I-Tyulin Yu., Imfundiso yokuthungwa komculo nokulinganiswa kwe-melodic. Ukuthungwa komculo, M., 1976; I-Pankratov S., Ngokwesisekelo somculo sokuthungwa kwezingoma zepiyano zikaScriabin, ku: Izinkinga ze-polyphony kanye nokuhlaziywa kwemisebenzi yomculo (Iziqulatho ze-Gnesins State Musical and Pedagogical Institute, inguqulo 20), M., 1976; yakhe, Izimiso zedramaturgy eqoshiwe yezingoma zopiyano zikaScriabin, ibid.; Bershadskaya T., Izinkulumo zokuvumelana, L., 1978; Kholopova V., Faktura, M., 1979.

VP Frayonov