I-Viola: incazelo yensimbi, ukwakheka, umlando, umsindo, izinhlobo, ukusetshenziswa

Umanduleli we-violin ne-cello, ummeleli odume kakhulu wesiko lomculo we-Renaissance kanye ne-Baroque, insimbi yomculo ekhotheme enezintambo, igama layo elihunyushwa lisuka esiNtaliyane ngokuthi "imbali ye-violet" yi-viola. Ivele ekupheleni kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX, kusenguye obambe iqhaza elikhulu emakhonsathini e-baroque chamber namuhla.

Isakhiwo se-viola

Njengabo bonke abameleli beqembu le-violin, insimbi inomzimba onobumo obushelelayo, "ukhalo" oluphinyiselwe, nama-engeli a-obtuse. Ibhokisi lezikhonkwane elinentamo ebanzi linomumo womnenke. Izikhonkwane ziphambana. Izimbobo ze-resonator ngendlela yohlamvu "C" zitholakala ezinhlangothini zombili zezintambo. Isitendi singaba sicaba noma sime mpo. I-Viola inezintambo ezingu-5-7.

Badlala i-chordophone ngenkathi behlezi, bephumule udonga olulodwa oluseceleni emlenzeni noma bebeka insimbi iqonde phezulu ngokugcizelela phansi. Ubukhulu bomzimba bungahluka kuye ngohlobo. I-viola enkulu ye-tenor. Ku-ensemble, udlala indima ye-bass. I-Violetta - i-viola inosayizi omncane.

ukuzwakala

Naphezu kokuthi ngaphandle insimbi ifana nomndeni we-violin, umsindo wayo uhluke kakhulu. Ngokungafani ne-violin, ine-timbre ethambile, e-matte, e-velvety, iphethini eguquguqukayo ebushelelezi, nomsindo ongagcwali kakhulu. Yingakho i-viola yathandana nezingcweti zomculo we-salon, izicukuthwane ezazijabulisa izindlebe zazo ngomculo omnandi.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, i-violin yayibhekwa isikhathi eside "njengembangi yasemgwaqweni", umsindo wayo, uphenduka umsindo ozwakalayo, awukwazanga ukuncintisana namathoni alinganisiwe, ama-velvety we-viola. Omunye umehluko obalulekile ikhono lokushintshashintsha, ukwenza ama-nuances angcono kakhulu womsindo, ukusebenzisa amasu ahlukahlukene.

Umlando

Umndeni wama-viols uqala ukwakha ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX. Ngaleso sikhathi, izinsimbi zomculo ezinezintambo ezikhotheme, ezazibolekwe emazweni ama-Arabhu, zase zisetshenziswa kabanzi eYurophu, sezingene eSpain nabanqobi. Ngakho umhlengi wabekwa ehlombe, elele esilevini, nehabhu labekwa emadolweni. U-Viola wayebekwe phansi phakathi kwamadolo akhe. Le ndlela yayingenxa yobukhulu be-chordophone. Umdlalo wawubizwa nge-da gamba.

EYurophu yekhulu le-XV-XVII, inkathi ye-viola emasikweni omculo yenzeka. Kuzwakala kuma-ensembles, kuma-orchestra. Ukhethwa ngabameleli bezwe lezicukuthwane. Umculo ufundiswa izingane emindenini yezicukuthwane. UWilliam Shakespeare wakudala odumile uvame ukukhuluma ngaye emisebenzini yakhe, umdwebi odumile oyiNgisi uThomas Gainsborough uthola ugqozi kuye futhi uvame ukuthatha umhlalaphansi ukuze ajabulele umculo omnandi.

U-Viola uhamba phambili ngamaphuzu asebenzayo. UBach, uPuccini, uCharpentier, uMassenet bambhalele. Kodwa ivayolini iqhudelana ngokuzethemba nodade omdala. Ekupheleni kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX, yasikhipha ngokuphelele esiteji sekhonsathi yochwepheshe, yashiya isikhala sabathandi bomculo wokuqala womculo wegumbi. Umculi wokugcina ozinikele kule nsimbi kwakunguCarl Friedrich Abel.

Isikole esisebenza kahle sizovuselelwa kuphela ekuqaleni kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX. Umqalisi kuzoba ngu-August Wenzinger. UViola uzobuyela esigabeni sobungcweti futhi athathe indawo yakhe emakilasini e-conservatories eYurophu, eMelika, eRussia, ngenxa kaChristian Debereiner noPaul Grummer.

Izinhlobo ze-Viola

Emlandweni wesiko lomculo, ummeleli we-tenor owande kakhulu womndeni. Wayevame ukuhileleka kuma-ensembles nama-orchestra, enza umsebenzi webhesi. Kwakukhona nezinye izinhlobo:

• i-alto;
• ibhesi;
• treble.

Izinsimbi ziyahlukahluka ngosayizi, inani lezintambo, nokushuna.

Ukusebenzisa

Okuvame ukusetshenziswa kakhulu ekusebenzeni kwegumbi. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu leminyaka elidlule, i-viola yathola intuthuko entsha. Insimbi yomculo yasendulo yaphinde yakhala futhi kusukela esiteji, ukufunda ukuyidlala kwaduma kuma-conservatories. Imisindo emakhonsathini ekamelo emahholo amancane, abathandi beRenaissance kanye nemisebenzi ye-Baroque beza ukuzolalela umculo. Ungase futhi uzwe i-chordophone emasontweni, lapho i-viola ihambisana namaculo phakathi nenkonzo.

Amamnyuziyamu amaningi emhlabeni jikelele aqoqa yonke imibukiso lapho okwethulwa khona ama-specimens amadala. Kukhona ihholo elinjalo eSigodlweni saseSheremetiev eSt. Petersburg, eGlinka Museum eMoscow. Iqoqo elibaluleke kakhulu liseNew York.

Phakathi kwabantu besikhathi sakhe, umculi ongcono kakhulu yi-Italian virtuoso Paolo Pandolfo. Ngo-1980 wabhala i-sonatas ka-Philipp Emmanuel Bach, futhi ngo-2000 wethula umhlaba kuma-cello sonatas ka-Johann Sebastian Bach. I-Pandolfo iqamba umculo we-viola, inikeze amakhonsathi emahholo adume kakhulu emhlabeni, iqoqa amahholo agcwele ochwepheshe bomculo we-baroque. Okuthandwa kakhulu phakathi kwabalaleli ingoma ethi "Violatango", okuyinto umculi avame ukuyicula njenge-encore.

ESoviet Union, uVadim Borisovsky unaka kakhulu ukuvuselelwa komculo oyiqiniso. Ngokuyinhloko ngenxa yakhe, i-viola endala yazwakala emahholo ekhonsathi e-conservatories yaseMoscow.