Luigi Rodolfo Boccherini |

Luigi boccherini

Ngokuvumelana imbangi kaSacchini omnene, Umculi womuzwa, uBoccherini waphezulu! Fayol

Ifa lomculo lika-cellist wase-Italy nomqambi u-L. Boccherini cishe liqukethe izingoma zezinsimbi. "Ngenkathi ye-opera", njengoba ikhulu lama-30 livame ukubizwa kanjalo, wadala imisebenzi embalwa yesiteji somculo. Umdlali we-virtuoso ukhangwa izinsimbi zomculo nama-instrumental ensembles. Umqambi wasePeru unama-symphonies angaba ngu-400; imisebenzi ehlukahlukene ye-orchestra; i-violin eminingi ne-cello sonatas; i-violin, umtshingo kanye namakhonsathi e-cello; cishe izingoma eziyi-XNUMX ezihlanganisiwe (ama-quartet ezintambo, ama-quintets, ama-sextets, ama-octet).

U-Boccherini uthole imfundo yakhe yokuqala yomculo ngaphansi kokuqondisa kukayise, umshayi webhesi ophindwe kabili uLeopold Boccherini, no-D. Vannuccini. Kakade eneminyaka engu-12 ubudala, lo mculi osemusha waqala indlela yokusebenza yobungcweti: eqala ngenkonzo yeminyaka emibili ezindlini zesonto likaLucca, waqhubeka nemisebenzi yakhe yokucula njengomculi we-cello eRoma, wabe esephinda futhi endlini yesonto. idolobha lakubo (kusukela ngo-1761). Lapha u-Boccherini ngokushesha uhlela i-quartet yezintambo, ehlanganisa ama-virtuosos adumile kakhulu nabaqambi bangaleso sikhathi (P. Nardini, F. Manfredi, G. Cambini) futhi abaye benza imisebenzi eminingi kuhlobo lwe-quartet iminyaka emihlanu (1762) - 67). Ngo-1768 uBoccherini uhlangana eParis, lapho imidlalo yakhe iqhutshwa khona ngokunqoba futhi ithalente lomqambi njengomculi lithola ukuqashelwa kwaseYurophu. Kodwa ngokushesha (kusukela ngo-1769) wathuthela eMadrid, lapho kwaze kwaba sekupheleni kwezinsuku zakhe wakhonza khona njengomqambi wenkantolo, futhi wathola isikhundla esikhokhelwa kakhulu endlini yesonto yomculo kaMbusi uWilhelm Frederick II, isazi esikhulu somculo. Umsebenzi wokwenza kancane kancane uhlehlela ngemuva, ukhulula isikhathi somsebenzi onzima wokuqamba.

Umculo kaBoccherini unomzwelo ogqamile, njengombhali wawo uqobo. Umshayi wevayolini ongumFulentshi uP. Rode wakhumbula: “Lapho umculo kaBoccherini othile ungahlangabezani nenhloso noma ukunambitheka kukaBoccherini, umqambi wayengasakwazi ukuzibamba; wayejabula, ashaye phansi ngonyawo, futhi ngandlela-thile, ephelelwa isineke, wabaleka ngokushesha okukhulu, ememeza ethi inzalo yakhe yayihlushwa.

Emakhulwini amabili eminyaka adlule, okudaliwe kwenkosi yase-Italy akukalahlekelwa ukusha kanye nokushesha kwethonya. Izingcezu ze-solo nezihlanganisiwe zika-Boccherini zibeka izinselelo eziphezulu zobuchwepheshe kumdlali, zinikeza ithuba lokuveza amathuba acebile avezayo kanye nobuhle bensimbi. Kungakho abadlali banamuhla baphendukela ngokuzithandela emsebenzini womqambi wase-Italy.

Isitayela sikaBoccherini akusona nje isimo sengqondo, ingoma, umusa, lapho sibona khona izimpawu zesiko lomculo lase-Italy. Wathatha izici zolimi oluzwelayo, oluzwelayo lwe-opera yamahlaya yesi-French (P. Monsigny, A. Gretry), kanye nobuciko obuvezwa ngokugqamile babaculi baseJalimane bamaphakathi nekhulu leminyaka: abaqambi abavela eMannheim (Ja Stamitz, F. Richter ), kanye no-I. Schobert nendodana edumile u-Johann Sebastian Bach - u-Philipp Emanuel Bach. Umqambi uphinde wathola ithonya lomqambi omkhulu we-opera wekhulu lesi-2. – umgqugquzeli we-opera K. Gluck: akwenzeki kwaqondana ukuthi enye yama-symphonies ka-Boccherini ihlanganisa nendikimba eyaziwayo yomdanso wokufutheka okuvela ku-Act 1805 ye-opera ka-Gluck ethi Orpheus and Eurydice. U-Boccherini wayengomunye wamavulandlela ohlobo lwe-string quintet futhi owokuqala ama-quintets awo athola ukuqashelwa eYurophu. Zaziswa kakhulu ngu-WA ​​Mozart no-L. Beethoven, abadali bemisebenzi ehlakaniphile ohlotsheni lwe-quintet. Kokubili ngesikhathi sokuphila kwakhe nangemva kokufa kwakhe, u-Boccherini wahlala phakathi kwabaculi abahlonishwa kakhulu. Futhi ubuciko bakhe abenza kahle kakhulu bashiya uphawu olungenakucimeka enkumbulweni yabantu besikhathi sakhe nenzalo yakhe. Isidumbu sephephanda i-Leipzig (XNUMX) sibike ukuthi ubengumdlali weselula oncomekayo owajabulela ukudlala kwakhe leli thuluzi ngenxa yekhwalithi engenakuqhathaniswa yomsindo nokuzwakala okuthinta inhliziyo ekudlaleni.

S. Rytsarev

U-Luigi Boccherini ungomunye wabaqambi nabalingisi abavelele benkathi ye-Classical. Njengomqambi, wancintisana noHaydn noMozart, edala ama-symphonies amaningi nama-ensembles ekamelo, ahlukaniswa ngokucaca, ukucaca kwesitayela, ukuphelela kwe-architectonic yamafomu, ubuhle kanye nomusa onomusa wezithombe. Abaningi besikhathi sakhe babembheka njengendlalifa yesitayela se-Rococo, "uHaydn wesifazane", umsebenzi wakhe obuswa izici ezijabulisayo, ezinobuqhawe. U-E. Buchan, ngaphandle kokungabaza, umbhekise ku-classicist: “UBoccherini ovuthayo futhi ophuphayo, kanye nezincwadi zakhe zangeminyaka yawo-70, uba seqoqweni lokuqala labasunguli abanoluvunguvungu bangaleyo nkathi, ukuvumelana kwakhe ngesibindi kulindela imisindo yesikhathi esizayo. .”

U-Buchan unembe kakhulu kulokhu kuhlola kunabanye. “Ovuthayo futhi uyaphupha” – umuntu angazibonakalisa kanjani kangcono izigxobo zomculo kaBoccherini? Kuyo, umusa nokwelusa kwe-Rococo kuhlanganiswe nedrama ka-Gluck kanye nezingoma, okusikhumbuza ngokucacile i-Mozart. Ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX, uBoccherini wayengumculi owavula indlela yekusasa; umsebenzi wakhe wamangaza abantu besikhathi sakhe ngesibindi sokudlala izinsimbi, ubusha bolimi oluvumelanayo, ukucolisiswa kwe-classicist kanye nokucaca kwezinhlobo.

Okubaluleke nakakhulu i-Boccherini emlandweni we-cello art. Umdlali ovelele, umdali we-classical cello technique, wakha futhi wanikeza uhlelo oluvumelanayo lokudlala esigxotsheni, ngaleyo ndlela andisa imingcele yentamo ye-cello; yakha ukukhanya, okunomusa, "iparele" ukuthungwa kokunyakaza okungokomfanekiso, okucebisa izinsiza zokushelela kweminwe yesandla sobunxele futhi, ngezinga eliphansi, indlela yomnsalo.

Impilo kaBoccherini ayizange iphumelele. Isiphetho samlungiselela isiphetho sokudingiswa, ukuphila okugcwele ukululazeka, ubumpofu, umzabalazo oqhubekayo wokuthola ucezu lwesinkwa. Wabhekana nosizi “lokusekela” kwezicukuthwane okwalimaza kakhulu umphefumulo wakhe oqhoshayo nozwelayo ngaso sonke isikhathi, futhi waphila iminyaka eminingi enkingeni engenathemba. Umuntu angazibuza ukuthi, ngakho konke lokho okuwele endaweni yakhe, wakwazi kanjani ukugcina ukujabula okungapheli nethemba elizwakala ngokucacile emculweni wakhe.

Indawo okwazalelwa kuyo uLuigi Boccherini yidolobha lasendulo laseTuscan eLucca. Leli dolobha elincane ngosayizi, lalingafani neze nesifundazwe esikude. U-Lucca uphile impilo ejulile yomculo neyomphakathi. Eduze kwakunamanzi aphilisayo adumile kulo lonke elase-Italy, futhi amaholide ethempeli adumile emasontweni aseSanta Croce naseSan Martino ayeheha minyaka yonke abahambi abaningi ababephuma ezweni lonke. Abaculi base-Italy abavelele nabadlala izinsimbi bebecula emasontweni ngesikhathi samaholide. ULucca wayene-orchestra yedolobha elihle kakhulu; kwakukhona indawo yeshashalazi kanye nendlu yesonto enhle kakhulu, eyayigcinwa umbhishobhi omkhulu, kwakukhona izisemina ezintathu ezinamakhono omculo kuzo zonke. Kwesinye sazo uBoccherini wafunda.

Wazalwa ngo-February 19, 1743 emndenini womculo. Uyise uLeopold Boccherini, umdlali we-bass kabili, wadlala iminyaka eminingi ku-orchestra yedolobha; umfowabo omdala uGiovanni-Anton-Gaston wacula, wadlala ivayolini, wayengumdansi, kamuva waba i-librettist. Ku-libretto yakhe, uHaydn wabhala i-oratorio ethi "The Return of Tobias".

Amakhono kaLuigi omculo abonakala kusenesikhathi. Umfana wayecula ekwayeni yesonto futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo uyise wamfundisa amakhono okuqala e-cello. Imfundo yaqhubeka kwesinye sezikole zokufundela ubufundisi kunothisha osezingeni eliphezulu, u-cellist kanye nomphathi webhendi u-Abbot Vanucci. Ngenxa yamakilasi ne-abbot, uBoccherini waqala ukukhuluma obala kusukela eneminyaka eyishumi nambili. Lokhu kudlalwa kwalethela uBoccherini udumo kubathandi bomculo basemadolobheni. Ngemva kokuphothula iziqu ze-Faculty yomculo esikoleni sabefundisi ngo-1757, u-Boccherini waya eRoma ukuze athuthukise umdlalo wakhe. Maphakathi nekhulu le-XVIII, iRoma yajabulela inkazimulo yesinye sezihloko zomculo zomhlaba. Wayekhanya ngamaqembu omculo wezinsimbi ezinhle kakhulu (noma, njengoba ayebizwa kanjalo, izindlu zokukhonzela ezidlalwa izinsimbi); kwakukhona amathiyetha kanye namasaluni amaningi omculo eqhudelana. ERome, umuntu wayezwa kudlalwa uTartini, uPunyani, Somis, owazakhela udumo emhlabeni wonke ngobuciko bevayoli base-Italy. Lo mculi osemncane uphonsela inselele empilweni yomculo ephilayo yenhloko-dolobha.

Ukuthi wapheleliswa ngubani eRoma, akwaziwa. Ngokunokwenzeka, "kusuka kuwe", okudonsa umculo, ukukhetha okusha nokulahla osekudala, okudala. Isiko le-violin lase-Italy nalo lalingaba nomthelela kuye, isipiliyoni ngokungangabazeki asidlulisela kumkhakha we-cello. Ngokushesha, u-Boccherini waqala ukuqashelwa, futhi wadonsela ukunaka kuye hhayi kuphela ngokudlala, kodwa futhi nezingoma ezavusa isasasa lomhlaba wonke. Ngasekuqaleni kwawo-80s, washicilela imisebenzi yakhe yokuqala futhi wenza izinkambo zakhe zokuqala zekhonsathi, evakashela eVienna kabili.

Ngo-1761 wabuyela edolobheni lakubo. U-Lucca wambingelela ngenjabulo: “Besingazi ukuthi yini okufanele simangale ngayo—ukusebenza okumangalisayo kwe-virtuoso noma ukuthungwa okusha nokukhangayo kwemisebenzi yakhe.”

E-Lucca, u-Boccherini wamukelwa okokuqala e-orchestra yaseshashalazini, kodwa ngo-1767 wathuthela endlini yokukhonzela yaseLucca Republic. ELucca, wahlangana nomdlali wevayolini uFilippo Manfredi, owaba umngane wakhe omkhulu ngokushesha. U-Boccherini wanamathela ngokungapheli kuManfredi.

Nokho, kancane kancane Lucca uqala ukukala Boccherini. Okokuqala, naphezu komsebenzi wayo ohlobene, ukuphila komculo okukuyo, ikakhulukazi ngemva kweRoma, kubonakala kuye njengesifundazwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngenxa yokomela udumo, uphupha ngomsebenzi wekhonsathi obanzi. Ekugcineni, inkonzo yesonto yamnika umvuzo wezinto ezibonakalayo onesizotha kakhulu. Konke lokhu kwaholela eqinisweni lokuthi ekuqaleni kuka-1767, uBoccherini, kanye noManfredi, bamshiya uLucca. Amakhonsathi abo ayebanjelwe emadolobheni aseNyakatho ye-Italy - eTurin, ePiedmont, eLombardy, bese kuba eningizimu yeFrance. Umbhali womlando wokuphila kwabantu u-Boccherini Pico ubhala ukuthi yonke indawo babehlangatshezwa ukutuswa nomdlandla.

NgokukaPico, ngesikhathi ehlala eLucca (ngo-1762-1767), u-Boccherini wayevame ubuciko bokudala, wayematasa enza izinto kangangokuthi wadala ama-trios angu-6 kuphela. Ngokusobala, kwakungalesi sikhathi lapho uBoccherini noManfredi bahlangana khona ne-violinist edumile uPietro Nardini kanye ne-violist uCambini. Cishe izinyanga eziyisithupha basebenza ndawonye njenge-quartet. Ngemva kwalokho, ngo-1795, uCambini wabhala: “Ebusheni bami ngaphila izinyanga eziyisithupha ezijabulisayo emsebenzini onjalo nasentokozweni enjalo. Izingcweti ezintathu ezinkulu - uManfredi, umshayi wevayolini ovelele kunabo bonke kulo lonke elase-Italy mayelana nokudlala i-orchestra ne-quartet, uNardini, odume kakhulu ngokudlala kahle njenge-virtuoso, kanye noBoccherini, okwaziwa kahle ukufaneleka kwakhe, wangenza ngahlonishwa ngokwamukela. mina njengomdlali we-violist.

Maphakathi nekhulu lesi-XNUMX, ukusebenza kwe-quartet kwakusanda kuthuthuka - bekuwuhlobo olusha olwaluvela ngaleso sikhathi, kanti i-quartet yaseNardini, iManfredi, iCambini, iBoccherini yayingelinye lamaqoqo ochwepheshe bokuqala emhlabeni owaziwayo. kuthina.

Ekupheleni kuka-1767 noma ekuqaleni kuka-1768 abangane bafika eParis. Ukusebenza kokuqala kwabo bobabili abaculi eParis kwenzeka e-salon kaBaron Ernest von Bagge. Kwakungenye yezindawo zokucwala zomculo eziphawuleka kakhulu eParis. Kwakuvame ukukhishwa ngabaculi abavakashelayo ngaphambi kokungeniswa ku-Concert Spiritucl. Lonke umbala Paris zomculo babuthana lapha, Gossec, Gavignier, Capron, cellist Duport (senior) kanye nabanye abaningi ngokuvamile wavakashela. Lathakaselwa ikhono labaculi abasebasha. UParis wakhuluma ngoManfredi noBoccherini. Ikhonsathi esesaluni ye-Bagge ibavulele indlela ye-Concert Spirituel. Umdlalo owawusehholo elidumile lenziwa ngo-March 20, 1768, futhi ngokushesha abashicileli bomculo baseParis uLachevardier noBesnier banikeza uBoccherini ukuba aphrinte imisebenzi yakhe.

Nokho, ukusebenza kukaBoccherini noManfredi kwahlangabezana nokugxekwa. Incwadi kaMichel Brenet ethi Concerts in France under the Ancien Régime icaphuna la mazwi: “UManfredi, umshayi-vayolini wokuqala, akazange abe nempumelelo ayeyilindele. Umculo wakhe kwatholakala ukuthi ubushelelezi, ukudlala kwakhe kubanzi futhi kumnandi, kodwa ukudlala kwakhe kungcolile futhi kuguquguquka. Ukudlala i-cello kukaMnu. Boccarini (sic!) kwavusa ihlombe elilinganiselwe ngokulinganayo, imisindo yakhe ibonakala inokhahlo ezindlebeni, namaculo ayevumelana kancane kakhulu.

Izibuyekezo ziyinkomba. Izilaleli ze-Concert Spirituel, ingxenye enkulu, zazisabuswa izimiso zakudala zobuciko "obuqhawe", futhi ukudlala kuka-Boccherini kwakungase kubonakale ngempela (futhi kubonakala!) Kuye kunokhahlo kakhulu, kungenangqondo. Kunzima ukukholelwa manje ukuthi "u-Gavinier omnene" wayezwakala ebukhali ngendlela engavamile futhi enokhahlo ngaleso sikhathi, kodwa kuyiqiniso. U-Boccherini, ngokusobala, wathola abalandeli kulowo mbuthano wabalaleli, eminyakeni embalwa, ababezosabela ngentshiseko nokuqonda ekuguqulweni kokusebenza kukaGluck, kodwa abantu abakhuliswe ngobuhle be-Rococo, cishe, bahlala bengenandaba naye; kubo kuvele ukuthi kuyamangalisa futhi "kubi". Ubani owaziyo ukuthi ngabe lesi kwakuyisizathu esenza ukuthi uBoccherini noManfredi bangahlali eParis? Ekupheleni kuka-1768, besebenzisa ithuba lokunikezwa kwenxusa laseSpain lokungena enkonzweni ye-Infante yaseSpain, iNkosi ezayo uCharles IV, baya eMadrid.

ISpain engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu lesi-XNUMX yayiyizwe elishiseka ngokweqile lamaKhatholika kanye nokusabela kwe-feudal. Lesi kwakuyinkathi kaGoya, echazwe kahle kakhulu u-L. Feuchtwanger kunoveli yakhe emayelana nomdwebi waseSpain. UBoccherini noManfredi bafika lapha, enkantolo kaCharles III, owashushisa ngenzondo yonke into ngokwezinga elithile eyayiphikisana nobuKatolika nobufundisi.

ESpain, zahlangatshezwana nazo ezingenabungane. UCharles III kanye neNkosana Yomntwana Wase-Asturias babaphatha ngendlela ebandayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abaculi bakuleli abazange bajabule neze ngokufika kwabo. Umdlali wevayolini wokuqala wasenkantolo uGaetano Brunetti, esaba ukuncintisana, waqala ukwakha uzungu eBoccherini. Esolisa futhi enomkhawulo, uCharles III wakholelwa ngokuzithandela uBrunetti, futhi uBoccherini wehluleka ukuzizuzela indawo enkantolo. Wasindiswa ukusekelwa uManfredi, owathola indawo yomdlali wevayolini wokuqala endlini yesonto yomfowabo kaCharles III uDon Louis. UDon Louis wayeyindoda ekhululekile ngokuqhathaniswa. “Ubeseka abaculi nabaculi abaningi abebengamukelekile ebukhosini. Isibonelo, umuntu owayephila ngesikhathi sikaBoccherini, uGoya odumile, owazuza isihloko somdwebi wenkantolo kuphela ngo-1799, isikhathi eside wathola ukusekelwa komntwana. UDon Lui wayengumculi weselula oyimfundamakhwela, futhi, ngokusobala, wasebenzisa isiqondiso sikaBoccherini.

UManfredi waqinisekisa ukuthi uBoccherini naye wamenywa esontweni likaDon Louis. Lapha, njengomqambi womculo wekamelo kanye ne-virtuoso, umqambi wasebenza kusukela ngo-1769 kuya ku-1785. Ukuxhumana nalo mphathi ohloniphekile kuwukuphela kwenjabulo empilweni kaBoccherini. Kabili ngesonto wayenethuba lokulalela ukusebenza kwemisebenzi yakhe e-villa "Arena", okwakungekaDon Louis. Lapha uBoccherini wahlangana nomkakhe wesikhathi esizayo, indodakazi kakaputeni wase-Aragon. Umshado wenziwa ngoJuni 25, 1776.

Ngemva komshado, isimo sezimali Boccherini kwaba nzima nakakhulu. Zazalwa izingane. Ukuze asize umqambi, uDon Louis wazama ukumnxusela enkantolo yaseSpain. Nokho, imizamo yakhe yaba yize. Incazelo ecacile yesigcawu esicasulayo mayelana no-Boccherini yashiywa umdlali wevayolini ongumFulentshi u-Alexander Boucher, owayedlala phambi kwakhe. Ngolunye usuku, kusho uBoucher, umalume kaCharles IV, uDon Louis, waletha u-Boccherini kumshana wakhe, ngaleso sikhathi owayeyiNkosana Yase-Asturias, ukuze ethule izingoma ezintsha zomqambi. Amanothi ayevele evuliwe ezitendi zomculo. UKarl wathatha umnsalo, wayehlala edlala indima ye-violin yokuqala. Endaweni eyodwa ye-quintet, amanothi amabili aphindwa isikhathi eside futhi ngokukhululekile: ku, si, kuye, si. Icwile engxenyeni yayo, inkosi yawadlala ngaphandle kokulalela amanye amazwi. Ekugcineni, wakhathala ukuziphinda, futhi, ethukuthele, wayeka.

- Kuyanyanyisa! Loafer, noma yimuphi umfana wesikole ungenza kangcono: yenza, si, yenza, si!

“Mnumzane,” kuphendula u-Boccherini ngomoya ophansi, “uma ubukhosi buvuma ukuthambekela endlebeni yakho kulokho okudlalwa ivayolini yesibili ne-viola, ku-pizzicato edlalwa i-cello ngaleso sikhathi lapho ivayolini yokuqala iphindaphinda amanothi ayo ngokukhululekile, khona-ke amanothi azolahlekelwa i-monotony ngokushesha nje lapho ezinye izinsimbi, sezingenile, zizobamba iqhaza kwinhlolokhono.

- Bye, bye, bye, bye - futhi lokhu kuphakathi kwesigamu sehora! Bye, bye, bye, bye, ingxoxo ethakazelisayo! Umculo womfana wesikole, umfana wesikole omubi!

“Mnumzane,” u-Boccherini ebhodla ngolaka, “ngaphambi kokwahlulela kanjalo, kufanele okungenani uqonde umculo, ignoramu!”

Egxuma ngolaka, uKarl wabamba uBoccherini wamhudulela efasiteleni.

“Awu, mnumzane, yesaba uNkulunkulu!” Kumemeza iNkosazana yase-Asturia. Ngala mazwi, inkosana yaphenduka isigamu, uBoccherini owayethukile wasebenzisa ithuba lokucasha ekamelweni elilandelayo.

“Lesi sigcawu,” uyanezela u-Pico, “ngokungangabazeki, sethule ngendlela efanekisayo, kodwa ngokuyisisekelo, sagcina samphuca u-Boccherini umusa wasebukhosini. Inkosi entsha yaseSpain, indlalifa kaCharles III, ayisoze yakhohlwa ukuthukwa kweNkosana yase-Asturias ... futhi yayingafuni ukubona umqambi noma ukwenza umculo wayo. Ngisho negama likaBoccherini kwakungamele likhulunywe esigodlweni. Lapho noma ubani elokotha akhumbuze inkosi ngomculi, wayehlale ephazamisa obuzayo:

- Ubani omunye okhuluma ngoBoccherini? U-Boccherini ufile, wonke umuntu makakhumbule lokhu kahle futhi angaphinde akhulume ngaye!

Ethwele kanzima ngomkhaya (unkosikazi nezingane ezinhlanu), uBoccherini waphila kabuhlungu. Wagula kakhulu ngemva kokushona kukaDon Louis ngo-1785. Wayesekelwa kuphela abanye abathandi bomculo, ababeqhuba ezindlini zabo umculo we-chamber. Nakuba imibhalo yakhe yayidumile futhi yanyatheliswa yizinkampani ezinkulu zokushicilela emhlabeni, lokhu akuzange kwenze ukuphila kukaBoccherini kube lula. Abashicileli bamgebenga ngokungenasihawu. Kwenye yezincwadi, umqambi ukhononda ngokuthi uthola amanani angasho lutho nokuthi amalungelo akhe okushicilela awanakwa. Kwenye incwadi, ubabaza kabuhlungu: “Mhlawumbe sengifile kakade?”

Njengoba engaziwa eSpain, ukhuluma ngenxusa lasePrussia eNkosini uFrederick William II futhi anikele enye yemisebenzi yakhe kuye. Ewazisa kakhulu umculo kaBoccherini, uFriedrich Wilhelm wamqoka umqambi wasenkantolo. Yonke imisebenzi eyalandela, kusukela ngo-1786 kuya ku-1797, u-Boccherini ubhalela inkantolo yasePrussia. Kodwa-ke, enkonzweni yeNkosi yasePrussia, uBoccherini usahlala eSpain. Yiqiniso, imibono yababhali bomlando wokuphila komuntu ihlukile kule ndaba, uPico noSchletterer bathi, lapho efika eSpain ngo-1769, uBoccherini akazange ashiye imingcele yayo, ngaphandle kohambo oluya e-Avignon, lapho ngo-1779 waya emshadweni womshana wakhe. washada ne-violinist uFisher. L. Ginzburg unombono ohlukile. Ebhekisela encwadini kaBoccherini eya kunxusa lasePrussia uMarquis Lucchesini (June 30, 1787), eyathunyelwa ivela eBreslau, eGinzburg ifinyelela isiphetho esinengqondo sokuthi ngo-1787 umqambi wayeseJalimane. Ukuhlala kukaBoccherini lapha kwakungahlala isikhathi eside ngangokunokwenzeka kusukela ngo-1786 kuya ku-1788, ngaphezu kwalokho, kungenzeka ukuthi wavakashela eVienna, lapho ngoJulayi 1787 umshado kadadewabo uMaria Esther, owashada nomdwebi wezingoma u-Honorato Vigano. Iqiniso lokusuka kukaBoccherini eJalimane, ngokubhekisela encwadini efanayo evela eBreslau, liqinisekiswa futhi uJulius Behi encwadini ethi From Boccherini to Casals.

Ngama-80s, u-Boccherini wayesevele engumuntu ogula kakhulu. Encwadini eshiwo evela eBreslau, wabhala: “... Ngazithola ngiboshiwe ekamelweni lami ngenxa ye-hemoptysis ephindaphindiwe, futhi ngisho nangaphezulu ngenxa yokuvuvukala okukhulu kwemilenze, okuhambisana nokuphelelwa amandla cishe ngokuphelele.

Lesi sifo, esinciphisa amandla, sancisha uBoccherini ithuba lokuqhubeka nokwenza imisebenzi. Ngama-80s ushiya i-cello. Kusukela manje kuqhubeke, ukuqamba umculo kuba ukuphela komthombo wokuba khona, futhi ngemuva kwakho konke, amasenti akhokhelwa ukushicilelwa kwemisebenzi.

Ngasekupheleni kwawo-80, uBoccherini wabuyela eSpain. Isimo azithola ekuso asibekezeleleki neze. Uguquko olwaqubuka eFrance lubangela ukusabela okumangalisayo eSpain kanye nemibuthano exokozelayo yamaphoyisa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iNkantolo Yamacala Ezihlubuki idlangile. Inqubomgomo evusa inkanuko ebheke eFrance yagcina iholele ngo-1793-1796 empini yaseFranco-Spanish, eyaphela ngokunqotshwa kweSpain. Umculo okulezi zimo awuhlonishwa kakhulu. U-Boccherini uba nzima kakhulu lapho inkosi yasePrussia uFrederick II efa - ukuphela kokusekela kwakhe. Inkokhelo yesikhundla somculi wegumbi lenkantolo yasePrussia, empeleni, yayiyimali engenayo yomndeni.

Ngokushesha ngemva kokufa kukaFrederick II, uBoccherini wabulawa olunye uchungechunge lwamagalelo anonya: ngesikhathi esifushane, umkakhe namadodakazi akhe amabili asebekhulile bayafa. UBoccherini waphinde washada, kodwa unkosikazi wesibili wafa ngokuzumayo ngenxa yohlangothi. Okuhlangenwe nakho okunzima kwe-90s kuthinta isimo jikelele somoya wakhe - uhoxisa kuye, uya enkolweni. Kulesi simo, egcwele ukucindezeleka okungokomoya, ubonga zonke izimpawu zokunakwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ubumpofu bumenza abambelele kunoma yiliphi ithuba lokuthola imali. Lapho uMarquis waseBenaventa, umthandi womculo owayedlala isiginci kahle futhi ekwazisa kakhulu uBoccherini, emcela ukuba amhlelele izingoma ezimbalwa, enezela ingxenye yesiginci, umqambi ugcwalisa lo myalelo ngokuzithandela. Ngo-1800, inxusa laseFrance uLucien Bonaparte welula isandla sokusiza kumqambi. U-Boccherini obongayo wanikezela imisebenzi eminingana kuye. Ngo-1802, inxusa washiya Spain, futhi Boccherini waphinde waba isidingo.

Kusukela ekuqaleni kwawo-90, ezama ukubalekela ukuxhashazwa isidingo, Boccherini uzama ukubuyisela ubuhlobo nabangane French. Ngo-1791, wathumela imibhalo yesandla eminingana eParis, kodwa yanyamalala. “Mhlawumbe imisebenzi yami ibisetshenziselwa ukulayisha inganono,” kubhala uBoccherini. Ngo-1799, unikezela ama-quintets akhe "eRiphabhulikhi yaseFrance nasesizweni esikhulu", futhi encwadini ethi "kuCitizen Chenier" uzwakalisa ukubonga kwakhe okuqotho "ezweni elikhulu laseFrance, okungaphezu kwanoma yisiphi esinye, sazizwa, saziswa futhi yancoma imibhalo yami enesizotha.” Ngempela, umsebenzi kaBoccherini waziswa kakhulu eFrance. UGluck, uGossec, uMugel, uViotti, uBaio, uRode, uKreutzer kanye namaseli aseDuport akhothama phambi kwakhe.

Ngo-1799, uPierre Rode, umculi we-violini odumile, umfundi waseViotti, wafika eMadrid, futhi uBoccherini omdala wahlangana eduze nensizwa yaseFrance ehlakaniphile. Ukhohliwe yiwo wonke umuntu, enesizungu, egula, uBoccherini ujabule kakhulu ukuxhumana noRode. Wawashaya ngokuzithandela amakhonsathi akhe. Ubungane noRode bukhanyisa impilo kaBoccherini, futhi udabukile kakhulu lapho i-maestro engaphumuli isuka eMadrid ngo-1800. Umhlangano noRode uqinisa ngokwengeziwe ukulangazelela kukaBoccherini. Unquma ukushiya eSpain ekugcineni aye eFrance. Kodwa lesi sifiso sakhe asizange sifezeke. Umthandi omkhulu ka-Boccherini, umdlali wopiyano, umculi nomqambi uSophie Gail wamvakashela eMadrid ngo-1803. Wathola u-maestro egula ngokuphelele futhi enesidingo esijulile. Wahlala iminyaka eminingi ekamelweni elilodwa, ehlukaniswe ama-mezzanine abe yizitezi ezimbili. Isitezi esingaphezulu, empeleni i-attic, yayisebenza njengehhovisi lomqambi. Indawo yonke kwakuyitafula, isihlalo kanye nesello endala. Ethuswe yilokho akubona, uSophie Gail wakhokha zonke izikweletu zikaBoccherini futhi waqoqa phakathi kwabangane izimali ezidingekayo ukuze athuthele eParis. Nokho, isimo esinzima sezombangazwe nesimo somculi ogulayo asisamvumeli ukuba anyakaze.

May 28, 1805 Boccherini wafa. Bambalwa abantu abalandela ibhokisi lakhe. Ngo-1927, eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-120 kamuva, umlotha wakhe wadluliselwa kuLucca.

Ngesikhathi sokuqhakaza kwakhe izimbali, u-Boccherini wayengomunye wamaseli amakhulu kakhulu ekhulwini lesi-XNUMX. Ekudlaleni kwakhe, kwaphawulwa ubuhle obungenakuqhathaniswa bephimbo nokugcwele ukucula kwe-cello. U-Lavasserre noBodiot, ku-The Method of the Paris Conservatory, ebhalwe ngesisekelo sesikole se-violin sase-Bayot, u-Kreutzer no-Rode, bachaza u-Boccherini ngale ndlela: "Uma yena (Boccherini. - LR) enza i-cello icule yedwa, ngakho umuzwa ojulile, ngobulula obuhle kangangokuthi ubuciko nokulingisa kuyalibaleka; izwi elithile elimangalisayo lizwakala, hhayi elicasulayo, kodwa eliduduzayo.

U-Boccherini naye wadlala indima ebalulekile ekuthuthukiseni ubuciko bomculo njengomqambi. Ifa lakhe lokudala likhulu - imisebenzi engaphezu kuka-400; phakathi kwabo kukhona ama-symphonies angu-20, i-violin kanye namakhonsathi e-cello, ama-quartet angu-95, ama-quintets angu-125 (ayi-113 kuwo ane-cellos amabili) namanye ama-ensembles amaningi ekamelo. Abantu besikhathi sakhe baqhathanisa u-Boccherini noHaydn noMozart. Isidumbu se-Universal Musical Gazette sithi: “Yebo, wayengomunye wabaqambi bezinsimbi abavelele bezwe lakhe lase-Italy ... Waqhubekela phambili, wahambisana nezikhathi, futhi wabamba iqhaza ekuthuthukisweni kwezobuciko, okwaqalwa ngu. umngane wakhe wakudala uHaydn … i-Italy imbeka esimeni esilinganayo noHaydn, futhi iSpain ikhetha yena kunompetha waseJalimane, otholakala lapho futhi efundile. I-France imhlonipha kakhulu, futhi iJalimane … imazi kancane kakhulu. Kodwa lapho bemazi khona, bayakwazi ukujabulela nokwazisa, ikakhulukazi uhlangothi olumnandi lwezingoma zakhe, bayamthanda futhi bamhlonipha kakhulu ... Ukufaneleka kwakhe okukhethekile maqondana nomculo wezinsimbi wase-Italy, Spain kanye neFrance kwaba ukuthi wayengumculi. okokuqala ukubhala labo abazithola bekhona ukusatshalaliswa okuvamile kwama-quartets, wonke amazwi abo anesibopho. Okungenani waba ngowokuqala ukuthola ukuqashelwa emhlabeni wonke. Yena, futhi ngokushesha ngemva kwakhe uPleyel, ngemisebenzi yabo yokuqala ohlotsheni oluqanjwe igama lomculo wenza umuzwa lapho ngisho nangaphambi kukaHaydn, owayesahlukanisiwe ngaleso sikhathi.

Ama-biography amaningi adweba ukufana phakathi komculo ka-Boccherini no-Haydn. U-Boccherini wayemazi kahle uHaydn. Wahlangana naye eVienna wabe esebhalelana iminyaka eminingi. U-Boccherini, ngokusobala, wamhlonipha kakhulu umuntu wakhe omkhulu waseJalimane. Ngokusho kukaCambini, ku-quartet ensemble yaseNardini-Boccherini, lapho abambe iqhaza khona, kwadlalwa ama-quartets kaHaydn. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, yebo, ubuntu bokudala Boccherini futhi Haydn zihluke kakhulu. E-Boccherini asisoze sathola leso sithombe esiyisici esiwuphawu lomculo ka-Haydn. U-Boccherini unamaphuzu amaningi okuxhumana no-Mozart. Ubuhle, ukukhanya, "i-chivalry" enomusa ibaxhumanisa nezici zomuntu ngamunye zokudala nge-Rococo. Futhi banokuningi abafana ngakho ekusheshiseni okungazi lutho kwezithombe, ekuthunjweni, ezihlelwe ngendlela eqinile futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo ezimnandi nezinomculo.

Kuyaziwa ukuthi uMozart wazisa umculo weBoccherini. UStendhal wabhala ngalokhu. “Angazi noma kwakungenxa yempumelelo yini eyenza uMiserere amlethele (uStendhal okusho ukuthi uMozart wayelalela uMiserere Allegri eSistine Chapel. – LR), kodwa, ngokusobala, ingoma enesizotha nengenamsindo yaleli hubo. umbono ojulile emphefumulweni kaMozart, okwathi kusukela lapho uye wathanda ngokucacile i-Handel kanye ne-Boccherini emnene.

Ukuthi uMozart wawufunda ngokucophelela kangakanani umsebenzi kaBoccherini kungahlulelwa ngokuthi isibonelo sakhe lapho edala i-Fourth Violin Concerto ngokusobala kwakuyikhonsathi ye-violin eyabhalwa ngo-1768 nguLucca maestro kaManfredi. Uma uqhathanisa amakhonsathi, kulula ukubona ukuthi asondele kangakanani ngokohlelo olujwayelekile, izingqikithi, izici zokuthungwa. Kodwa kubalulekile ngesikhathi esifanayo ukuthi ingakanani ingqikithi efanayo eguqukayo ngaphansi kwepeni elikhazimulayo likaMozart. Isipiliyoni sikaBoccherini esithobekile siphenduka elinye lamakhonsathi aphambili kaMozart; idayimane, elinemiphetho engaphawuliwe, liba yidayimane elikhazimulayo.

Ukusondeza u-Boccherini ku-Mozart, abantu ababephila ngesikhathi nabo bazizwa behlukene. "Uyini umehluko phakathi kwe-Mozart ne-Boccherini?" kubhala uJ. B. Shaul, “Eyokuqala isiholela phakathi kwamawa ayimimango isiyise ehlathini elifana nenaliti, elithela izimbali ngezikhathi ezithile kuphela, futhi eyesibili yehlela emazweni amomothekayo anezigodi ezinezimbali, anemifudlana ebubula obala, embozwe izihlahla eziwugqinsi.”

U-Boccherini wayezwela kakhulu ekusebenzeni komculo wakhe. U-Pico utshela ukuthi kanye eMadrid, ngo-1795, umdlali wevayolini waseFrance u-Boucher wacela u-Boccherini ukuthi adlale enye yama-quartets akhe.

“Usuvele usemncane kakhulu, kanti ukudlala komculo wami kudinga ikhono elithile nokuvuthwa, nesitayela esihlukile sokudlala kunesakho.

Njengoba uBoucher ephikelela, uBoccherini wavuma, futhi abadlali be-quartet baqala ukudlala. Kodwa, ngokushesha nje lapho bedlala izilinganiso ezimbalwa, umqambi wabamisa futhi wathatha ingxenye kaBoucher.

“Ngakutshela ukuthi usemncane kakhulu ukuthi ungadlala umculo wami.

Khona-ke umdlali wevayolini onamahloni waphendukela ku-maestro:

“Nkosi, ngingakucela kuphela ukuba ungiqalise ekwenzeni imisebenzi yakho; ngifundise ukuthi ngingawadlala kanjani ngendlela efanele.

“Ngokuvuma okukhulu, ngizokujabulela ukuqondisa ithalente elinjengelakho!”

Njengomqambi, u-Boccherini uthole ukuqashelwa kusenesikhathi ngendlela engavamile. Izingoma zakhe zaqala ukwenziwa e-Italy naseFrance kakade ngawo-60s, okungukuthi, lapho esanda kungena ensimini yomqambi. Udumo lwakhe lwafika eParis ngisho nangaphambi kokuba avele lapho ngo-1767. Imisebenzi kaBoccherini yayingadlalwa nje kuphela ku-cello, kodwa futhi “nembangi” yayo endala - igamba. "Ama-virtuosos akuleli thuluzi, amaningi kakhulu ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX kunamaseli, avivinya amandla awo ngokwenza imisebenzi emisha yangaleso sikhathi yenkosi yaseLucca egamba."

Umsebenzi kaBoccherini wawudume kakhulu ekuqaleni kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX. Umqambi uhlatshelelwa evesini. UFayol unikezela inkondlo kuye, emqhathanisa noSacchini omnene futhi embiza ngonkulunkulu.

Ngama-20s kanye nama-30s, u-Pierre Baio wayevame ukudlala ama-ensembles e-Boccherini ngobusuku begumbi elivulekile e-Paris. Wayebhekwa njengomunye wabadlali abahamba phambili bomculo wenkosi yase-Italy. UFetis ubhala ukuthi lapho ngolunye usuku, ngemva kwe-quintet kaBeethoven, uFetis ezwa i-quintet ka-Boccherini eyenziwa uBayo, wajatshuliswa “lo mculo olula nongenangqondo” owawulandela ukuhambisana okunamandla, okumangalisayo kwenkosi yaseJalimane. Umphumela wawumangalisa. Abalaleli bathinteka, bajabula futhi bathakathwa. Makhulu kakhulu amandla ezikhuthazo eziphuma emphefumulweni, ezinomphumela ongenakuvinjelwa lapho ziphuma ngokuqondile enhliziyweni.

Umculo weBoccherini wawuthandwa kakhulu lapha eRussia. Kwenziwa okokuqala kuma-70s wekhulu le-XVIII. Ngama-80s, ama-quartets e-Boccherini athengiswa eMoscow "esitolo sesiDashi" sika-Ivan Schoch kanye nemisebenzi kaHaydn, Mozart, Pleyel, nabanye. Baduma kakhulu phakathi kwabangafundile; zazihlale zidlalwa emihlanganweni yasekhaya yamaquartet. U-AO Smirnova-Rosset ucaphuna amazwi alandelayo ka-IV Vasilchikov, aqondiswe kumculi wezincwadi odumile u-IA Krylov, owayengumthandi womculo oshisekayo: E. Boccherini.— LR). Uyakhumbula, u-Ivan Andreevich, ukuthi mina nawe sasidlala kanjani kuze kube sebusuku?

Ama-Quintets anama-cellos amabili ayenziwa ngokuzithandela emuva kuma-50s embuthanweni ka-II Gavrushkevich, owavakashelwa yi-Borodin encane: "U-AP Borodin ulalele ama-quintets ka-Boccherini ngelukuluku nokufinyeleleka kobusha, ngokumangala - u-Onslov, ngothando - uGoebel" . Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ngo-1860, encwadini eya ku-E. Lagroix, u-VF Odoevsky ukhuluma ngoBoccherini, kanye noPleyel noPaesiello, kakade njengomqambi okhohliwe: "Ngikhumbula kahle isikhathi lapho babengafuni ukulalela noma yini enye. kunoPleyel, uBoccherini, uPaesiello nabanye amagama abo osekunesikhathi ashona futhi akhohlwa .."

Njengamanje, ikhonsathi enkulu ye-cello ye-B-flat kuphela egcine ukuhlobana kwezobuciko kusukela kumagugu ka-Boccherini. Mhlawumbe akekho noyedwa oyi-cellist ongeke enze lo msebenzi.

Sivame ukufakaza ukuvuselelwa kwemisebenzi eminingi yomculo wakuqala, ozalwe kabusha impilo yekhonsathi. Kwazi bani? Mhlawumbe kuzofika isikhathi sokuthi u-Boccherini nama-ensembles akhe aphinde azwakale emahholo ekamelo, eheha abalaleli nge-charm yabo engenangqondo.

L. Raaben