Ljuba Welitsch |

I-Ljuba Welitsch

“Angisiyo i-peysan yaseJalimane, kodwa ngingumBulgaria ohehayo,” i-soprano uLyuba Velich wake washo ngokudlala, ephendula umbuzo wokuthi kungani engakaze acule uWagner. Le mpendulo akusiyo i-narcissism yomculi odumile. Akubonisi ngokunembile kuphela umuzwa wakhe wobumina, kodwa nokuthi umphakathi waseYurophu naseMelika wawumbheka kanjani - njengonkulunkulukazi onomusa wezinkanuko ku-Olympus esebenzayo. Ubumnene bakhe, inkulumo yakhe evulekile, amandla okuhlanya, uhlobo lwe-quintessence yomculo nokuvusa amadlingozi, alunikeze isibukeli-umlaleli ngokugcwele, kwashiya inkumbulo yakhe njengento eyingqayizivele emhlabeni we-opera.

ULyuba Velichkova wazalwa ngoJulayi 10, 1913 esifundazweni saseBulgaria, edolobhaneni elincane laseSlavyanovo, elingekude nechweba elikhulu kunawo wonke lezwe laseVarna - ngemuva kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, leli dolobha laqanjwa kabusha ngokuthi iBorisovo ukuhlonipha iBulgaria yangaleso sikhathi. I-Tsar Boris III, ngakho-ke leli gama liboniswa ezincwadini eziningi zokubhekisela njengendawo yokuzalwa yomculi. Abazali bakaLyuba - u-Angel no-Rada - babevela esifundeni sasePirin (eningizimu-ntshonalanga yezwe), banezimpande zaseMacedonia.

Umculi wesikhathi esizayo waqala imfundo yakhe yomculo esemncane, efunda ukudlala i-violin. Ngokuphikelela kwabazali bakhe, ababefuna ukunikeza indodakazi yakhe "okukhethekile" okukhethekile, wafunda ifilosofi eSofia University, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo wacula ekwayeni ye-Alexander Nevsky Cathedral enhloko-dolobha. Nokho, ukunxanela umculo kanye namakhono wobuciko nokho kwaholela umculi esizayo Sofia Conservatory, lapho wafunda ekilasini UProfesa Georgi Zlatev. Ngesikhathi efunda e-conservatory, uVelichkova wahlabelela ekwayeni ye-Sofia Opera, i-debut yakhe yenzeke lapha: ngo-1934 wahlabelela ingxenye encane yomthengisi wezinyoni "Louise" nguG. Charpentier; indima yesibili kwaba Tsarevich Fedor e Mussorgsky sika Boris Godunov, futhi odumile isivakashi umculi, Chaliapin omkhulu, wadlala indima isihloko ngalobo busuku.

Kamuva, uLyuba Velichkova wathuthukisa ikhono lakhe lokucula eVienna Academy of Music. Phakathi nezifundo zakhe e-Vienna, u-Velichkova wethulwa esikweni lomculo lase-Austro-German futhi ukuthuthuka kwakhe njengomculi we-opera kwakuhlotshaniswa kakhulu nezigcawu zaseJalimane. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, "ufinyeza" isibongo sakhe sesiSlavic, okwenza sijwayele indlebe yaseJalimane: yile ndlela uVelich avela ngayo eVelichkova - igama kamuva eladuma ezinhlangothini zombili ze-Atlantic. Ngo-1936, uLuba Velich wasayina inkontileka yakhe yokuqala yase-Austrian futhi kwaze kwaba ngu-1940 ecula eGraz ikakhulukazi ku-repertoire yase-Italy (phakathi kwezindima zaleyo minyaka - uDesdemona ku-opera ka-G. Verdi Otello, izindima ku-opera ka-G. Puccini - Mimi eLa Boheme ”, I-Cio-Cio-san ku-Madama Butterfly, i-Manon e-Manon Lesko, njll.).

Phakathi neMpi Yezwe Yesibili, uVelich wacula eJalimane, waba omunye wabaculi abadumile be-Third Reich: ngo-1940-1943. wayecula yedwa endlini endala ye-opera yaseJalimane eHamburg, ngo-1943-1945. - Umculi ocula yedwa we-Bavarian Opera eMunich, ngaphezu kwalokho, uvame ukudlala kwezinye izigaba ezihamba phambili zaseJalimane, phakathi kwazo okuyinhloko iSaxon Semperoper eDresden kanye ne-State Opera eBerlin. Umsebenzi okhaliphile eJalimane lobuNazi kamuva awubanga namphumela empumelelweni kaVelich yamazwe ngamazwe: ngokungafani nabaculi abaningi baseJalimane noma baseYurophu abachuma ngesikhathi sikaHitler (ngokwesibonelo, uR. Strauss, G. Karajan, V. Furtwängler, K. Flagstad, njll.), lo mculi waphunyula ngenjabulo ekungcoleni.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, akazange aphule ne-Vienna, okuyinto, ngenxa ye-Anschluss, nakuba yaphela ukuba inhloko-dolobha, ayizange ilahlekelwe ukubaluleka kwayo njengesikhungo somculo womhlaba: ngo-1942, uLyuba waqala ukucula. eVienna Volksoper ingxenye kaSalome ku-opera yegama elifanayo ka-R. Strauss osekuwuphawu lwakhe. Endimeni efanayo, uzokwenza i-debut yakhe ku-1944 e-Vienna State Opera ekugubheni iminyaka engu-80 ka-R. Strauss, owayejabule ngokuhumusha kwakhe. Kusukela ngo-1946, uLyuba Velich ubengumculi wesikhathi esigcwele we-Vienna Opera, lapho enza khona umsebenzi odidayo, okwaholela ekutheni aklonyeliswe ngesihloko esithi "Kammersengerin" ngo-1962.

Ngo-1947, ngaleli thiyetha, wabonakala okokuqala esiteji seCovent Garden yaseLondon, futhi engxenyeni yakhe yesiginesha yeSalome. Impumelelo yaba yinhle, futhi umculi uthola inkontileka yomuntu siqu enkundleni yemidlalo yaseshashalazini endala kunazo zonke yesiNgisi, lapho ehlala ecula kuze kube ngu-1952 izingxenye ezifana noDonna Anna eDon Giovanni ngu-WA ​​Mozart, uMusetta eLa Boheme nguG. Puccini, uLisa ku-Spades. Lady” by PI Tchaikovsky, Aida in “Aida” by G. Verdi, Tosca in “Tosca” by G. Puccini, njll. Ikakhulukazi uma kubhekwa ukusebenza kwakhe isizini 1949/50. "USalome" wahlelwa, ehlanganisa ithalente lomculi nesiqondiso esihlakaniphile sikaPeter Brook kanye nesethi ebabazekayo yomklamo kaSalvador Dali.

Umnqamulajuqu womsebenzi kaLuba Velich kwaba amasizini amathathu e-New York Metropolitan Opera, lapho aphinda waqala khona ngo-1949 njengoSalome (lokhu kudlalwa, okwenziwe ngumbhidisi uFritz Reiner, kwaqoshwa futhi kusewukuhunyushwa okungcono kakhulu kwe-opera ye-Strauss kuze kube namuhla. ). Esiteji seshashalazi yaseNew York, uVelich wacula ingoma yakhe eyinhloko - ngaphezu kukaSalome, lo ngu-Aida, Tosca, Donna Anna, Musetta. Ngaphandle kweVienna, eLondon naseNew York, umculi wabuye wabonakala kwezinye izigaba zomhlaba, phakathi kwazo okwakubaluleke kakhulu uMkhosi weSalzburg, lapho ngo-1946 no-1950 wacula ingxenye kaDonna Anna, kanye neGlyndebourne ne-Edinburgh Festivals. , lapho ngo-1949 Ngesimemo sika-impresario odumile uRudolf Bing, wacula ingxenye ka-Amelia ku-Masquerade Ball kaG. Verdi.

Umsebenzi okhaliphile womculi wawugqamile, kodwa wawuhlala isikhathi esifushane, nakuba waphela ngokusemthethweni kuphela ngo-1981. Maphakathi nawo-1950. waqala ukuba nezinkinga ngezwi lakhe okwakudingeka ahlinzwe imisipha yakhe. Isizathu salokhu cishe silele eqinisweni lokuthi ekuqaleni komsebenzi wakhe umculi washiya indima yomculo kuphela, eyayihambisana nemvelo yezwi lakhe, ethanda izindima ezimangalisayo. Ngemva kuka-1955, wayengavamile ukudlala (eVienna kwaze kwaba ngu-1964), ikakhulukazi emaqenjini amancane: indima yakhe yokugcina enkulu kwaba u-Yaroslavna e-Prince Igor ngu-AP Borodin. Ngo-1972, uVelich wabuyela esigabeni seMetropolitan Opera: ekanye no-J. Sutherland kanye no-L. Pavarotti, wadlala ku-opera ka-G. Donizetti ethi The Daughter of the Regiment. Futhi nakuba indima yakhe (i-Duchess von Krakenthorpe) yayincane futhi iyingxoxo, izethameli zamukele ngokufudumele isiBulgaria esikhulu.

Izwi likaLyuba Velich laliyinto engavamile kakhulu emlandweni wezwi. Engenabo ubuhle obukhethekile nokucebile kwethoni, ngesikhathi esifanayo wayenezimfanelo ezihlukanisa umculi kwamanye ama-prima donnas. I-lyrical soprano Velich ibonakala ngokuhlanzeka kwephimbo, insimbi yomsindo, i-timbre entsha, "eyayintombazane" (eyamenza wadingeka ezingxenyeni zamaqhawekazi asemasha anjengoSalome, Butterfly, Musetta, njll.) kanye nokundiza okungavamile, ngisho umsindo ohlabayo, owawuvumela umculi ukuba “anqamule” kalula noma iyiphi, i-orchestra enamandla kakhulu. Zonke lezi zimfanelo, ngokusho kwabaningi, zenza uVelich waba ngumdlali ofanelekayo we-Wagner repertoire, lapho umculi, nokho, wahlala engenandaba nhlobo kulo lonke umsebenzi wakhe, ecabangela idramaturgy yama-opera kaWagner engamukeleki futhi engathandeki ngenxa yentukuthelo yakhe evuthayo.

Emlandweni we-opera, uVelich wahlala ngokuyinhloko njengomdlali ohlakaniphile kaSalome, nakuba kungalungile ukumcabangela njengomlingisi wendima eyodwa, njengoba ephumelele kakhulu kwezinye izindima eziningi (inani eliphelele, kwakukhona cishe amashumi amahlanu kubo. ku-repertoire yomculi), ubuye wadlala ngempumelelo ku-operetta (i-Rosalind yakhe ethi "The Bat" ngu-I. Strauss esiteji se-"Metropolitan" yaziswa abaningi abangaphansi kukaSalome). Wayenethalente elivelele njengomdlali we-actress, okwakungeyona into eyenzeka njalo esiteji se-opera ngesikhathi sangaphambi kukaKallas. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukufutheka ngezinye izikhathi kwakumehlula, okuholela ekufuneni ukwazi, uma kungenjalo izimo ezidabukisayo esiteji. Ngakho, endimeni kaTosca emdlalweni othi "Metropolitan Opera", wamshaya ngokoqobo umlingani wakhe, owadlala indima yomhlukumezi wakhe uBaron Scarpia: lesi sinqumo sesithombe sahlangana nokujabulisa umphakathi, kodwa ngemva kokusebenza kwabangela. izinkinga eziningi kubaphathi betiyetha.

Ukulingisa kuvumele uLyuba Velich ukuthi enze umsebenzi wesibili ngemuva kokushiya isiteji esikhulu, elingisa kumafilimu nakuthelevishini. Phakathi kwemisebenzi ye-cinema ifilimu ethi "A Man Between ..." (1953), lapho umculi edlala indima ye-opera diva futhi "uSalome"; amafilimu omculo i-Dove (1959, ngokuhlanganyela kukaLouis Armstrong), i-Final Chord (1960, ngokubamba iqhaza kukaMario del Monaco) nabanye. Sekukonke, ifilimu kaLyuba Velich ihlanganisa amafilimu angama-26. Umculi washona ngo-September 2, 1996 e-Vienna.