I-Domra: ukwakheka kwezinsimbi, umlando, izinhlobo, indlela yokudlala, ukusetshenziswa

Ngenxa yomsindo wayo, i-domra ithatha indawo ekhethekile emndenini wezintambo ezihlutshiwe. Izwi lakhe linomoya ophansi, likhumbuza ukububula komfudlana. Ngekhulu le-XVI-XVII, ama-domrachi ayengabaculi basenkantolo, futhi abantu abaningi babehlale bebuthana emigwaqweni yasemadolobheni bezolalela umdlalo wabaculi abazulazulayo ababedlala i-domra. Ngemva kokudlula esikhathini esinzima, insimbi iphinda ingene eqenjini lezemfundo, isetshenziselwa ukwenza umculo wesintu nowe-classical, imisindo yodwa futhi njengengxenye yama-ensembles.

Idivayisi ye-Domra

Umzimba osesimweni se-hemisphere unebhodi lomsindo eliyisicaba lapho intamo ixhunywe khona. Izintambo ezi-3 noma ezi-4 zidonswa kuyo, zidlula kumantongomane namantongomane. Izimbobo zama-resonator eziyisikhombisa ziqoshwe maphakathi nebhodi lomsindo. Ngesikhathi sokudlala, ibhodi lomsindo livikelwa "igobolondo" elinamathiselwe lapho kuhlangana khona intamo nebhodi lomsindo. Ivikela imihuzuko. Ikhanda elingumfanekiso linezikhonkwane zokushuna ngokwenani lezintambo.

Ukuhlukaniswa ngokwezemfundo kubhekisa i-domra kuma-chordophone. Uma kungenjalo ngomzimba oyindilinga, i-domra ingabukeka njengenye insimbi yabantu baseRussia - i-balalaika. Umzimba nawo wenziwa ngezinhlobo ezahlukene zokhuni. Yakhiwa ngokunamathisela imichilo yokhuni - ama-rivets, aphethwe ngegobolondo. Isihlalo sehhashi sinezinkinobho ezimbalwa ezilungisa izintambo.

Iqiniso elithakazelisayo. Izibonelo zokuqala zenziwa ngamathanga omisiwe futhi ambozekile.

Inqubo yokudala i-domra iyinkimbinkimbi. Ngethuluzi elilodwa, izinhlobo eziningana zezinkuni zisetshenziswa:

• umzimba wenziwe birch;
• i-spruce ne-fir zomiswe kahle ukwenza i-deco;
• amabhodi eminwe asahwe kusuka ku-ebony engavamile;
• ukuma kwakhiwa kusuka ku-maple;
• kuphela izinkuni eziqinile kakhulu ezisetshenziselwa ukwakhiwa kwentamo negobolondo elinama-hinged.

Umsindo ukhiqizwa umlamuleli. Ubukhulu bayo bungahluka, ngezinsimbi ezinkulu ezinkulu kunezincane. Iziphetho zomlamuli ziphansi ezinhlangothini zombili, zakha i-chamfer. Ubude - 2-2,5 cm, ububanzi mayelana nesentimitha nesigamu.

I-accessory yesimanje, ngaphandle kwalokho abaculi abangeke bakwazi ukudlala i-domra, yenziwe nge-nylon ethambile noma i-caprolon. Kukhona namapiki omdabu enziwe ngegobolondo lofudu. Kunsimbi ye-viola nebhesi ye-domra, idivayisi yesikhumba isetshenziselwa ukukhipha umsindo. Umlamuli onjalo wenza umsindo uvaleke.

Umlando we-domra

Izinguqulo mayelana nemvelaphi ye-chordophone zihlukile. Kuyavunywa ukuthi lokhu kuyithuluzi labantu baseRussia, Belarusian, Ukraine. E-Russia, wavela ekhulwini le-X, njengoba kunobufakazi obubhaliwe. Kukhulunywa ngakho emibhalweni yososayensi wasempumalanga kanye ne-encyclopedist u-Ibn Rust. I-Domra yaduma ngekhulu le-16.

Namuhla, izazi-mlando zikhuluma ngomsuka wasempumalanga wensimbi yomculo. Isakhiwo sayo sifana nama-vestibules aseTurkic. Ibuye ibe nesitezi esiyisicaba, futhi ngesikhathi sokudlala, abaculi basebenzisa i-chip yokhuni, ithambo lenhlanzi, njenge-plectrum.

Abantu abahlukene baseMpumalanga babenabameleli babo bezinsimbi zomculo ezinezintambo, ezathola igama labo: i-Kazakh dombra, i-baglama yaseTurkey, i-Tajik rubaba. Le nguqulo inelungelo lokuba khona, i-domra yayingase ingene eRussia Yasendulo ngesikhathi sejoka lesiTatar-Mongol noma ilethwe abathengisi.

Insimbi yomculo ingase iqale ngenxa ye-lute, ilungu laseYurophu lomndeni wentambo ehlutshiwe. Kodwa, uma ungena emlandweni, kwafika entshonalanga kusuka ezindaweni ezisempumalanga.

Emakhulwini amabili eminyaka, i-domra yayijabulisa abantu, yayiyithuluzi lama-buffoons nabaxoxi bezindaba. Ama-Tsars nama-boyars ane-domrachi yawo enkantolo, kodwa izingoma ezihlabayo ezihlekisa ngezici zomlingiswa, impilo, nolaka lwawo wonke umuntu nayo yonke into ngokuvamile yayibangela ukunganeliseki phakathi kwezicukuthwane. Ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX, uTsar Alexei Mikhailovich wakhipha isimemezelo lapho ashushisa abantu, futhi i-domra yanyamalala kanye nabo, Umdlalo awubiza ngokuthi “Imidlalo yamademoni”.

Iqiniso elithakazelisayo. Ngaphansi kobuholi be-Patriarch of All Russia Nikon, izinsimbi ze-buffoon zaqoqwa ngobuningi emadolobheni nasemizaneni, zalethwa ezinqoleni ogwini loMfula iMoscow futhi zashiswa. Ilangabi lavutha izinsuku ezimbalwa.

I-chordophone yavuselelwa ngo-1896 yinhloko ye-Great Russian Orchestra, umculi nomcwaningi u-VV Andreev. Iqoqo lakhe le-balalaika lalingenalo iqembu elihamba phambili lomculo. Bekanye nompetha u-SI Nalimov, bafunde izinsimbi zomculo ezaziphelelwe ukuthandwa futhi baklama ithuluzi elalifaneleka kahle ukudlala uchungechunge lwezingoma. Kusukela ekuqaleni kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX, i-domra isiyingxenye yama-string ensembles, lapho yayinenani elithile.

Izinhlobo ze-domra

Le nsimbi yomculo iyizinhlobo ezimbili:

• Izintambo ezintathu noma Ezincane - inesistimu yequart ebangeni ukusuka ku-“mi” ye-octave yokuqala ukuya ku-“re” yesine. Inombolo yama-fret ku-fretboard ngu-24. Lesi sigaba sihlanganisa i-alto, i-bass ne-domra-piccolo.
• Izintambo ezine noma Ezinkulu - indlela yokuyidlala ifana nesiginci se-bass, evame ukusetshenziswa ngabadlali banamuhla. Uhlelo luyingxenye yesihlanu, inani lama-frets ngu-30. Ububanzi buyi-octave emithathu egcwele ukusuka ku-"sol" encane ukuya ku-"la" yesine, yengezwe ngama-semitone ayishumi. Izintambo ezi-4 zihlanganisa i-bass domra, i-alto ne-piccolo. I-contrabas esetshenziswa kancane ne-tenor.

Umsindo ocebile we-velvety, i-timbre ewugqinsi, esindayo ine-bass. Kurejista engezansi, insimbi igcwalisa umugqa webhesi ku-orchestra. Ama-domra anezintambo ezi-3 ashunwa ngezikhathi zekota, ukushuna kwe-prima kuqala ngeyunithi yezinhlamvu yesibili evulekile.

Dlala indlela

Umculi uhlala phansi esihlalweni esiwuhhafu, atshekise umzimba kancane phambili, ebambe idivayisi. Ubeka unyawo lwakhe lwesokudla ngakwesobunxele, umgoqo ubanjwe ngesandla sobunxele, ugobe nge-engeli engakwesokudla. Abaqalayo bafundiswa ukudlala ngomunwe, hhayi ngokukhetha. Inqubo ibizwa ngokuthi i-pizzicato. Ngemuva kokuzivocavoca okungu-3-4, ungaqala ukudlala njengomlamuleli. Ethinta intambo futhi ecindezela izintambo endaweni oyifunayo ngeminwe yesandla sobunxele, umculi ukhiqiza umsindo. Ukunyakaza okukodwa noma okuguquguqukayo, ukuthuthumela kuyasetshenziswa.

Abadlali Abadumile

Njengevayolini eqenjini lomculo we-symphony, i-domra emculweni wesintu iyi-prima yangempela. Ivame ukusetshenziswa njengensimbi yomculo eyedwa. Emlandweni womculo, abaqambi abahlonishwayo baye bawushaya indiva ngokungafanele. Kodwa abaculi banamuhla babhala ngempumelelo imisebenzi yobuciko kaTchaikovsky, Bach, Paganini, Rachmaninoff futhi bangeze ku-chordophone repertoire.

Phakathi kwama-domrists adumile, uProfesa we-Russian Academy of Sciences. Gnesinykh AA Tsygankov. Ungumnikazi wokudalwa kwezikolo zangempela. Umnikelo obalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwethuluzi lenziwa ngu-RF Belov umbhali wamaqoqo we-repertoire nabafundi be-domra.

Kwakungekho njalo izikhathi ezikhazimulayo emlandweni wensimbi yesizwe yaseRussia. Kodwa namuhla inqwaba yabantu ifunda ukuyidlala, amahholo ekhonsathi agcwele abalandeli bomsindo ocebile we-timbre.