Joseph Haydn |

UJoseph Haydn

Umculo wangempela lona! Yilokhu okufanele kujatshulelwe, yilokhu okufanele kufakwe yiwo wonke umuntu ofuna ukuhlakulela umuzwa onempilo womculo, ukunambitheka okunempilo. A. Serov

Indlela yokudala ka-J. Haydn - umqambi omkhulu wase-Austrian, owayephila ngesikhathi sika-WA ​​Mozart no-L. Beethoven - yathatha cishe iminyaka engamashumi amahlanu, yawela umngcele womlando wekhulu le-1760-XNUMXth, yahlanganisa zonke izigaba zokuthuthuka kweViennese. isikole sakudala - kusukela ekuqaleni kwaso nge-XNUMX -s. kuze kube sekupheleni komsebenzi kaBeethoven ekuqaleni kwekhulu leminyaka elisha. Ukuqina kwenqubo yokudala, ukunotha kwemicabango, ubusha bokubona, umuzwa ovumelanayo nobalulekile wokuphila kwalondolozwa kwezobuciko bukaHaydn kwaze kwaba yiminyaka yokugcina yokuphila kwakhe.

Indodana yomdidiyeli wezinqola, uHaydn wathola ikhono lomculo eliyivelakancane. Lapho eneminyaka eyisithupha, wathuthela eHainburg, wacula ekwayeni yesonto, wafunda ukudlala ivayolini nehabhu, futhi kusukela ngo-1740 wayehlala eVienna, lapho ayekhonza khona njengomculi wekwaya endlini yesonto yeSt. Stephen's Cathedral (Vienna Cathedral). ). Kodwa-ke, ekwayeni kuphela izwi lomfana elaziswa - ukuhlanzeka okungavamile okungavamile, bamphathisa ukusebenza kwezingxenye eziyedwa; futhi ukuthambekela komqambi okwavuka ebuntwaneni akuzange kuqashelwe. Lapho izwi liqala ukugqashuka, uHaydn waphoqeleka ukuba ashiye indlu yesonto. Iminyaka yokuqala yokuphila kokuzimela eVienna yayinzima kakhulu - wayempofu, elambile, ezulazula ngaphandle kwendawo yokuhlala ehlala njalo; ngezikhathi ezithile kuphela ababekwazi ukuthola izifundo zangasese noma ukudlala ivayolini eqenjini elihambayo. Kodwa-ke, naphezu kokuguquguquka kwesiphetho, uHaydn wabagcina bobabili umlingiswa ovulekile, ihlaya elingakaze limkhaphele, kanye nobucayi bezifiso zakhe zobungcweti - ufunda umsebenzi we-clavier ka-FE Bach, ufunda ngokuzimela i-counterpoint, ujwayelana nemisebenzi. yezazi zemfundiso-nkolo ezinkulu zaseJalimane, uthatha izifundo zokuqamba ezivela ku-N. Porpora, umqambi nothisha we-opera wase-Italy odumile.

Ngo-1759, uHaydn wathola indawo ka-Kapellmeister ku-Count I. Mortsin. Imisebenzi yokuqala yezinsimbi (ama-symphonies, ama-quartet, i-clavier sonatas) yabhalelwa isonto lakhe lenkantolo. Lapho ngo-1761 u-Mortsin ehlakaza indlu yesonto, uHaydn wasayina inkontileka no-P. Esterhazy, isikhulu saseHungary esicebe kakhulu futhi ongumvikeli wezobuciko. Imisebenzi ye-vice-kapellmeister, futhi ngemva kweminyaka engu-5 yenkosi yenkosi-kapellmeister, yayihlanganisa hhayi kuphela ukuqamba umculo. UHaydn kwakudingeka aqhube ama-rehearsal, agcine ukuhleleka endlini yesonto, abe nesibopho sokuphepha kwamanothi nezinsimbi, njll. Yonke imisebenzi kaHaydn yayiyimpahla ka-Esterhazy; umqambi wayengenalo ilungelo lokubhala umculo othunywe abanye abantu, wayengakwazi ukushiya impahla yenkosana ngokukhululeka. (U-Haydn wayehlala ezindaweni zika-Esterhazy - Eisenstadt nase-Estergaz, evakashela eVienna ngezikhathi ezithile.)

Nokho, izinzuzo eziningi futhi, ngaphezu kwakho konke, ikhono lokulahla i-orchestra enhle kakhulu eyenza yonke imisebenzi yomqambi, kanye nezinto ezibonakalayo kanye nokuphepha kwasekhaya, kubangele uHaydn ukuba amukele isiphakamiso sika-Esterhazy. Kwaphela iminyaka ecishe ibe ngu-30 uHaydn esenkantolo. Esimweni esilulazayo senceku eyisikhulu, wagcina isithunzi sakhe, ukuzimela kwangaphakathi nokulwela ukuthuthukiswa kokudala okuqhubekayo. Njengoba ehlala kude nezwe, cishe engakwazi ukuxhumana nezwe elibanzi lomculo, waba inkosi enkulu kunazo zonke zesikali saseYurophu phakathi nenkonzo yakhe no-Esterhazy. Imisebenzi kaHaydn yenziwa ngempumelelo kuzihloko ezinkulu zomculo.

Ngakho, phakathi nawo-1780. umphakathi waseFrance wajwayelana nama-symphonies ayisithupha, abizwa ngokuthi "Paris". Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ama-composite aqhubeka nokusindwa isikhundla sawo sokuncika, azizwa enesizungu kakhulu.

Izimo ezimangalisayo, eziphazamisayo zidwetshwe kuma-symphonies amancane - "Umngcwabo", "Ukuhlupheka", "Farewell". Izizathu eziningi zokuhumusha okuhlukile - i-autobiographical, amahlaya, i-lyric-philosophical - zanikezwa isiphetho esithi "Farewell" - phakathi nale nkathi engapheli ye-Adagio, abaculi bashiya i-orchestra ngayinye ngayinye, kuze kube yilapho abadlali ababili be-violin behlala esiteji, beqeda ingoma. , ethule futhi emnene ...

Nokho, umbono ovumelanayo futhi ocacile wezwe uhlale ubusa kokubili emculweni kaHaydn nasemqondweni wakhe wokuphila. UHaydn wathola imithombo yenjabulo yonke indawo - emvelweni, empilweni yabalimi, emsebenzini wakhe, ekukhulumisaneni nabathandekayo. Ngakho, ukujwayelana noMozart, owafika eVienna ngo-1781, kwakhula kwaba ubungane bangempela. Lobu budlelwano, obusekelwe ebuhlotsheni obujulile bangaphakathi, ukuqonda nokuhloniphana, kube nomphumela onenzuzo ekuthuthukisweni kokuqamba kwabo bobabili abaqambi.

Ngo-1790, u-A. Esterhazy, indlalifa kaPrince P. Esterhazy, owashona, wahlakaza indlu yesonto. UHaydn, owakhululwa ngokuphelele enkonzweni futhi wagcina kuphela isihloko sikaKapellmeister, waqala ukuthola impesheni yokuphila konke ngokuvumelana nentando yenkosana endala. Ngokushesha kwaba nethuba lokufeza iphupho elidala - ukuhamba ngaphandle kwe-Austria. Ngawo-1790 uHaydn wenza izinkambo ezimbili eLondon (1791-92, 1794-95). Ama-symphonies ayi-12 “eLondon” abhalwe kulo mcimbi aqedele ukuthuthukiswa kwalolu hlobo emsebenzini kaHaydn, agunyaza ukuvuthwa kwe-symphony yakudala yaseViennese (ngaphambilini kancane, ngasekupheleni kwawo-1780, kwavela izingoma ezintathu zokugcina zikaMozart) futhi zahlala zihamba phambili. wezenzakalo emlandweni womculo we-symphonic. Ama-symphonies aseLondon ayenziwa ezimweni ezingavamile futhi ezikhangayo kakhulu kumqambi. Ejwayele isimo esivalekile sesaluni yasenkantolo, uHaydn waqala ukucula emakhonsathini omphakathi, wezwa ukusabela kwezithameli ezijwayelekile zentando yeningi. Esebenzisa ama-orchestra amakhulu, aqanjwe ngendlela efana neyanamuhla yama-symphony. Umphakathi wamaNgisi wawuwuthakasela umculo kaHaydn. E-Oxford, waklonyeliswa ngesihloko esithi Doctor of Music. Ngaphansi kwethonya le-oratorios ye-GF Handel ezwakale eLondon, kwadalwa ama-oratorio ezwe amabili - Indalo Yomhlaba (3) kanye Nezinkathi (2). Le misebenzi eyisikhumbuzo, yefilosofi eyingqophamlando, eqinisekisa imibono yakudala yobuhle nokuvumelana kwempilo, ubunye bomuntu nemvelo, iyithwese umqhele ngokwanele indlela yokudala yomqambi.

Iminyaka yokugcina yokuphila kukaHaydn yachithwa eVienna kanye nedolobha elingaphansi kwayo iGumpendorf. Umqambi wayesajabule, enobudlelwane, enenjongo futhi enobungane kubantu, wayesasebenza kanzima. U-Haydn washona ngesikhathi esinezinkathazo, phakathi nemikhankaso yamaNapoleon, lapho amasosha aseFrance esevele ethathe inhloko-dolobha yase-Austria. Phakathi nokuvinjezelwa kweVienna, uHaydn waduduza abathandekayo bakhe: “Ningesabi, zingane, lapho uHaydn ekhona, akukho okubi okwenzekayo.”

UHaydn ushiye ifa elikhulu lokudala - cishe imisebenzi eyi-1000 kuzo zonke izinhlobo nezindlela ezazikhona emculweni wangaleso sikhathi (ama-symphonies, ama-sonata, ama-chamber ensembles, amakhonsathi, ama-opera, ama-oratorio, uquqaba, izingoma, njll.). Amafomu amakhulu e-cyclic (ama-symphonies angu-104, ama-quartet angu-83, ama-clavier sonatas angu-52) akha ingxenye eyinhloko, eyigugu kakhulu yomsebenzi womqambi, anquma indawo yakhe yomlando. P. Tchaikovsky wabhala ngokubaluleka okungavamile kwemisebenzi kaHaydn ekuthuthukisweni komculo wezinsimbi: “UHaydn wazenza ongafi, uma kungekhona ngokusungula, khona-ke ngokuthuthukisa lelo gama elihle kakhulu, elilinganisele ngokuphelele le-sonata ne-symphony, uMozart noBeethoven kamuva abalethela kulo. izinga lokugcina lokuphelela nobuhle.”

I-symphony emsebenzini kaHaydn ihambe ibanga elide: kusukela kumasampula okuqala eduze kwezinhlobo zomculo wansuku zonke nowasekamelweni (i-serenade, i-divertissement, i-quartet), kuya kuma-symphonies "Paris" kanye ne- "London", lapho imithetho yakudala yohlobo. kwasungulwa (isilinganiso nokuhleleka kwezingxenye zomjikelezo - i-sonata Allegro, ukunyakaza kancane, i-minuet, isiphetho esisheshayo), izinhlobo zesici se-thematics namasu okuthuthukiswa, njll. I-symphony kaHaydn ithola incazelo "yesithombe somhlaba" esijwayelekile , lapho izici ezihlukene zempilo - ezibucayi, ezivusa amadlingozi, zefilosofi yamagama, ezihlekisayo - zalethwa ebunyeni nasekulinganiseni. Umhlaba ocebile noyinkimbinkimbi wama-symphonies ka-Haydn unezimfanelo eziphawulekayo zokuvuleleka, ukuhlalisana nabantu, nokugxila kumlaleli. Umthombo oyinhloko wolimi lwabo lomculo uhlobo lwansuku zonke, izingoma zomculo nomdanso, ngezinye izikhathi ezibolekwa ngokuqondile emithonjeni yezinganekwane. Kuhlanganiswe nenqubo eyinkimbinkimbi yokuthuthukiswa kwe-symphonic, bathola amathuba amasha angokomfanekiso, ashukumisayo. Izinhlobo eziqediwe, ezilinganisele ngokuphelele futhi ezakhiwe ngokunengqondo zezingxenye zomjikelezo we-symphonic (i-sonata, i-variation, i-rondo, njll.) zihlanganisa izici zokuthuthukiswa, ukuchezuka okuphawulekayo nezimangaliso zilola isithakazelo kuyona kanye inqubo yokukhula komcabango, ehlala iheha, egcwele izehlakalo. "Izimanga" ezithandwayo zikaHaydn kanye "nemigilingwane" yasiza ukubonwa kohlobo lomculo wezinsimbi ezibucayi kakhulu, kwabangela izinhlangano ezithile phakathi kwabalaleli, ezazigxilwe ngamagama ama-symphonies ("Ibhere", "Inkukhu", "Iwashi", “Hunt”, “Uthisha Wesikole”, njll. . P.). Ukwakha amaphethini ajwayelekile ohlobo, uHaydn futhi wembula ukunotha kwamathuba okuvezwa kwawo, echaza izindlela ezihlukene zokuvela kwe-symphony ngekhulu le-1790-XNUMXth. Kuma-symphonies avuthiwe ka-Haydn, kusungulwa ukwakheka kwe-orchestra yakudala, okuhlanganisa wonke amaqembu ezinsimbi (izintambo, imimoya yokhuni, ithusi, i-percussion). Ukwakhiwa kwe-quartet nakho kuzinza, lapho zonke izinsimbi (i-violin ezimbili, i-viola, i-cello) ziba amalungu aphelele e-ensemble. Okuthakazelisa kakhulu yi-Haydn's clavier sonatas, lapho umcabango womqambi, ongapheli ngempela, isikhathi ngasinye sivula izinketho ezintsha zokwakha umjikelezo, izindlela zangempela zokuhlela nokuthuthukisa indaba. Ama-sonata okugcina abhalwe ngeminyaka yama-XNUMX. zigxile ngokucacile emandleni acacile ensimbi entsha - i-pianoforte.

Ukuphila kwakhe konke, ubuciko kwakungenxa kaHaydn ukusekelwa okuyinhloko kanye nomthombo oqhubekayo wokuzwana kwangaphakathi, ukuthula kwengqondo nempilo, Wayethemba ukuthi kuzohlala kunjalo kubalaleli besikhathi esizayo. “Bambalwa kakhulu abantu abajabulayo nabanelisekile kulelizwe,” kubhala umqambi oneminyaka engu-XNUMX ubudala, “kuyo yonke indawo bakhungethwe usizi nokukhathazeka; mhlawumbe umsebenzi wakho ngezinye izikhathi uyosebenza njengomthombo lapho umuntu ogcwele izinkathazo futhi ethwele ibhizinisi uzodonsa ukuthula nokuphumula kwakhe imizuzu.

I. Okhalova

Ifa le-operatic likaHaydn libanzi (ama-opera angama-24). Futhi, nakuba umqambi engafinyeleli ekuphakameni kukaMozart emsebenzini wakhe wokudlala, imisebenzi eminingi yalolu hlobo ibaluleke kakhulu futhi ayizange ilahlekelwe ukuhambisana kwayo. Kulawa, adume kakhulu ngo-Armida (1784), The Soul of a Philosopher, noma u-Orpheus no-Eurydice (1791, owadlalwa ngo-1951, eFlorence); imidlalo yamahlaya ethi The Singer (1767, ka-Estergaz, evuselelwe ngo-1939), The Apothecary (1768); Ukungathembeki Okukhohlisiwe (1773, Estergaz), Ukuthula Kwenyanga (1777), Ukwethembeka Kwavuzwa (1780, Estergaz), i-opera yamaqhawe yamahlaya u-Roland the Paladin (1782, Estergaz). Amanye alawa ma-opera, ngemva kwesikhathi eside engasakhunjulwa, adlalwa ngempumelelo enkulu esikhathini sethu (ngokwesibonelo, Ukuthula Kwenyanga ngo-1959 eThe Hague, Ukwethembeka Kwaklonyeliswa ngo-1979 kuMkhosi WaseGlyndebourne). Umshisekeli weqiniso womsebenzi kaHaydn umqhubi waseMelika uDorati, owaqopha ama-opera angu-8 ngumqambi nge-orchestra yaseLausanne chamber. Phakathi kwabo kukhona u-Armida (ama-soloists uNorman, KX Anshe, N. Burroughs, Ramy, Philips).

E. Tsodokov