Farinelli |

UFarinelli

Umculi womculo ovelele kakhulu, futhi mhlawumbe umculi odume kunabo bonke owake waba khona, nguFarinelli.

“Umhlaba,” ngokukaSir John Hawkins, “awukaze ubabone abaculi ababili abafana noSenesino noFarinelli esiteji ngesikhathi esisodwa; owokuqala wayengumdlali oqotho futhi omangalisayo, futhi, ngokusho kwabahluleli abayinkimbinkimbi, i-timbre yezwi lakhe yayingcono kunekaFarinelli, kodwa ukufaneleka kwesibili kwakungenakuphikwa kangangokuthi bambalwa ababengeke bambize ngokuthi ungumculi omkhulu kunabo bonke emhlabeni.

Imbongi uRolli, ngendlela, umthandi omkhulu kaSenesino, wabhala: “Izimfanelo zikaFarinelli azingivumeli ukuba ngiyeke ukuvuma ukuthi wangishaya. Kwakubonakala kimi ukuthi kuze kube manje ngangizwe ingxenye encane yezwi lomuntu, kodwa manje ngalizwa lonke. Ngaphezu kwalokho, unendlela enobungane neyokwamukela abantu abaningi, futhi ngakujabulela ngempela ukukhuluma naye.

Kodwa umbono ka-SM Grishchenko: “Enye yezingcweti ezivelele ze-bel canto, uFarinelli wayenamandla omsindo amangalisayo nobubanzi (ama-octave angu-3), izwi eliguquguqukayo, elinyakazayo le-timbre ethambile ekhangayo, ekhanyayo kanye nokuphefumula okude ngokungenakulinganiswa. Ukusebenza kwakhe kwakuphawuleka ngekhono layo elimangalisayo, isisho esicacile, umculo ocolisisiwe, ubuhle obumangalisayo bobuciko, imangazwe ukungena kwayo ngokomzwelo kanye nokuveza okucacile. Wayekwazi kahle ubuciko be-coloratura improvisation.

… UFarinelli ungumdlali osezingeni eliphezulu wezingxenye eziculayo nezobuqhawe ochungechungeni lwe-opera yase-Italy (ekuqaleni komsebenzi wakhe wokucula wacula izingxenye zabesifazane, kamuva ezabesilisa): u-Nino, u-Poro, u-Achilles, uSifare, u-Eukerio (i-Semiramide, i-Poro, i-Iphigenia ku- Aulis ”, “Mithridates”, “Onorio” Porpora), Oreste (“Astianact” Vinci), Araspe (“Abandoned Dido” Albinoni), Hernando (“Faithful Luchinda” Porta), Nycomed (“Nycomede” Torri), Rinaldo (“ Ulahliwe u-Armida” Pollaroli), u-Epitide (“uMeropa” Uyaphonsa), u-Arbache, uSiroy (“u-Artaxerxes”, “uSyroy” Hasse), uFarnaspe (“u-Adrian eSiriya” Giacomelli), uFarnaspe (“u-Adrian eSiriya” Veracini).

UFarinelli (igama langempela uCarlo Broschi) wazalwa ngoJanuwari 24, 1705 e-Andria, e-Apulia. Ngokuphambene neningi labaculi abasebasha abalahlwe ukuthenwa ngenxa yokuntula imindeni yabo, ababone lokhu njengomthombo wemali, uCarlo Broschi uphuma emndenini ohloniphekile. Uyise, uSalvatore Broschi, wake waba umbusi wamadolobha aseMaratea naseCisternino, futhi kamuva waba umphathi weqembu lase-Andria.

Umculi ophambili ngokwakhe, wafundisa ubuciko emadodaneni akhe amabili. Omdala, uRicardo, kamuva waba umbhali wama-opera ayishumi nane. Omncane kunabo bonke, uCarlo, ekuqaleni wabonisa amakhono amangalisayo okucula. Lapho eneminyaka eyisikhombisa, umfana wathenwa ukuze agcine izwi lakhe lihlanzekile. Igama lokuqamba elithi Farinelli livela emagameni abazalwane bakaFarin, ababamba umculi ebusheni bakhe. UCarlo wafunda ukucula kuqala noyise, wabe esefunda e-Neapolitan Conservatory "Sant'Onofrio" noNicola Porpora, uthisha odumile womculo nokucula ngaleso sikhathi, owaqeqesha abahlabeleli abanjengoCaffarelli, Porporino noMontagnatza.

Lapho eneminyaka eyishumi nanhlanu, uFarinelli waqala ukubonakala esidlangalaleni eNaples emdlalweni we-opera kaPorpora u-Angelica noMedora. Lo mculi osemusha waziwa kabanzi ngokudlala kwakhe e-Aliberti Theatre eRoma ngesizini ka-1721/22 kuma-operas u-Eumene noFlavio Anichio Olibrio kaPorpora.

Lapha ucule ingxenye enkulu yabesifazane ku-opera kaPredieri ethi Sofonisba. Njalo kusihlwa, u-Farinelli wayeqhudelana nomshayi-cilongo ku-orchestra, emphelezela ecula ngethoni ye-bravura kakhulu. C. Berni ulandisa ngezenzo zikaFarinelli osemusha: “Lapho eneminyaka eyishumi nesikhombisa ubudala, wasuka eNaples waya eRoma, lapho, phakathi nokudlalwa kwengoma eyodwa, ayeqhudelana njalo kusihlwa nomshayi-cilongo odumile e-aria, ayehambisana naye. kuleli thuluzi; ekuqaleni kwakubonakala kuwumncintiswano olula nonobungane kuphela, kuze kube yilapho izibukeli ziba nesithakazelo engxabanweni futhi zahlukaniswa zaba amaqembu amabili; ngemva kokudlala okuphindaphindiwe, lapho bobabili bakha umsindo ofanayo ngawo wonke amandla abo, bebonisa amandla amaphaphu abo futhi bezama ukudlula omunye nomunye ngokukhalipha nangamandla, bake bawugaya umsindo nge-trill baye kweyesithathu isikhathi eside kangangokuthi izethameli zaqala ukulangazelela ukuphuma, futhi bobabili babonakala bekhathele ngokuphelele; futhi ngempela, umshayi wecilongo, ekhathele ngokuphelele, wayeka, ecabanga ukuthi isitha sakhe sasikhathele ngokufanayo nokuthi umdlalo waphela ngokulingana; khona-ke u-Farinelli, emamatheka njengophawu lokuthi kuze kube manje wayekade ehlekisa naye kuphela, waqala, ngokuphefumula okufanayo, ngamandla avuselelwe, hhayi nje ukugaya umsindo kuma-trill, kodwa futhi ukwenza imihlobiso enzima kakhulu futhi esheshayo kuze kube yilapho. kugcine kuphoqeleke ukuthi kume ihlombe izethameli. Lolu suku lungasho ukuqala kokuphakama kwakhe okungaguquki ngaphezu kwabo bonke abantu besikhathi sakhe.

Ngo-1722, uFarinelli wadlala okokuqala ku-opera ye-Metastasio u-Angelica, futhi kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kwakukhona ubungane bakhe obuhle nombongi osemusha, owambiza ngokuthi "caro gemello" ("umfowethu othandekayo"). Ubudlelwano obunjalo phakathi kwembongi kanye "nomculo" buyisici salesi sikhathi ekuthuthukisweni kwe-opera yase-Italy.

Ngo-1724, uFarinelli wenza ingxenye yakhe yokuqala wesilisa, futhi waphinde waphumelela kulo lonke elase-Italy, ngaleso sikhathi elalimazi ngaphansi kwegama elithi Il Ragazzo (Umfana). E-Bologna, ucula nomculo odumile uBernacchi, omdala kunaye ngeminyaka engamashumi amabili. Ngo-1727, uCarlo ucela uBernacchi ukuthi amnike izifundo zokucula.

Ngo-1729, bacula ndawonye eVenice ne-castrato Cherestini ku-opera ka-L. Vinci. Ngonyaka olandelayo, umculi wenza ngokunqobayo eVenice ku-opera yomfowabo uRicardo Idaspe. Ngemuva komdlalo we-virtuoso arias ezimbili, izethameli ziyayaluza! Ngobuhlakani obufanayo, uphinda ukunqoba kwakhe eVienna, esigodlweni soMbusi uCharles VI, ekhulisa “izwi lakhe lokucula” ukuze akhazimulise uBukhosi Bakhe.

Umbusi onobungane kakhulu weluleka umculi ukuba angathatheki ngamaqhinga e-virtuoso: “Lezi zigigaba ezinkulu, lezi ziqephu neziqephu ezingapheli, ces notes qui ne finisent jamais, ziyamangalisa nje, kodwa isikhathi sesifikile sokuba uhehe; udlulele kakhulu ngezipho imvelo enakuthela ngazo; uma ufuna ukufinyelela inhliziyo, kufanele uthathe indlela elula nelula.” La mazwi ambalwa acishe ayishintsha ngokuphelele indlela ayecula ngayo. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kuqhubeke, wahlanganisa abadabukisayo nabaphilayo, abalula nabaphakeme, ngaleyo ndlela ejabulisa futhi emangalisa izilaleli ngokulingana.

Ngo-1734 umculi wafika eNgilandi. UNicola Porpora, phakathi nokuzabalaza kwakhe no-Handel, ucele uFarinelli ukuthi enze umdlalo wakhe wokuqala eRoyal Theatre eLondon. UCarlo ukhetha i-opera ethi Artaxerxes ka-A. Hasse. Uhlanganisa futhi kulo ama-arias amabili omfowabo aphumelele.

"E-aria edumile ethi "Son qual nave," eyaqanjwa umfowabo, waqala inothi lokuqala ngesisa futhi kancane kancane wandisa umsindo waba namandla amangalisayo, wabe esewenza buthaka ngendlela efanayo ngasekupheleni ukuthi bamshayela ihlombe. imizuzu emihlanu yonke,” kuphawula uCh. Bernie. - Ngemva kwalokho, wabonisa ukukhalipha nokushesha kwamavesi kangangokuthi abadlali beviyolin bangaleso sikhathi babengakwazi ukuhambisana naye. Ngamafuphi, wayephakeme kunabo bonke abanye abaculi njengoba ihhashi elidumile elithi Childers laliphakeme kunawo wonke amanye amahhashi omjaho, kodwa uFarinelli wayehlukaniswa hhayi kuphela ngokuhamba, manje wayesehlanganisa izinzuzo zabo bonke abaculi abakhulu. Kwakukhona amandla, ubumnandi, nokuhlukahluka ezwini lakhe, kanye nobumnene, umusa, kanye nesivinini ngendlela yakhe. Impela wayenezimfanelo ezazingaziwa ngaphambi kwakhe futhi ezingatholwanga ngemva kwakhe kunoma yimuphi umuntu; izimfanelo ezingenakuvinjelwa futhi zehlise wonke umuntu olalele - usosayensi nongazi, umngane nesitha.

Ngemva komdlalo, izilaleli zamemeza: “UFarinelli unguNkulunkulu!” Inkulumo indiza kulo lonke elaseLondon. “Edolobheni,” kubhala uD. Hawkins, “amazwi abangazange bamuzwe uFarinelli ecula futhi abangazange bawubone umdlalo we-Foster awakufanelekeli ukuvela emphakathini ohloniphekile aye aba yisaga esingokoqobo.

Izixuku zababukeli zibuthana endaweni yeshashalazi, lapho umculi oneminyaka engamashumi amabili nanhlanu ethola iholo elilingana nomholo wawo wonke amalungu eqembu ehlangene. Umculi wathola ama-guineas ayizinkulungwane ezimbili ngonyaka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uFarinelli uthole izizumbulu zemali ekusebenzeni kwakhe kwenzuzo. Ngokwesibonelo, wathola ama-guineas angamakhulu amabili eNkosana YaseWales, nama-guineas angu-100 kunxusa laseSpain. Sekukonke, umNtaliyane waceba ngenani lamaphawundi ayizinkulungwane ezinhlanu ngonyaka.

Ngo-May 1737, uFarinelli waya eSpain ngenhloso eqinile yokubuyela eNgilandi, lapho angena khona isivumelwano nezicukuthwane, owabe esegijima i-opera, ukuze adlale isizini elandelayo. Endleleni, wahlabelela iNkosi yaseFrance eParis, lapho, ngokusho kukaRiccoboni, wajabulisa ngisho namaFulentshi, ngaleso sikhathi ayezonda umculo wase-Italy ngaleso sikhathi.

Ngosuku lokufika kwakhe, "umculo" wenza phambi kweNkosi neNdlovukazi yaseSpain futhi akazange acule esidlangalaleni iminyaka eminingi. Wanikezwa impesheni unomphela cishe u-£3000 ngonyaka.

Iqiniso liwukuthi indlovukazi yaseSpain imema uFarinelli eSpain ngethemba eliyimfihlo lokuletha umyeni wakhe uPhilip V esimweni sokucindezeleka esihambisana nokusangana. Wayehlale ekhononda ngekhanda elibuhlungu, wazivalela kwelinye lamakamelo eLa Granja Palace, akazange ageze futhi akazange ashintshe ilineni, ecabanga ukuthi ufile.

“UPhilip washaqeka ngesenzo sokuqala ngqa senziwe uFarinelli,” kubika iNxusa laseBrithani uSir William Coca embikweni walo. - Ekupheleni kwesibili, wathumela umculi, wamdumisa, ethembisa ukumnika konke akufunayo. UFarinelli wamcela ukuthi avuke, ageze, ashintshe izingubo futhi abambe umhlangano wekhabhinethi. Inkosi yalalela futhi isilulama kusukela lapho.”

Ngemva kwalokho, uFiliphu njalo kusihlwa ubiza Farinelli endaweni yakhe. Kwaphela iminyaka eyishumi lo mculi engaculi phambi komphakathi, njengoba nsuku zonke eculela inkosi izingoma ezine azikhonzile, ezimbili zazo zaqanjwa uHasse – “Pallido il sole” kanye nethi “Per questo dolce ammplesso”.

Esikhathini esingaphansi kwamasonto amathathu efikile eMadrid, uFarinelli uqokwa njengomculi wasenkantolo wenkosi. Inkosi yacacisa ukuthi umculi uthobela yena nendlovukazi kuphela. Kusukela lapho, u-Farinelli ujabulele amandla amakhulu enkantolo yaseSpain, kodwa akalokothi awasebenzise kabi. Ufuna kuphela ukunciphisa ukugula kwenkosi, ukuvikela abaculi benkundla yemidlalo yaseshashalazini futhi enze izethameli zakhe zithande i-opera yase-Italy. Kodwa akakwazi ukwelapha uPhilip V, owafa ngo-1746. Indodana yakhe uFerdinand VI, owazalwa emshadweni wakhe wokuqala, ithatha isihlalo sobukhosi. Uvalela umama wakhe ongamzali esigodlweni saseLa Granja. Ucela uFarinelli ukuthi angamshiyi, kodwa inkosi entsha ifuna ukuthi umculi ahlale enkantolo. UFerdinand VI uqoka uFarinelli umqondisi wemidlalo yaseshashalazini yasebukhosini. Ngo-1750, inkosi yamnikeza i-Order of Calatrava.

Imisebenzi yosomahlaya manje ayisakhanyi futhi iyakhathaza, njengoba enxenxe inkosi ukuthi iqale i-opera. Okwakamuva kwaba ushintsho olukhulu nolujabulisayo kuFarinelli. Eqokwe njengoyedwa umqondisi wale midlalo, wayala e-Italy abaqambi nabahlabeleli abahamba phambili bangaleso sikhathi, kanye ne-Metastasio ye-libretto.

Enye inkosi yaseSpain, uCharles III, ngemva kokuthatha isihlalo sobukhosi, yathumela uFarinelli e-Italy, ebonisa indlela amahloni nonya okwakuxubene ngayo nokuhlonishwa kwama-castrati. Inkosi yathi: “Ngidinga izigqoko kuphela etafuleni.” Nokho lo mculi uqhubekile nokuhola impesheni enhle wavunyelwa ukuthi akhiphe yonke impahla yakhe.

Ngo-1761, uFarinelli wazinza endlini yakhe kanokusho eduze kwaseBologna. Uhola impilo yomuntu ocebile, enelisa ukuthambekela kwakhe kwezobuciko nesayensi. I-villa yomculi izungezwe iqoqo elihle lamabhokisi esinemfu, ubucwebe, imidwebo, izinsimbi zomculo. UFarinelli wadlala i-harpsichord ne-viola isikhathi eside, kodwa akazange acule kakhulu, bese kuphela ngesicelo sezivakashi eziphezulu.

Ngaphezu kwakho konke, wayethanda ukwamukela abaculi akanye nabo ngesizotha nokucolisiswa komuntu womhlaba. IYurophu yonke yeza ukuzohlonipha lowo eyayimbheka njengomculi omkhulu kunabo bonke owake waba khona: uGluck, uHaydn, uMozart, uMbusi wase-Austria, inkosazana yaseSaxon, uDuke waseParma, eCasanova.

Ngo-August 1770 C. Burney ubhala encwadini yakhe yezenzakalo:

“Wonke umthandi womculo, ikakhulukazi labo ababe nenhlanhla yokuzwa u-Signor Farinelli, bazokujabulela ukwazi ukuthi usaphila futhi unempilo enhle nomoya omuhle. Ngithole ukuthi ubukeka emncane kunalokho ebengikulindele. Mude futhi mncane, kodwa akabuthaka.

… USignor Farinelli akaculi isikhathi eside, kodwa usajabule ngokudlala i-harpsichord ne-viola lamour; unama-harpsichords amaningi enziwe emazweni ahlukene futhi aqanjwe nguye, kuye ngokwazisa kwakhe lokhu noma leyo nsimbi, ngamagama abaculi abakhulu base-Italy. Ayeyithanda kakhulu ipiyanoforte eyenziwe eFlorence ngo-1730, okubhalwe kuyo ngezinhlamvu zegolide “Raphael d'Urbino”; bese kufika uCorreggio, uTitian, uGuido, njalonjalo. Wadlala i-Raphael yakhe isikhathi eside, ngekhono elikhulu nobuqili, futhi ngokwakhe waqamba izingcezu eziningana ezinhle zaleli thuluzi. Indawo yesibili ithathwa yihabhu ayinikwa yiNdlovukazi yaseSpain engasekho, eyafunda noScarlatti ePortugal naseSpain… Intandokazi yesithathu kaSignor Farinelli yenziwa eSpain ngaphansi kokuqondisa kwakhe; inekhibhodi enyakazayo, njengaleyo ye-Count Taxis e-Venice, lapho umenzi ekwazi ukudlulisa ucezu phezulu noma phansi. Kulawa ma-harpsichords aseSpain, okhiye abakhulu bamnyama, kuyilapho okhiye abayisicaba nabacijile bembozwe ngomama weparele; zenziwe ngokwamamodeli ase-Italiya, zenziwe ngemisedari ngokuphelele, ngaphandle kwebhodi lomsindo, futhi zifakwe ebhokisini lesibili.

UFarinelli washona ngoJulayi 15, 1782 eBologna.