URobert Casadesus |
URobert Casadesus
Phakathi nekhulu leminyaka elidlule, izizukulwane ezimbalwa zabaculi abanesibongo Casadesus ziye zandisa inkazimulo yesiko lesiFulentshi. Izihloko kanye nezifundo zinikezelwe kubameleli abaningi balo mndeni, amagama abo angatholakala kuzo zonke izincwadi ze-encyclopedic, emisebenzini yomlando. Kukhona, njengomthetho, futhi kukhulunywa ngomsunguli wesiko lomndeni - umculi waseCatalan uLouis Casadesus, owathuthela eFrance phakathi nekhulu leminyaka elidlule, washada nomFulentshi futhi wahlala eParis. Lapha, ngo-1870, indodana yakhe yokuqala uFrancois Louis yazalwa, eyazuza udumo olukhulu njengomqambi nombhidisi, umsakazi kanye nomculi womculo; wayengumqondisi wenye yezindlu ze-opera zaseParis futhi umsunguli we-American Conservatory e-Fontainebleau, lapho kwafunda khona intsha enekhono evela ngaphesheya kolwandle. Ngemva kwakhe, abafowabo abancane bathola ukuqashelwa: U-Henri, umculi we-violist ovelele, umgqugquzeli womculo wakuqala (naye wadlala ngokumangalisayo ku-viola d'amour), uMarius umculi we-violinist, i-virtuoso yokudlala insimbi engavamile ye-quinton; ngasikhathi sinye eFrance babona umzalwane wesithathu - umshayi wamaselula uLucien Casadesus nomkakhe - umshayi wopiyano uRosie Casadesus. Kodwa ukuziqhenya kweqiniso komndeni kanye nawo wonke amasiko aseFrance kuwumsebenzi kaRobert Casadesus, umshana wabaculi abathathu okukhulunywe ngabo. Ngokwakhe, iFrance nomhlaba wonke ihloniphe omunye wabashayi bopiyano abavelele ekhulwini lethu, owenza samuntu izici ezingcono kakhulu nezijwayelekile kakhulu zesikole saseFrance sokudlala upiyano.
- Umculo wepiyano esitolo se-inthanethi se-Ozon →
Ngokwalokhu osekushiwo ngenhla, kuyacaca ukuthi yimuphi umkhathi owawugcwele emculweni uRobert Casadesus wakhulela futhi wakhuliswa. Kakade eneminyaka engu-13, waba umfundi eParis Conservatory. Efunda upiyano (noL. Diemaire) nokuqamba (noC. Leroux, N. Gallon), unyaka ngemva kokuvunyelwa, wathola umklomelo wokudlala i-Theme with Variations kaG. Fauré, futhi ngesikhathi ephothula esikoleni samabanga aphansi. (ngo-1921) wayengumnikazi wezinye izingxenye ezimbili eziphakeme. Ngawo lowo nyaka, umdlali wopiyano waqala uhambo lwakhe lokuqala eYurophu futhi ngokushesha waphakama wavelela emkhathizwe wopiyano emhlabeni. Ngesikhathi esifanayo kwazalwa ubungane Casadesus noMaurice Ravel, okwaqhubeka kwaze kwaba sekupheleni kokuphila komqambi omkhulu, kanye Albert Roussel. Konke lokhu kube nomthelela ekwakhekeni kokuqala kwesitayela sakhe, kwanikeza isiqondiso esicacile nesicacile ekuthuthukisweni kwakhe.
Kabili eminyakeni yangaphambi kwempi - 1929 no-1936 - umdlali wopiyano ongumFulentshi wavakashela i-USSR, futhi isithombe sakhe sangaleyo minyaka sathola ukuhlolwa okuguquguqukayo, nakuba kwakungekho ukuhlolwa okuvumelanayo kwabagxeki. Nakhu okwabhalwa uG. Kogan ngaleso sikhathi: “Ukwenza kwakhe kuhlale kugcwele isifiso sokuveza nokudlulisa okuqukethwe okusankondlo komsebenzi. Ubuhle bakhe obukhulu futhi obukhululekile abuphenduki bube isiphetho ngokwako, buhlala buthobela umbono wokuhumusha. Kodwa amandla omuntu ngamunye weCasadesus kanye nemfihlo yempumelelo yakhe enkulu nathi ... ilele eqinisweni lokuthi izimiso zobuciko, eseziphenduke isiko elifile phakathi kwabanye, zigcina kuye - uma kungenjalo ngokuphelele, ngakho-ke ngezinga elikhulu - ukushesha kwazo, ubusha nokusebenza kahle ... I-Casadesus ihlukaniswa ngokungabi bikho kokuzenzakalela, ukujwayela kanye nokucaca okuthile okunengqondo kokuhumusha, okubeka imingcele eqinile esimweni sakhe esibalulekile, umbono oningiliziwe nothinta inkanuko yomculo, okuholela ekuhambeni kancane kancane (Beethoven) kanye ukuwohloka okubonakalayo komzwelo wefomu elikhulu, okuvame ukuhlukana kumdwebi abe yiziqephu eziningi (i-sonata ka-Liszt) ... Sekukonke, umculi onethalente eliphezulu, okuthi, vele, angangenisi lutho olusha emasikweni aseYurophu Ukuhunyushwa kwepiyano, kodwa kungokwabameleli abangcono kakhulu bala masiko esikhathini samanje.
Ukhokha intela kuCasadesus njengomculi wezingoma ezicashile, umpetha wokuhlukanisa amagama nemibala ezwakalayo, ongajwayelekile kunoma yimiphi imiphumela yangaphandle, abezindaba baseSoviet baphinde baphawula ukuthambekela okuthile komdlali wopiyano ekusondeleni nasekusondeleni ekukhulumeni. Ngempela, ukuhumusha kwakhe imisebenzi ye-Romantics - ikakhulukazi uma kuqhathaniswa nezibonelo ezinhle kakhulu neziseduze kakhulu kithi - kwakuntula isikali, idrama, kanye nomdlandla wobuqhawe. Nokho, ngisho nangaleso sikhathi waqashelwa ngokufanelekile kokubili ezweni lakithi nakwamanye amazwe njengoba umhumushi omuhle kakhulu ezindaweni ezimbili - umculo Mozart futhi French Impressionists. (Maqondana nalokhu, ngokuphathelene nezimiso zokudala eziyisisekelo, kanye nokuziphendukela kwemvelo kobuciko, i-Casadesus inokuningi okufanayo noWalter Gieseking.)
Lokhu osekushiwo akufanele nakancane kuthathwe njengokusho ukuthi uDebussy, uRavel noMozart bakha isisekelo serepertoire kaCasadesus. Ngokuphambene nalokho, le repertoire yayinkulu ngempela - kusukela ku-Bach nakwa-harpsichordists kuya kubabhali besikhathi samanje, futhi ngokuhamba kweminyaka imingcele yayo iye yanda kakhulu. Futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo, imvelo yobuciko beciko yashintsha ngokuphawulekayo futhi ngokuphawulekayo, ngaphezu kwalokho, abaqambi abaningi - abakudala kanye nama-romantics - kancane kancane bavulela yena kanye nabalaleli bakhe zonke izici ezintsha. Lokhu ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kwabonakala ngokucacile eminyakeni engu-10-15 yokugcina umsebenzi wakhe wekhonsathi, ongayekanga kwaze kwaba sekupheleni kokuphila kwakhe. Ngokuhamba kweminyaka, ukuhlakanipha kokuphila akuzange kufike kuphela, kodwa futhi nokulola imizwa, okwashintsha kakhulu uhlobo lomculo wakhe wopiyano. Ukudlala komdwebi sekuhlangene kakhulu, kuqinile, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo kuzwakala ngokugcwele, kukhanye, ngezinye izikhathi kumangalisa nakakhulu - izinga lokushisa eliphakathi lishintshwa ngokuzumayo yizivunguvungu, ukungafani kuyadalulwa. Lokhu kwazibonakalisa ngisho nakuHaydn noMozart, kodwa ikakhulukazi ekuchazeni uBeethoven, Schumann, Brahms, Liszt, Chopin. Lokhu kuziphendukela kwemvelo kubonakala ngokucacile ekurekhodweni kwama-sonatas amane adume kakhulu, i-Beethoven's First and Fourth Concertos (ekhishwe ekuqaleni kwawo-70s), kanye namakhonsathi amaningana e-Mozart (no-D. Sall), amakhonsathi kaLiszt, imisebenzi eminingi kaChopin. (kuhlanganise no-Sonatas ku-B minor), i-Schumann's Symphonic Etudes.
Kufanele kugcizelelwe ukuthi izinguquko ezinjalo zenzeka ngaphakathi kohlaka lobuntu bukaCasadesus obuqinile futhi obakheke kahle. Bacebisa ubuciko bakhe, kodwa ababenzanga bube busha. Njengangaphambili - futhi kuze kube sekupheleni kwezinsuku - izimpawu zopiyano lukaCasadesus zahlala ziwukushelela okumangalisayo kwesu lomunwe, ubuhle, umusa, ikhono lokwenza amavesi anzima kakhulu kanye nemihlobiso ngokunemba okuphelele, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo kuyanwebeka futhi kuqinile, ngaphandle kokuguqula ukulingana okunesigqi kube yimoto eyisidina. Futhi ngaphezu kwakho konke - i-"jeu de perle" yakhe edumile (ngokwezwi nezwi - "umdlalo wobuhlalu"), osekuphenduke uhlobo lwegama elifanayo le-French piano aesthetics. Njengabanye abambalwa, wakwazi ukunikeza ukuphila nokuhlukahluka emifanekisweni nemishwana ebonakala ifana ngokuphelele, isibonelo, eMozart naseBeethoven. Futhi nokho - isiko eliphezulu lomsindo, ukunakwa njalo "umbala" ngamunye kuye ngokuthi uhlobo lomculo owenziwayo. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ngesinye isikhathi wanikeza amakhonsathi eParis, lapho ayedlala khona imisebenzi yababhali abahlukene ngezinsimbi ezahlukene - uBeethoven eSteinway, uSchumann eBechstein, uRavel ku-Erar, uMozart kuPleyel - ngaleyo ndlela ezama ukuthola. kulelo nalelo "elilingana lomsindo" elanele kakhulu.
Konke lokhu okungenhla kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuqonda ukuthi kungani umdlalo we-Casadesus wawungajwayelekile kunoma yikuphi ukuphoqelelwa, ukudelela, i-monotony, noma yikuphi ukungaqondakali kwezakhiwo, okuyenga kakhulu emculweni we-Impressionists futhi kuyingozi kakhulu emculweni wothando. Ngisho nasemdwebeni ozwakalayo omuhle kakhulu kaDebussy noRavel, ukuhumusha kwakhe kwakubeka ngokucacile ukwakhiwa kwakho konke, kwakugcwele igazi futhi kuvumelana ngokunengqondo. Ukuze uqiniseke ngalokhu, kwanele ukulalela ukusebenza kwakhe kwe-Ravel's Concerto yesandla sobunxele noma izandulela zikaDebussy, ezilondolozwe ekurekhodweni.
U-Mozart noHaydn eminyakeni yakamuva ye-Casadesus bazwakala beqinile futhi belula, benobubanzi be-virtuoso; I-tempos esheshayo ayizange iphazamise ukuhluka kwemisho kanye nomculo omnandi. Ama-classic anjalo kakade ayengagcini nje ngobuhle, kodwa futhi enomusa, enesibindi, ephefumulelwe, "ikhohlwa ngezimiso zokuziphatha zasenkantolo." Ukuhumusha kwakhe umculo kaBeethoven kukhangwe ngokuvumelana, ukuphelela, futhi ku-Schumann no-Chopin umdlali wopiyano ngezinye izikhathi wayehlukaniswa nomfutho wothando ngempela. Ngokuqondene nomuzwa wesimo nokunengqondo yentuthuko, lokhu kufakazelwa ngokugculisayo ukwenza kwakhe amakhonsathi e-Brahms, nawo abe yizinsika zomculo womdwebi. “Othile, mhlawumbe, uzophikisa,” kubhala umgxeki, “ukuthi uCasadesus unenhliziyo eqine kakhulu futhi uvumela ukucabanga ukuthi kwethuse imizwa lapha. Kodwa ukuma okujwayelekile kwencazelo yakhe, ukuzinza kokuthuthuka okumangalisayo, okungenayo noma imiphi imizwelo exakile noma yesitayela, ngaphezu kokuvala lezo zikhathi lapho izinkondlo zidudulelwa ngemuva ngokubala okunembile. Futhi lokhu kushiwo nge-Concerto Yesibili ye-Brahms, lapho, njengoba kwaziwa, noma yiziphi izinkondlo kanye nama-pathos anomsindo kakhulu akakwazi ukuthatha indawo yomqondo wefomu nomqondo omangalisayo, ngaphandle kwalokho ukusebenza kwalo msebenzi kuphenduka ngokungenakugwemeka kube isivivinyo esibuhlungu. izethameli kanye ne-fiasco ephelele yomculi!
Kodwa kukho konke lokho, umculo weMozart kanye nabaqambi baseFrance (hhayi nje uDebussy noRavel kuphela, kodwa futhi uFauré, uSaint-Saens, Chabrier) uvame ukuba yingqophamlando yempumelelo yakhe yobuciko. Ngokukhalipha okumangalisayo nengqondo, waphinda wakha ukunotha kwayo okumibalabala nokuhlukahluka kwemizwa, umoya wayo. Akumangalisi ukuthi uCasadesus waba ngowokuqala ukuthola udumo lokuqopha yonke imisebenzi yepiyano kaDebussy noRavel kumarekhodi. “Umculo waseFrance awunalo inxusa elingcono kunaye,” kubhala isazi somculo uSerge Berthomier.
Umsebenzi kaRobert Casadesus kwaze kwaba sekupheleni kwezinsuku zakhe wawushube kakhulu. Wayengeyena nje umdlali wopiyano ovelele nothisha, kodwa futhi enekhono futhi, ngokusho kochwepheshe, namanje umqambi othathwa kancane. Wabhala izingoma eziningi zepiyano, ezivame ukwenziwa umbhali, kanye nama-symphonies ayisithupha, amakhonsathi amaningi wezinsimbi (ye-violin, i-cello, i-piano eyodwa, amabili nantathu nge-orchestra), ama-ensembles ekamelo, ezothando. Kusukela ngo-1935 - kusukela ekuqaleni kwakhe e-USA - uCasadesus wasebenza ngokufanayo eYurophu naseMelika. Ngo-1940-1946 wayehlala e-United States, lapho asungula khona ukuxhumana okusondelene kakhulu noGeorge Sall kanye neCleveland Orchestra ayeyihola; Kamuva ukuqoshwa okungcono kakhulu kweCasadesus kwenziwa ngaleli qembu. Phakathi neminyaka yempi, umculi wasungula Isikole Sepiyano saseFrance eCleveland, lapho abadlali bopiyano abaningi abanamakhono bafunda khona. Ukuze kukhunjulwe ukufaneleka kukaCasadesus ekuthuthukisweni kobuciko bopiyano e-United States, i-R. Casadesus Society yasungulwa eCleveland phakathi nesikhathi sokuphila kwakhe, futhi kusukela ngo-1975 kuye kwabanjwa umncintiswano wepiyano wamazwe ngamazwe oqanjwe ngaye.
Eminyakeni yangemva kwempi, ehlala manje eParis, manje ese-USA, waqhubeka efundisa ikilasi lepiyano e-American Conservatory yaseFontainebleau, eyasungulwa umkhulu wakhe, futhi iminyaka eminingana wayengumqondisi wayo. Imvamisa iCasadesus yenziwa kumakhonsathi nanjengomdlali ohlangene; abalingani bakhe abavamile kwakuwumdlali wevayolini uZino Francescatti nomkakhe, umshayi wopiyano onesiphiwo uGaby Casadesus, acula naye izingoma eziningi zomculo wepiyano, kanye nekhonsathi yakhe yamapiyano amabili. Ngezinye izikhathi bajoyinwa indodana yabo nomfundi uJean, umshayi wopiyano omangalisayo, lapho babona khona umlandeli ofanelekayo womndeni womculo waseCasadesus. UJean Casadesus (1927-1972) wayesevele edumile njenge-virtuoso ekhaliphile, eyayibizwa ngokuthi "i-Giels esizayo". Wahola umsebenzi omkhulu wekhonsathi ezimele futhi waqondisa ikilasi lakhe lepiyano endaweni efanayo nekayise, lapho ukufa okudabukisayo engozini yemoto kwamnqamula umsebenzi wakhe futhi kwamvimbela ukuba aphile ngokuvumelana nala mathemba. Ngakho kwaphazamiseka ubukhosi bomculo weKazadezyus.
Grigoriev L., Platek Ya.
