Nikolai Rubinstein (Nikolai Rubinstein) |

U-Nikolai Rubinstein

Umdlali wepiyano waseRussia, umqhubi, uthisha, umculi nomphakathi. Umfowabo ka-AG Rubinstein. Kusukela eneminyaka engu-4 wafunda ukudlala upiyano ngaphansi kokuqondisa kukanina. Ngo-1844-46 wayehlala eBerlin nonina nomfowabo, lapho athatha khona izifundo ku-T. Kullak (piano) no-Z. Dehn (ukuvumelana, i-polyphony, amafomu omculo). Lapho ebuyela eMoscow, wafunda no-AI Villuan, enza naye uhambo lwakhe lokuqala lwekhonsathi (1846-47). Ekuqaleni kwawo-50s. wangena eNyuvesi yaseMoscow Law Faculty of Law (yathweswa iziqu ngo-1855). Ngo-1858 waqala umsebenzi wekhonsathi (eMoscow, eLondon). Ngo-1859 waqala ukuvulwa kwegatsha laseMoscow le-RMS, kusukela ngo-1860 kuze kube sekupheleni kokuphila kwakhe wayengusihlalo kanye nomqhubi wamakhonsathi we-symphony. Amakilasi omculo ahlelwe nguye e-RMS aguqulwa ngo-1866 eMoscow Conservatory (kuze kube ngu-1881 uprofesa nomqondisi wayo).

URubinstein ungomunye wabadlali bopiyano abavelele ngesikhathi sakhe. Kodwa-ke, ubuciko bakhe bokudlala babungaziwa kangako ngaphandle kwaseRussia (okunye okuhlukile kwakuwukwenza kwakhe ukunqoba kumakhonsathi e-World Exhibition, eParis, 1878, lapho enza khona i-1st Piano Concerto ka-PI Tchaikovsky). Ikakhulukazi wanikeza amakhonsathi eMoscow. I-repertoire yakhe yayikhanyisa imvelo, ihlaba umxhwele ngobubanzi bayo: amakhonsathi opiyano ne-orchestra ka-JS Bach, L. Beethoven, F. Chopin, F. Liszt, AG Rubinstein; usebenzela upiyano luka-Beethoven nabanye abaqambi bakudala futhi ikakhulukazi kwezothando - R. Schumann, Chopin, Liszt (lona wakamuva wayebheka uRubinstein njengomculi ongcono kakhulu womculo wakhe othi "Dance of Death" futhi wanikezela "Fantasy on the Themes of the Ruins of Athens" yena). Umsakazi wenkulumo-ze yomculo waseRussia, uRubinstein wenza ngokuphindaphindiwe i-piano fantasy ye-Balakirev "Islamey" nezinye izingcezu zabaqambi baseRussia abazinikezele kuye. Indima kaRubinstein iyingqayizivele njengomhumushi womculo wepiyano kaTchaikovsky (umculi wokuqala wezingoma zakhe eziningi), owanikezela kuRubinstein ikhonsathi yesibili yepiyano ne-orchestra, "i-Russian Scherzo", i-romance ethi "Pho! …”, wabhala i-piano trio “Memory” ngokufa kukaRubinstein umculi ophambili.”

Umdlalo kaRubinstein wawuhlukaniswa ngobubanzi bawo, ukuphelela kobuchwepheshe, inhlanganisela evumelanayo yemizwa nenengqondo, ukuphelela kwesitayela, umuzwa wokulinganisa. Ibingenakho lokho kuzenzakalela, okuphawulwe emdlalweni we-AG Rubinshtein. U-Rubinstein uphinde wenza kuma-chamber ensembles no-F. Laub, LS Auer nabanye.

Imisebenzi kaRubinstein njengomqhubi yayishubile. Amakhonsathi e-RMS angaphezu kuka-250 eMoscow, amakhonsathi amaningana eSt. Petersburg nakwamanye amadolobha aqhutshwa ngaphansi kokuqondisa kwakhe. E-Moscow, ngaphansi kokuqondisa kukaRubinstein, kwenziwa imisebenzi emikhulu ye-oratorio ne-symphonic: ama-cantatas, inqwaba ye-JS Bach, izingcaphuno ezivela ku-oratorios ye-GF Handel, ama-symphonies, ama-opera overtures kanye ne-Requiem ka-WA Mozart, ama-symphonic overtures, upiyano kanye amakhonsathi eviolin (nge-orchestra) ka-Beethoven, wonke ama-symphonies kanye nemisebenzi eminingi emikhulu ka-F. Mendelssohn, Schumann, Liszt, ama-overtures nezingcaphuno ezivela kuma-opera ka-R. Wagner. URubinstein waba nomthelela ekwakhiweni kwesikole esidlalayo sikazwelonke. Wafaka njalo ezinhlelweni zakhe imisebenzi abaqambi Russian - MI Glinka, AS Dargomyzhsky, AG Rubinstein, Balakirev, AP Borodin, NA Rimsky-Korsakov. Imisebenzi eminingi kaTchaikovsky yenziwa okokuqala ngaphansi kwenduku kaRubinstein: ama-symphonies 1-4 (owokuqala unikezelwe kuRubinstein), i-1st suite, inkondlo ye-symphonic "Fatum", i-overture-fantasy "Romeo noJuliet", i i-symphonic fantasy "Francesca da Rimini", "Italian Capriccio", umculo wenganekwane yasentwasahlobo ka-AN Ostrovsky "Intombi Yeqhwa", njll. Wayengumqondisi womculo kanye nomqhubi wemidlalo ye-opera e-Moscow Conservatory, kuhlanganise nokukhiqizwa kokuqala. I-opera ethi "Eugene Onegin" (1). URubinstein njengomqhubi wayehlukaniswa ngentando yakhe enkulu, ikhono lokufunda ngokushesha izingcezu ezintsha nge-orchestra, ukunemba kanye ne-plasticity yesenzo sakhe.

Njengothisha, uRubinstein wakhulisa hhayi kuphela ama-virtuosos, kodwa futhi nabaculi abafundile. Wayengumbhali wekharikhulamu, ngokuhambisana nayo iminyaka eminingi ukufundisa kwaqhutshwa emakilasini opiyano e-Moscow Conservatory. Isisekelo se-pedagogy yakhe kwakuyisifundo esijulile sombhalo womculo, ukuqonda isakhiwo esingokomfanekiso somsebenzi kanye namaphethini omlando nesitayela avezwa kuwo ngokuhlaziya izakhi zolimi lomculo. Indawo enkulu inikezwe ukubukwa komuntu siqu. Phakathi kwabafundi baseRubinstein kukhona SI Taneev, AI Ziloti, E. Sauer, NN Kalinovskaya, F. Friedenthal, RV Genika, NA Muromtseva, A. Yu. Zograf (Dulova) nabanye. UTaneyev wanikezela i-cantata "uJohane waseDamaseku" enkumbulweni yothisha.

Imisebenzi yomculo nenhlalo ka-Rubinstein, ehlotshaniswa nokukhuphuka komphakathi kweminyaka yama-50s nama-60s, yahlukaniswa ngentando yeningi, ukuqondisa kwezemfundo. Emzamweni wokwenza umculo ufinyelele ezinhlobonhlobo zezilaleli, wahlela lokho okubizwa ngokuthi. amakhonsathi esintu. Njengomqondisi we-Conservatory yaseMoscow, uRubinshtein wazuza ubungcweti obuphakeme bothisha nabafundi, ukuguqulwa kwe-Conservatory ibe isikhungo semfundo ephakeme ngempela, ubuholi obuhlangene (wahlanganisa ukubaluleka okukhulu emkhandlwini wezobuciko), imfundo yabaculi abanolwazi oluningi (ukunaka umculo nomculo. iziyalo zethiyori). Ekhathazekile ngokudalwa kwezisebenzi zasekhaya zomculo nezokufundisa, wakhangwa ukufundisa, kanye noLaub, B. Kosman, J. Galvani nabanye, Tchaikovsky, GA Laroche, ND Kashkin, AI Dyubyuk, NS Zverev, AD Aleksandrov-Kochetov, DV Razumovsky, Taneev. U-Rubinstein uphinde waqondisa iminyango yomculo ye-Polytechnical (1872) kanye ne-All-Russian (1881) imibukiso. Wenza okuningi emakhonsathini okusiza abantulayo, ngo-1877-78 wavakashela amadolobha aseRussia evumelana ne-Red Cross.

U-Rubinstein ungumbhali wezingcezu zepiyano (ezabhalwa ebusheni bakhe), okuhlanganisa i-mazurka, i-bolero, i-tarantella, i-polonaise, njll. (eshicilelwe ngu-Jurgenson), i-orchestral overture, umculo womdlalo ka-VP Begichev kanye no-AN Kanshin ” Cat and Mouse (i-orchestral nezinombolo zamakhwaya, 1861, Maly Theatre, eMoscow). Wayengumhleli wohlelo lwesiRashiya lwe-Mendelssohn's Complete Piano Works. Ngokokuqala ngqa eRussia, washicilela izingoma zothando ezikhethiwe (izingoma) zikaSchubert noSchumann (1862).

Enomqondo ophakeme wemfanelo, ukusabela, ukungabi nandaba, wajabulela ukuthandwa okukhulu eMoscow. Njalo ngonyaka, iminyaka eminingi, eMoscow Conservatory nase-RMO kwakuqhutshwa amakhonsathi okukhumbula uRubinstein. Ngawo-1900 kwakukhona indilinga yaseRubinstein.

LZ Korabelnikova