Fedor Ivanovich Chaliapin (Feodor Chaliapin) |
Feodor Chaliapin
U-Fedor Ivanovich Chaliapin wazalwa ngo-February 13, 1873 e-Kazan, emndenini ompofu ka-Ivan Yakovlevich Chaliapin, umlimi wasesigodini saseSyrtsovo, esifundazweni saseVyatka. Umama, u-Evdokia (Avdotya) Mikhailovna (nee Prozorova), odabuka edolobhaneni laseDudinskaya esifundazweni esifanayo. Kakade ebuntwaneni, uFedor wayenezwi elihle (elihamba phambili) futhi wayevame ukucula nonina, "elungisa izwi lakhe." Kusukela eneminyaka eyisishiyagalolunye wacula emakhwaya esonto, wazama ukufunda ukudlala i-violin, wafunda kakhulu, kodwa waphoqeleka ukuba asebenze njengomfundi ofundisa izicathulo, umjikijeli, umbazi, umbhidi wezincwadi, umkopishi. Lapho eneminyaka eyishumi nambili, wabamba iqhaza emidlalweni yeqembu elivakashela eKazan njengento eyengeziwe. Isifiso esingenakuphikiswa semidlalo yaseshashalazini samholela emaqenjini ahlukahlukene okulingisa, lapho azulazula khona emadolobheni esifunda saseVolga, eCaucasus, e-Asia Ephakathi, esebenza njengomthwalo noma ihuka emgodini, evame ukulamba futhi echitha ubusuku bonke. amabhentshi.
Ngo-Ufa 18 December 1890, wacula ingxenye eyedwa okokuqala. Kusukela ku-memoirs ka-Chaliapin ngokwakhe:
“… Ngokusobala, ngisho ngisendimeni enesizotha yomculi womculo, ngakwazi ukukhombisa umculo wami wemvelo kanye nezindlela zezwi elimnandi. Lapho ngolunye usuku omunye we-baritones weqembu ngokuzumayo, ngobusuku bokudlala, ngenxa yesizathu esithile wenqaba indima kaStolnik ku-opera kaMoniuszko "Galka", futhi kwakungekho muntu eqenjini ozomthatha esikhundleni, usomabhizinisi uSemyonov- USamarsky wangibuza ukuthi ngingavuma yini ukucula le ngxenye. Nakuba nganginamahloni okwedlulele, ngavuma. Kwakulinga kakhulu: indima yokuqala ebalulekile empilweni yami. Ngayifunda ngokushesha ingxenye futhi ngayidlala.
Naphezu kwesigameko esidabukisayo kulo mdlalo (ngahlala phansi esiteji ngadlula isihlalo), uSemyonov-Samarsky washukunyiswa kokubili ukucula kwami kanye nesifiso sami esiqotho sokuveza into efana nesikhulu sasePoland. Wengeza ama-ruble amahlanu emholweni wami futhi waqala ukungiphathisa ezinye izindima. Ngisacabanga ngokukholelwa ezeni: isibonakaliso esihle somuntu oqalayo emdlalweni wokuqala esiteji phambi kwezilaleli ukuhlala eduze kwesihlalo. Kuwo wonke umsebenzi wami owalandela, nokho, ngasibhekisisa isihlalo futhi ngangesabi ukuhlala nje kuphela, kodwa futhi nokuhlala esihlalweni somunye ...
Kule sizini yami yokuqala, ngiphinde ngacula uFernando ku-Il trovatore noNeizvestny e-Askold's Grave. Impumelelo yagcina isiqinise isinqumo sami sokuzinikela enkundleni yeshashalazi.
Khona-ke umculi osemusha wathuthela eTiflis, lapho athatha khona izifundo zokucula mahhala kumculi odumile u-D. Usatov, owenziwe kumakhonsathi e-amateur nabafundi. Ngo-1894 wahlabelela emisebenzini eyenzeka engadini yaseSt. Petersburg suburban "Arcadia", wabe esePanaevsky Theatre. Ngo-Ephreli 1895, XNUMX, waqala ukubonakala njengoMephistopheles eGounod's Faust eMariinsky Theatre.
Ngo-1896, u-Chaliapin wamenywa ngu-S. Mamontov ku-Opera Yangasese YaseMoscow, lapho athatha khona isikhundla esiphambili futhi wembula ngokugcwele ithalenta lakhe, edala phakathi neminyaka eminingi yomsebenzi kule midlalo yaseshashalazini igalari yonke yezithombe ezingenakulibaleka kuma-opera aseRussia: Ivan the Terrible. ku-N. Rimsky ethi The Maid of Pskov -Korsakov (1896); Dositheus encwadini kaM. Mussorgsky ethi “Khovanshchina” (1897); U-Boris Godunov ku-opera yegama elifanayo ngu-M. Mussorgsky (1898) nabanye.
Ukuxhumana eMammoth Theatre nabaculi abahamba phambili baseRussia (V. Polenov, V. no-A. Vasnetsov, I. Levitan, V. Serov, M. Vrubel, K. Korovin nabanye) banikeze umculi izikhuthazo ezinamandla zokudala: zabo indawo nezimpahla zokugqoka kusize ekudaleni ubukhona besiteji obuhehayo. Umculi walungisa izingxenye eziningi ze-opera yaseshashalazini nomqhubi we-novice kanye nomqambi uSergei Rachmaninoff. Ubungane bokudala buhlanganise abaculi ababili abakhulu kuze kube sekupheleni kwezimpilo zabo. U-Rachmaninov wanikezela uthando oluningi kumculi, kuhlanganise nethi "Fate" (amavesi ka-A. Apukhtin), "Umazi" (amavesi kaF. Tyutchev).
Ubuciko besizwe obujulile bomculi bajabulisa abantu besikhathi sakhe. "Ngobuciko baseRussia, i-Chaliapin iyinkathi, njengoPushkin," kubhala uM. Gorky. Ngokusekelwe emasikweni angcono kakhulu wesikole samagama kazwelonke, uChaliapin wavula inkathi entsha enkundleni yemidlalo yeshashalazi yomculo. Wakwazi ukuhlanganisa ngokumangalisayo izimiso ezimbili ezibaluleke kakhulu zobuciko be-opera - okumangalisayo nomculo - ukubeka phansi isipho sakhe esibuhlungu, ipulasitiki yesiteji esiyingqayizivele kanye nomculo ojulile emcabangweni owodwa wobuciko.
Kusukela ngo-September 24, 1899, Chaliapin, ohamba phambili soloist of the Bolshoi kanye ngesikhathi esifanayo Mariinsky Theatre, wavakashela phesheya ngempumelelo yokunqoba. Ngo-1901, kuLa Scala kaMilan, wacula ngempumelelo enkulu ingxenye kaMephistopheles ku-opera yegama elifanayo ka-A. Boito no-E. Caruso, eshayelwa ngu-A. Toscanini. Udumo lomhlaba wonke lomculi waseRussia luqinisekiswe izinkambo eRoma (1904), Monte Carlo (1905), Orange (France, 1905), Berlin (1907), New York (1908), Paris (1908), London (1913/ 14). Ubuhle obungcwele bezwi lika-Chaliapin bakhanga abalaleli bawo wonke amazwe. Ama-bass akhe aphezulu, alethwe ngokwemvelo, ane-velvety, i-timbre ethambile, ezwakala enegazi eligcwele, enamandla futhi ene-palette ecebile yamaphimbo. Umphumela wokuguqulwa kobuciko wamangaza abalaleli - akukhona nje ukubukeka kwangaphandle, kodwa futhi nokuqukethwe okujulile kwangaphakathi, okwadluliselwa ngenkulumo yezwi yomculi. Ekudaleni izithombe ezivulekile nezicacile, umculi usizwa ukuguquguquka okungavamile: kokubili ungumqophi kanye nomculi, ubhala izinkondlo kanye nephrozi. Ithalenta elinjalo eliguquguqukayo lomculi omkhulu lisikhumbuza amakhosi e-Renaissance - akuyona into engaqondakali ukuthi abantu besikhathi baqhathanisa namaqhawe akhe e-opera nama-titans kaMichelangelo. Ubuciko be-Chaliapin beqa imingcele kazwelonke futhi baba nomthelela ekuthuthukisweni kwendlu ye-opera yomhlaba. Abaqhubi, abaculi nabaculi abaningi baseNtshonalanga bangaphinda amazwi omqhubi nomqambi wase-Italy u-D. Gavazeni: “Indlela entsha ka-Chaliapin emkhakheni weqiniso elimangalisayo lobuciko be-opera yaba nomthelela onamandla enkundleni yemidlalo yase-Italy … Ubuciko obumangalisayo be-Russian enkulu. Umculi ushiye uphawu olujulile noluhlala njalo hhayi kuphela emkhakheni wokudlala ama-opera aseRussia abaculi base-Italy, kodwa ngokuvamile, kuso sonke isitayela sokuhunyushwa kwezwi nesiteji, kuhlanganise nemisebenzi kaVerdi ... "
"U-Chaliapin wakhangwa abalingiswa babantu abanamandla, abamukelwa umqondo nothando, bebona idrama ejulile engokomoya, kanye nezithombe ezicacile zamahlaya," kuphawula u-DN Lebedev. - Ngeqiniso elimangalisayo namandla, u-Chaliapin wembula usizi lukababa oneshwa okhungathekiswe usizi ku-"Mermaid" noma ukungezwani okubuhlungu kwengqondo nokuzisola u-Boris Godunov abhekana nakho.
Ngokuzwelana nokuhlupheka kwabantu, i-humanism ephakeme ibonakala - impahla engenakuqhathaniswa yobuciko baseRussia obuqhubekayo, obusekelwe ebuzwe, ekuhlanzeni nasekujuleni kwemizwa. Kulobu zwe, obugcwele yonke into kanye nomsebenzi we-Chaliapin, amandla ethalente lakhe agxilile, imfihlo yokukholisa kwakhe, ukuqonda wonke umuntu, ngisho nakumuntu ongenalwazi.
I-Chaliapin iphikisana ngokukhethekile nomuzwa wokwenziwa: “Wonke umculo uhlala uveza imizwa ngandlela thize, futhi lapho kunemizwa, ukudluliswa kwemishini kushiya umbono we-monotony embi. I-aria ebabazekayo izwakala ibanda futhi ihlelekile uma iphimbo lebinzana lingathuthukiswanga kulo, uma umsindo ungafakwanga imibala edingekayo yemizwa. Umculo waseNtshonalanga nawo uyakudinga lokhu kuchazwa… engakubona njengesibopho ekudlulisweni komculo waseRussia, nakuba unokudlidliza okuncane okungokwengqondo kunomculo waseRussia.”
I-Chaliapin ibonakala ngomsebenzi wekhonsathi okhanyayo, ocebile. Abalaleli bebejabule njalo ngokudlala kwakhe kwezothando iThe Miller, The Old Corporal, Titular Counsellor kaDargomyzhsky, The Seminarist, Mussorgsky's Trepak, Glinka's Doubt, Rimsky-Korsakov's The Prophet, Tchaikovsky's Double The Nightingale, The Nightingale, The Nightingale, The Nightingale , “Ephusheni ngakhala kamunyu” kaSchumann.
Nakhu okwabhalwa isazi somculo saseRussia esiphawulekayo u-B. Asafiev mayelana nalolu hlangothi lomsebenzi wokudala womculi:
"U-Chaliapin ucule umculo we-chamber ngempela, ngezinye izikhathi egxile kakhulu, ejule kangangokuthi kwakubonakala sengathi akukho lutho ayefana ngalo nemidlalo yaseshashalazini futhi akazange agxile ekugcizeleleni izesekeli kanye nokubukeka kwenkulumo edingwa yisiteji. Ukuzola okuphelele nokuzithiba kwamphatha. Isibonelo, ngikhumbula ingoma kaSchumann ethi "Ephusheni lami ngakhala kabuhlungu" - umsindo owodwa, izwi elinokuthula, imizwa enesizotha, efihliwe, kodwa kubonakala sengathi akekho umdlali, futhi lokhu okukhulu, okujabulisayo, okuphanayo ngamahlaya, uthando, okucacile. umuntu. Kuzwakala izwi elinesizungu - futhi yonke into isezwini: konke ukujula nokugcwala kwenhliziyo yomuntu ... Ubuso abunyakazi, amehlo aveza ngokwedlulele, kodwa ngendlela ekhethekile, hhayi njengokuthi, u-Mephistopheles esigcawini esidumile abafundi noma ku-serenade ebhuqayo: lapho bashisa kabi, ngokubhuqa, bese kuba namehlo omuntu owayezwa izici zosizi, kodwa owayeqonda ukuthi kuphela ngesiyalo esinzima somqondo nenhliziyo - ngesigqi sakho konke ukubonakaliswa kwayo. - ingabe umuntu uthola amandla phezu kokubili izinkanuko nokuhlupheka.
Abezindaba babekuthanda ukubala izimali zomculi, besekela inganekwane yomcebo omangalisayo, ubugovu buka-Chaliapin. Kuthiwani uma le nganekwane iphikiswa ngamaphosta nezinhlelo zamakhonsathi amaningi okusiza umphakathi, imidlalo edumile yomculi e-Kyiv, eKharkov nasePetrograd phambi kwezilaleli eziningi ezisebenzayo? Amahemuhemu angenalutho, amahlebezi ephephandaba kanye nenhlebo izikhathi ezingaphezu kwesisodwa kwaphoqa umculi ukuthi athathe ipeni lakhe, aphikise imizwa nokuqagela, futhi acacise amaqiniso omlando wakhe siqu. Ayinamsebenzi!
Phakathi neMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, izinkambo zikaChaliapin zaphela. Lo mculi wavula izindawo ezimbili zokugula zamasosha alimele ngezindleko zakhe, kodwa akazange akhangise “imisebenzi yakhe emihle”. Ummeli u-MF Volkenstein, owayephethe izindaba zezezimali zomculi iminyaka eminingi, uyakhumbula: “Ukube babazi ukuthi ingakanani imali kaChaliapin eyafika ezandleni zami ukusiza labo ababeyidinga!”
Ngemva Okthoba Revolution ka-1917 Fyodor Ivanovich wahlanganyela ekwakhiweni kabusha zokudala yemidlalo yaseshashalazini yangaphambili, waba ilungu elikhethiwe labaqondisi Bolshoi futhi Mariinsky Theatre, futhi ngo-1918 waqondisa ingxenye yobuciko yokugcina. Ngawo lowo nyaka, waba ngowokuqala kubaculi ukuklonyeliswa ngesicoco sePeople's Artist of the Republic. Lo mculi wayefuna ukubalekela ipolitiki, encwadini yezikhumbuzo zakhe wabhala: “Uma empilweni yami ngangingenalo nhlobo umlingisi nomculi, ngangizinikele ngokuphelele emsebenzini wami. Kodwa okungenani bengingusopolitiki.”
Ngaphandle, kungase kubonakale sengathi ukuphila kukaChaliapin kuyaphumelela futhi kucebile ngokudala. Uyamenywa ukuba enze amakhonsathi asemthethweni, futhi wenzela umphakathi okuningi, uklonyeliswa ngeziqu zokuhlonipha, wacelwa ukuba ahole umsebenzi wezinhlobonhlobo zamajaji wobuciko, imikhandlu yeshashalazi. Kodwa-ke kukhona izingcingo ezibukhali zokuthi "ukuxhumana no-Chaliapin", "ukubeka ithalenta lakhe enkonzweni yabantu", ukungabaza kuvame ukuvezwa "ngobuqotho besigaba" somculi. Othile ufuna ukubandakanyeka okuphoqelekile komndeni wakhe ekusebenzeni kwenkonzo yabasebenzi, othile wenza izinsongo eziqondile kumculi wangaphambili wemidlalo yaseshashalazini ... "Ngabona ngokucacile ukuthi akekho odinga engingakwenza, ukuthi akukho phuzu kulokho umsebenzi wami” , - umculi wavuma.
Yiqiniso, uChaliapin wayekwazi ukuzivikela ekugwemeni izisebenzi ezishisekayo ngokwenza isicelo somuntu siqu kuLunacharsky, Peters, Dzerzhinsky, Zinoviev. Kodwa ukuhlale uncike emiyalweni yezikhulu eziphezulu kangaka zobuholi beqembu lezokuphatha kuyihlazo kumculi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokuvamile abazange baqinisekise ukuphepha okuphelele komphakathi futhi ngokuqinisekile abazange bakhuthaze ukuzethemba esikhathini esizayo.
Entwasahlobo ka-1922, u-Chaliapin akazange abuye ohambweni lwangaphandle, nakuba isikhathi esithile waqhubeka ebheka ukungabuyi kwakhe njengesikhashana. Indawo yasekhaya yaba nendima enkulu kulokho okwenzeka. Ukunakekela izingane, ukwesaba ukuzishiya ngaphandle kokuziphilisa kwaphoqa uFedor Ivanovich ukuba avume izinkambo ezingapheli. Indodakazi endala u-Irina wahlala eMoscow nomyeni wakhe nomama, uPaula Ignatievna Tornagi-Chaliapina. Ezinye izingane zomshado wokuqala - uLydia, uBoris, uFedor, uTatyana - kanye nezingane zomshado wesibili - uMarina, uMarta, uDassia kanye nezingane zikaMaria Valentinovna (unkosikazi wesibili), u-Edward noStella, babehlala nabo eParis. U-Chaliapin wayeziqhenya ngokukhethekile ngendodana yakhe u-Boris, okwathi, ngokusho kuka-N. Benois, yazuza “impumelelo enkulu njengomdwebi wezwe nesithombe.” UFyodor Ivanovich wacela indodana yakhe ngokuzithandela; izithombe nemidwebo kayise eyenziwe ngu-Boris "kuyisikhumbuzo esiyigugu kumdwebi omkhulu ...".
Kwelinye izwe, umculi wayejabulela impumelelo eqhubekayo, ehambela cishe kuwo wonke amazwe omhlaba - eNgilandi, eMelika, eCanada, eChina, eJapane naseziqhingini zaseHawaii. Kusukela ngo-1930, u-Chaliapin wadlala enkampanini ye-Opera yaseRussia, okudlalwa kwayo kwakudume ngezinga labo eliphezulu lesiko lokudlala. I-operas i-Mermaid, u-Boris Godunov, ne-Prince Igor yaphumelela ngokukhethekile eParis. Ngo-1935, u-Chaliapin wakhethwa njengelungu leRoyal Academy of Music (kanye no-A. Toscanini) futhi wanikezwa idiploma yezemfundo. I-repertoire ye-Chaliapin yayihlanganisa izingxenye ezingaba ngu-70. Kuma-opera abaqambi baseRussia, wakha izithombe zikaMelnik (Mermaid), u-Ivan Susanin (u-Ivan Susanin), u-Boris Godunov noVarlaam (uBoris Godunov), u-Ivan the Terrible (Incekukazi yasePskov) kanye nabanye abaningi, amandla neqiniso elingenakuqhathaniswa. ukuphila. . Phakathi kwezindima ezinhle kakhulu ku-opera yaseNtshonalanga Yurophu kukhona uMephistopheles (Faust noMephistopheles), uDon Basilio (The Barber of Seville), Leporello (Don Giovanni), Don Quixote (Don Quixote). Njengoba wayemuhle uChaliapin ekusebenzeni kwezwi legumbi. Lapha wethula isici semidlalo yaseshashalazini futhi wadala uhlobo "lweshashalazi yothando". I-repertoire yakhe yayihlanganisa izingoma ezifika kumakhulu amane, ezothando nezinye izinhlobo zomculo wegumbi nowomculo. Phakathi kobuciko bokwenza ubuciko kukhona “Bloch”, “Forgotten”, “Trepak” by Mussorgsky, “Night Review” kaGlinka, “Prophet” by Rimsky-Korsakov, “Two Grenadiers” by R. Schumann, “Double” by F. USchubert, kanye nezingoma zomdabu zaseRussia ezithi “Farewell, joy”, “Abamtsheli uMasha ukuthi adlulele ngaphesheya komfula”, “Ngenxa yesiqhingi kuya emajukujukwini”.
Ngeminyaka yama-20s kanye nama-30s waqopha cishe amakhulu amathathu. “Ngiyawathanda amarekhodi egilamafoni…” kuvuma uFedor Ivanovich. "Ngijabule futhi ngijabule ngombono wokuthi umbhobho awufaneli izithameli ezithile, kodwa izigidi zabalaleli." Umculi wayekhetha kakhulu ukuqoshwa, phakathi kwezintandokazi zakhe ukuqoshwa kwezingoma zomdabu zaseRussia zikaMassenet "Elegy", azifake ezinhlelweni zamakhonsathi akhe kukho konke ukuphila kwakhe kokudala. Ngokusho kwenkumbulo ka-Asafiev, "ukuphefumula okukhulu, okunamandla, okungenakugwemeka komculi omkhulu kwagcwalisa ingoma, futhi, kwezwakala, kwakungekho mkhawulo emasimini nasezintabeni zezwe lethu."
Ngomhla zingama-24 kuNcwaba, 1927, uMkhandlu Wabantu BamaCommissars wamukela isinqumo esiphuca u-Chaliapin isihloko se-People's Artist. U-Gorky wayengakholelwa ukuthi kungenzeka ukususa isihloko se-People's Artist ku-Chaliapin, okwakuvele kunamahemuhemu entwasahlobo ka-1927: kuzokwenza. Kodwa-ke, empeleni, konke kwenzeka ngendlela ehlukile, hhayi ngendlela uGorky ayecabanga ngayo ...
Ephawula ngesinqumo seCouncil of People's Commissars, u-AV Lunacharsky usichithile isizinda sezombangazwe, wathi “okuwukuphela kwesizathu sokuphuca u-Chaliapin lesi sicoco kwakuwukungafuni kwakhe ukuza okungenani isikhashana ezweni lakubo futhi asebenzele ubuciko ngobuciko. abantu kakhulu umculi wabo amenyezelwe… "
Nokho, e-USSR abazange balahle imizamo ukubuyisela Chaliapin. Ekwindla ka-1928, uGorky wabhalela uFyodor Ivanovich waseSorrento: “Bathi uzocula eRoma? ngizoza ukuzolalela. Bafuna ngempela ukukulalela eMoscow. UStalin, uVoroshilov nabanye bangitshela lokhu. Ngisho “nedwala” eCrimea namanye amagugu kwakuyobuyiselwa kuwe.
Umhlangano eRoma waba ngo-April 1929. U-Chaliapin wahlabelela "Boris Godunov" ngempumelelo enkulu. Ngemva komdlalo, sahlangana endaweni yokucima ukoma yaseLibrary. “Wonke umuntu ubesesimweni esihle kakhulu. U-Alexei Maksimovich noMaxim batshela izinto eziningi ezithakazelisayo ngeSoviet Union, baphendula imibuzo eminingi, ekugcineni, u-Alexei Maksimovich watshela uFedor Ivanovich: "Hamba ekhaya, ubheke ukwakhiwa kwempilo entsha, kubantu abasha, isithakazelo sabo umkhulu, njengoba uzofuna ukuhlala lapho, ngiqinisekile." Umalokazana womlobi u-NA Peshkova uyaqhubeka: "UMaria Valentinovna, owayelalele ethule, washo ngokungananazi, ephendukela kuFyodor Ivanovich:" Uzoya eSoviet Union kuphela phezu kwesidumbu sami. Wehla wonke umuntu, balungela ukugoduka ngokushesha. U-Chaliapin no-Gorky abazange bahlangane futhi.
Kude nasekhaya, kuChaliapin, imihlangano namaRussia yayithandeka kakhulu - uKorovin, uRachmaninov, u-Anna Pavlova. UChaliapin wayejwayelene noToti Dal Monte, uMaurice Ravel, uCharlie Chaplin, uHerbert Wells. Ngo-1932, Fedor Ivanovich inkanyezi ifilimu Don Quixote ngesiphakamiso umqondisi German Georg Pabst. Le filimu ibithandwa ngumphakathi. Kakade eminyakeni yakhe ewohlokayo, u-Chaliapin wayelangazelela iRussia, kancane kancane walahlekelwa ukujabula nethemba, akazange acule izingxenye ezintsha ze-opera, futhi waqala ukugula njalo. Ngo-May 1937, odokotela bathola ukuthi unomdlavuza wegazi. Ngo-April 12, 1938, umculi omkhulu wafa eParis.
Kuze kube sekupheleni kokuphila kwakhe, u-Chaliapin wahlala eyisakhamuzi saseRussia - akazange amukele ubuzwe bangaphandle, waphupha ngokungcwatshwa ezweni lakubo. Isifiso sakhe sagcwaliseka, umlotha womculi wathunyelwa eMoscow futhi ngo-Okthoba 29, 1984 bangcwatshwa emathuneni aseNovodevichy.
