Umculo wangaphandle ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20

Isifiso sabaqambi ukwenza konke okusemandleni esikalini se-chromatic kusivumela ukuthi sigqamise isikhathi esihlukile emlandweni womculo wezemfundo wangaphandle, ofinyeze izimpumelelo zamakhulu eminyaka adlule futhi walungiselela ukwazi komuntu ukuqonda umculo ongaphandle komculo. Uhlelo lwethoni engu-12.

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 kwanikeza umhlaba womculo ukunyakaza oku-4 okuyinhloko ngaphansi kwegama lesimanje: i-impressionism, i-expressionism, i-neoclassicism ne-neofolklorism - bonke abaphishekeli kuphela imigomo ehlukene, kodwa futhi basebenzisane phakathi kwenkathi efanayo yomculo.

I-Impressionism

Ngemva komsebenzi owenziwe ngokucophelela wokumisa umuntu ngamunye futhi aveze izwe lakhe langaphakathi, umculo wadlulela kulokho ayekubona, okungukuthi INDLELA umuntu ayibona ngayo indawo ezungezile nengaphakathi. Umzabalazo phakathi kweqiniso langempela namaphupho unikeze indawo ekucabangeni kokunye nokunye. Kodwa-ke, lolu shintsho lwenzeka ngokuhamba kwegama elifanayo ngobuciko obuhle besiFulentshi.

Ngenxa yemidwebo kaClaude Monet, uPuvis de Chavannes, uHenri de Toulouse-Lautrec noPaul Cézanne, lo mculo wadonsela ukunaka kokuthi leli dolobha, elifiphele emehlweni ngenxa yemvula yasekwindla, nalo liyisithombe sobuciko esingaba idluliswa ngemisindo.

I-Impressionism yomculo yaqala ukubonakala ekupheleni kwekhulu le-19, lapho u-Erik Satie eshicilela ama-opsies akhe ("Sylvia", "Angels", "Three Sarabands"). Yena, umngane wakhe uClaude Debussy kanye nomlandeli wabo uMaurice Ravel bonke bathole ugqozi nezindlela zokukhuluma ngokuvela kokubukwayo.

I-expressionism

I-Expressionism, ngokungafani ne-impressionism, ayidlulisi umbono wangaphakathi, kodwa ukubonakaliswa kwangaphandle kokuhlangenwe nakho. Kwavela emashumini eminyaka okuqala ekhulu lama-20 eJalimane nase-Austria. I-Expressionism yaba ukusabela eMpini Yezwe Yokuqala, ibuyisela abaqambi endikimbeni yokungqubuzana phakathi komuntu neqiniso, eyayikhona ku-L. Beethoven kanye ne-romantics. Manje lokhu kungqubuzana sekunethuba lokuziveza ngawo wonke amanothi angu-12 omculo waseYurophu.

Ummeleli ovelele kakhulu we-expressionism nomculo wangaphandle wasekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 ngu-Arnold Schoenberg. Wasungula iSikole Esisha SaseViennese futhi waba umbhali we-dodecaphony kanye namasu we-serial.

Umgomo oyinhloko weSikole SaseNew Vienna ukubuyisela uhlelo lomculo "oluphelelwe yisikhathi" ngamasu amasha e-atonal ahlotshaniswa nemibono ye-dodecaphony, serial, serial and pointllism.

Ngaphandle kukaSchoenberg, lesi sikole sasihlanganisa u-Anton Webern, u-Alban Berg, uRene Leibowitz, uVictor Ullmann, uTheodor Adorno, uHeinrich Jalowiec, uHans Eisler nabanye abaqambi.

I-Neoclassicism

Umculo wangaphandle wasekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 waveza kanyekanye amasu amaningi kanye nezindlela ezihlukahlukene zokukhuluma, ezaqala ngokushesha ukuxhumana nomunye nomunye kanye nempumelelo yomculo yamakhulu eminyaka adlule, okwenza kube nzima ukuhlola ngokulandelana kwesikhathi izitayela zomculo zalesi sikhathi.

I-Neoclassicism ikwazile ukumunca ngokulinganayo kokubili amathuba amasha omculo wethoni engu-12 kanye namafomu nezimiso zasendulo. Lapho isistimu ye-temperament elinganayo ikhombisa ngokugcwele amathuba nemikhawulo yayo, i-neoclassicism yazihlanganisa kusukela ezinzuzweni ezinhle kakhulu zomculo wezemfundo ngaleso sikhathi.

Ummeleli omkhulu we-neoclassicism eJalimane nguPaul Hindemith.

E-France, kwasungulwa umphakathi obizwa ngokuthi “abayisithupha”, abaqambi babo emsebenzini wabo babeqondiswa u-Erik Satie (umsunguli we-impressionism) noJean Cocteau. Inhlangano yayihlanganisa uLouis Durey, Arthur Honegger, Darius Milhaud, Francis Poulenc, Germaine Taillefer noGeorges Auric. Wonke umuntu waphendukela ku-French classicism, eyiqondisa empilweni yesimanje yedolobha elikhulu, esebenzisa ubuciko bokwenziwa.

I-Neofollorism

Ukuhlanganiswa kwenganekwane nesimanje kwaholela ekuveleni kwe-neofolklorism. Ummeleli wayo ovelele kwakungumculi waseHungary ongumqambi omusha u-Bela Bartok. Wakhuluma “ngokuhlanzeka kohlanga” emculweni wazo zonke izizwe, imibono ayiveza encwadini enegama elifanayo.

Nazi izici eziyinhloko nemiphumela yezinguquko zobuciko ezigcwele umculo wangaphandle ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20. Kunezinye izigaba zalesi sikhathi, elinye lawo wonke amaqembu asebenza abhalwe ngaphandle kwe-tonality ngalesi sikhathi kugagasi lokuqala le-avant-garde.