U-Herbert von Karajan (Herbert von Karajan) |

UHerbert von Karajan

• Incwadi ethi "Karayan" →

Omunye wabagxeki bomculo abavelele wake wabiza uKarayan "Umphathi Omkhulu WaseYurophu". Futhi leli gama liyiqiniso eliphindwe kabili - ukusho kanjalo, kokubili ngesimo kanye nokuqukethwe. Ngempela: kule minyaka eyishumi nengxenye edlule, uKarajan uye wahola iningi lama-orchestra aseYurophu angcono kakhulu: ube ngumbhidi oyinhloko weLondon, iVienna neBerlin Philharmonic, iVienna Opera neLa Scala eMilan, imikhosi yomculo eBayreuth, eSalzburg. kanye noLucerne, iNhlangano Yabangane Bomculo eVienna … uKarayan wabamba eziningi zalezi zikhundla ngesikhathi esisodwa, engakwazi nokundiza endizeni yakhe yezemidlalo esuka kwelinye idolobha aye kwelinye ukuze enze ukuzilolonga, ikhonsathi, ukudlala, ukuqopha amarekhodi. . Kodwa wakwazi ukwenza konke lokhu futhi, ngaphezu kwalokho, namanje ngokujulile bavakashela emhlabeni wonke.

Nokho, incazelo yegama elithi “umbhidisi omkhulu waseYurophu” inencazelo ejulile. Iminyaka eminingana manje, uKarajan ushiye izikhundla zakhe eziningi, egxile ekuqondiseni i-Berlin Philharmonic kanye neSalzburg Spring Festival, ayihlele ngokwakhe kusukela ngo-1967 nalapho enze khona imidlalo ye-opera ka-Wagner nemidlalo yakudala eyisikhumbuzo. Kodwa ngisho namanje akekho umqhubi ezwekazini lethu, futhi mhlawumbe emhlabeni wonke (ngaphandle okungenzeka L. Bernstein), owayengakwazi ukuncintisana naye ngokuthandwa negunya (uma sisho abaqhubi besizukulwane sakhe) .

I-Karajan ivame ukuqhathaniswa ne-Toscanini, futhi kunezizathu eziningi zokufana okunjalo: abaqhubi ababili banesilinganiso esifanayo sethalente labo, ububanzi bombono wabo womculo, nokuthandwa kwabo okukhulu. Kodwa, mhlawumbe, ukufana kwabo okuyinhloko kungabhekwa njengekhono elimangalisayo, ngezinye izikhathi elingaqondakali lokudonsa ngokuphelele ukunaka kwabaculi nomphakathi, ukudlulisela kubo imisinga engabonakali eyenziwa umculo. (Lokhu kuzwakala ngisho nakumarekhodi aqoshiwe.)

Kubalaleli, uKarayan uyiciko elihlakaniphile elibanika izikhathi zokuhlangenwe nakho okuphezulu. Kubo, uKarajan ungumqhubi olawula yonke into ehlukahlukene yobuciko bomculo - kusukela emisebenzini kaMozart noHaydn kuya kumculo wesimanje kaStravinsky noShostakovich. Kubo, uKarayan ungumculi owenza ngokukhalipha okulinganayo kokubili esiteji sekhonsathi nase-opera house, lapho uKarayan njengomqhubi evame ukuhambisana noKarayan njengomqondisi wesiteji.

I-Karajan inembe ngokwedlulele ekudluliseni umoya nohlamvu lwanoma yisiphi isikolo. Kodwa noma yikuphi ukusebenza kwakhe kuphawulwa uphawu olujulile lomuntu ngamunye womculi, oluqinile kangangokuthi aluholeli kuphela i-orchestra, kodwa futhi nabadlali be-solo. Ngokushukuma kwe-laconic, okungenakho ukuthinteka, okuvame ukuphoqa ngokugcizelela, "kanzima", ubeka phansi ilungu ngalinye le-orchestra entandweni yakhe engenakunqotshwa, ubamba isilaleli ngobumnene bakhe bangaphakathi, wembulela ukujula kwefilosofi yezingoma zomculo ezinkulu. Futhi ngezikhathi ezinjalo, isibalo sakhe esincane sibonakala sikhulu!

Inqwaba yama-opera yadlalwa nguKarajan eVienna, eMilan nakwamanye amadolobha. Ukubala ingoma yomqhubi kungasho ukukhumbula konke okuhle kakhulu okukhona ezincwadini zomculo.

Kuningi okungashiwo mayelana nencazelo kaKarajan yemisebenzi ngayinye. Inqwaba yama-symphonies, izinkondlo ze-symphonic nezingcezu ze-orchestra zabaqambi bezinkathi ezahlukene kanye nabantu zenziwa emakhonsathini akhe, aqoshwe nguye kumarekhodi. Ake sibale amagama ambalwa nje. UBeethoven, uBrahms, uBruckner, uMozart, uWagner, uVerdi, uBizet, uR. Strauss, uPuccini - laba bangabaqambi ekuchazeni ukuthi ikhono lomculi lomculo kabani elivezwa ngokugcwele. Ake sikhumbule, ngokwesibonelo, amakhonsathi kaKarajan ezweni lakithi ngeminyaka yama-60s noma i-Verdi's Requiem, umdlalo kaKarajan eMoscow nabaculi baseshashalazini yaseDa Scala eMilan kwenza umbono ongenakucimeka kubo bonke abamuzwayo.

Sizamile ukudweba isithombe sikaKarayan - indlela aziwa ngayo emhlabeni wonke. Yiqiniso, lokhu kuwumdwebo nje, umdwebo womugqa: isithombe somqhubi sigcwele imibala egqamile lapho ulalela amakhonsathi noma okuqoshiwe kwakhe. Kusesele kithi ukukhumbula isiqalo sendlela yokudala yeciko…

UKarajan wazalelwa eSalzburg, indodana kadokotela. Ikhono lakhe nothando lwakhe lomculo lubonakale esemncane kangangokuthi vele eneminyaka emihlanu wayecula esidlangalaleni njengomdlali wopiyano. UKarajan wabe esefunda eSalzburg Mozarteum, futhi umphathi walesi sikole somculo, uB. Paumgartner, wameluleka ukuba aqhube. (Kuze kube namuhla, uKarajan usengumdlali wopiyano omuhle kakhulu, ngezikhathi ezithile ecula upiyano nezingcezu zehabhu.) Kusukela ngo-1927, lo mculi osemusha ubelokhu esebenza njengombhidisi, okokuqala edolobheni lase-Austria i-Ulm, kwase kuba se-Aachen, lapho eba omunye wabaculi. abakhonduki abakhulu abancane kunabo bonke eJalimane. Ekupheleni kweminyaka engamashumi amathathu, umculi wathuthela eBerlin futhi ngokushesha wathatha isikhundla somqhubi oyinhloko we-Berlin Opera.

Ngemva kwempi, udumo lukaKarajan ngokushesha lwadlulela ngaphesheya kwemingcele yaseJalimane - base beqala ukumbiza ngokuthi, "umqhubi omkhulu waseYurophu" ...

L. Grigoriev, J. Platek, ngo-1969