I-dissonance enamandla kakhulu

Iyini i-dissonance? Ngamagama alula, iyinhlanganisela ephikisanayo, engathandeki yemisindo ehlukahlukene. Kungani izinhlanganisela ezinjalo zikhona phakathi kwezikhawu nama-chords? Bavelaphi futhi kungani bedingeka?

Uhambo lwe-Odysseus

Njengoba sithole embhalweni odlule, ngesikhathi se-Antiquity, uhlelo lwePythagorean lwalubusa. Kuyo, yonke imisindo yesistimu itholakala ngokumane ihlukanise intambo ibe izingxenye ezi-2 noma ezi-3 ezilinganayo. Ukwehliswa kwesigamu kumane kuguqule umsindo nge-octave. Kodwa ukwehlukana ngokuthathu kubangela amanothi amasha.

Umbuzo ozwakalayo uphakama: kufanele sikumise nini lokhu kwehlukana? Kusukela kunothi elisha ngalinye, ukuhlukanisa intambo ngo-3, singathola enye. Ngakho-ke, singathola imisindo engu-1000 noma engu-100000 ohlelweni lomculo. Kufanele sime kuphi?

Lapho u-Odysseus, iqhawe lenkondlo yasendulo yamaGreki, ebuyela e-Ithaca yakhe, wayelindelwe izithiyo eziningi endleleni. Futhi kwaba yilowo nalowo kubo walibala uhambo lwakhe waze wathola indlela yokubhekana nakho.

Endleleni eya ekuthuthukisweni kwezinhlelo zomculo, kwakunezithiyo. Isikhathi esithile banciphisa inqubo yokubonakala kwamanothi amasha, base bebanqoba futhi baqhubekela phambili ngomkhumbi, lapho bahlangana khona nesithiyo esilandelayo. Lezi zithiyo zazingama-dissonance.

Ake sizame ukuqonda ukuthi iyini i-dissonance.

Singathola incazelo eqondile yalesi simo lapho siqonda ukwakheka komzimba womsindo. Kodwa manje asisadingi ukunemba, kwanele ukuba sikuchaze ngamazwi alula.

Ngakho sinentambo. Singalihlukanisa libe izingxenye ezi-2 noma ezi-3. Ngakho sithola i-octave ne-duodecim. I-octave izwakala njengongwaqa, futhi lokhu kuyaqondakala - ukuhlukanisa ngo-2 kulula kunokuhlukanisa ngo-3. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-duodecima izozwakala njenge-consonant ngaphezu kwentambo ehlukaniswe izingxenye ezingu-5 (ukuhlukaniswa okunjalo kuzonikeza ingxenye yesithathu ngemva kwama-octaves amabili), ngoba ukuhlukanisa ngo-3 kulula, kunokuhlukanisa ngo-5.

Manje ake sikhumbule ukuthi, ngokwesibonelo, yakhiwa kanjani eyesihlanu. Sihlukanise intambo ibe izingxenye ezi-3, bese sandisa ubude obubangelwa izikhathi ezingu-2 (Fig. 1).

Njengoba ubona, ukwakha okwesihlanu, akudingeki sithathe isinyathelo esisodwa, kodwa izinyathelo ezimbili, ngakho-ke, okwesihlanu kuzozwakala njengongwaqa omncane kune-octave noma i-duodecime. Ngesinyathelo ngasinye, sibonakala siqhubekela phambili siqhela kunothi lokuqala.

Singakha umthetho olula wokunquma ungwaqa:

izinyathelo ezimbalwa esizithathayo, futhi uma lezi zinyathelo zilula ngokwazo, yilapho isikhawu sizoba ngongwaqa.

Ake sibuyele ekwakhiweni.

Ngakho-ke, abantu bakhethe umsindo wokuqala (ukuze kube lula, sizocabanga ukuthi lokhu kuya, nakuba amaGreki asendulo engazange abize kanjalo) futhi aqala ukwakha amanye amanothi ngokuhlukanisa noma ukuphindaphinda ubude bentambo ngo-3.

Okokuqala wathola imisindo emibili, okumele kuya ayesondelene kakhulu F и usawoti (Isithombe 2). Salt itholakala uma ubude bentambo buncishiswa izikhathi ezingu-3, ​​futhi F - ngokuphambene nalokho, uma lenyuka izikhathi ezi-3.

Inkomba ka-π isazosho ukuthi sikhuluma ngamanothi ohlelo lwePythagorean.

Uma uhambisa lawa manothi ku-octave efanayo lapho inothi likhona kuya, khona-ke izikhawu ezingaphambi kwazo ziyobizwa ngokuthi okwesine (i-do-fa) nesesihlanu (i-do-sol). Lezi izikhawu ezimbili eziphawuleka kakhulu. Phakathi noshintsho olusuka ohlelweni lwePythagorean luye kwelemvelo, lapho cishe zonke izikhawu zishintsha, ukwakhiwa kwesine nesesihlanu kwahlala kungashintshiwe. Ukwakheka kwe-tonality kwahamba nokubamba iqhaza okuqondile kwala manothi, kwakuphezu kwabo ukuthi okubusayo nokungaphansi kwakhiwe. Lezi zikhathi ziphenduke zaba ngongwaqa kangangokuthi zabusa umculo kwaze kwaba yinkathi yezothando, futhi ngisho nangemva kokuba babelwe indima ebaluleke kakhulu.

Kodwa sisuka ku-dissonances. Ukwakhiwa akuzange kume kula manothi amathathu. I-Sruna yaqhubeka ihlukaniswa yaba izingxenye ezi-3 kanye ne-duodecyma ngemuva kwe-duodecyma ukuthola imisindo emisha nemisha.

Isithiyo sokuqala savela esinyathelweni sesihlanu, lapho kuya (inothi lokuqala) re, fa, sol, la inothi lengeziwe E (Isithombe 3).

Phakathi kwamanothi E и F kwakhiwa isikhawu esasibonakala singemukeleki kakhulu kubantu bangaleso sikhathi. Lesi sikhawu besiyisekhondi elincane.

I-mi-fa yesibili encane - i-harmonic

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Ngemva kokuhlangana nalesi sikhathi, sinqume ukuthi yini esizoyifaka E uhlelo alusafaneleki, udinga ukuma kumanothi angu-5. Ngakho-ke uhlelo lokuqala lwaba ngu-5-nothi, lwabizwa i-pentatonic. Zonke izikhawu kuyo zinongwaqa kakhulu. Isikali se-pentatonic sisatholakala emculweni wesintu. Ngezinye izikhathi, njengopende okhethekile, likhona futhi kuma-classics.

Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, abantu bajwayela umsindo wesekhondi elincane futhi baqaphela ukuthi uma uyisebenzisa ngokulinganisela futhi kuze kube sephuzwini, khona-ke ungaphila nayo. Futhi isithiyo esilandelayo kwakuyisinyathelo sesi-7 (Fig. 4).

Leli nothi elisha kuvele ukuthi alizwani kangangokuthi baze banquma ukungalisho igama lalo, kodwa balibiza F ebukhali (kuphawulwe f#). Ibukhali ngempela futhi isho isikhawu esakhiwe phakathi kwala manothi amabili: F и F ebukhali. Kuzwakala kanje:

I-interval F kanye ne-F-ebukhali i-harmonic

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Uma singeqi “ngaphesheya kokucijile”, khona-ke sithola uhlelo lwamanothi ayi-7 - i-diatonic. Iningi lezinhlelo zomculo zasendulo nezamanje ziyi-7-step, okungukuthi, zizuza i-diatonic ye-Pythagorean kulokhu.

Naphezu kokubaluleka okukhulu kangaka kwe-diatonicism, u-Odysseus waqhubeka ngomkhumbi. Ngemva kokunqoba isithiyo ngendlela ebukhali, wabona indawo evulekile ongabhala kuyo amanothi angu-12 ohlelweni. Kepha i-13 yakha ukungezwani okubi kakhulu - Pythagorean comm.

I-Pythagorean comma

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Mhlawumbe singasho ukuthi ukhefana kwakunguScylla futhi uCharybdis wagingqika waba munye. Akuthathanga iminyaka noma ngisho namakhulu eminyaka ukunqoba lesi sithiyo. Eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezimbalwa kamuva, ngekhulu le-12 AD, lapho abaculi baphendukela ngokuqinile ezinhlelweni ze-microchromatic, eziqukethe amanothi angaphezu kuka-XNUMX. Yiqiniso, phakathi nala makhulu eminyaka, kwenziwa imizamo yomuntu ngamunye yokwengeza imisindo embalwa eyengeziwe ku-octave, kodwa le mizamo yayinamahloni kangangokuthi, ngeshwa, umuntu akakwazi ukukhuluma ngegalelo labo elibalulekile esikweni lomculo.

Ngabe imizamo yekhulu lesi-XNUMX ingathathwa njengeyimpumelelo ngokuphelele? Ingabe izinhlelo ze-microchromatic seziqalile ukusetshenziswa komculo? Ake sibuyele kulo mbuzo, kodwa ngaphambi kwalokho sizocabangela amanye ama-dissonances ambalwa, angasekho ohlelweni lwePythagorean.

impisi nodeveli

Lapho sicaphuna izikhawu ezihlukene ezivela ohlelweni lwePythagorean, sasinobuqili obuncane. Okusho ukuthi, kwakukhona kokubili isekhondi elincane nelinye elibukhali, kodwa-ke bazizwa ngokuhluka kancane.

Iqiniso liwukuthi umculo wasendulo wawungowe-monodic warehouse. Kalula nje, inothi elilodwa kuphela elizwakala ngesikhathi, futhi mpo - inhlanganisela kanyekanye yemisindo eminingana - cishe ayizange isetshenziswe. Ngakho-ke, abathandi bomculo wasendulo, njengomthetho, bezwa kokubili umzuzwana omncane nobukhali obubukhali kanje:

I-mi-fa yesibili encane - melodic

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I-Semitone F no-F ebukhali - i-melodic

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Kodwa ngokuthuthukiswa kwezikhawu eziqondile, ze-harmonic (eziqondile), kuhlanganise ne-dissonant, zizwakala ngokugcwele.

Owokuqala kulolu chungechunge kufanele abizwe i-triton.

Yile ndlela i-tritone ezwakala ngayo

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Ibizwa ngokuthi i-tritone, hhayi ngoba ibukeka njenge-amphibian, kodwa ngenxa yokuthi inamathoni aphelele amathathu ncamashi ukusuka emsindweni ophansi kuya kwephezulu (okungukuthi, ama-semitone ayisithupha, okhiye bepiyano abayisithupha). Ngokuthakazelisayo, ngesiLatini ibizwa nangokuthi tritonus.

Lesi sikhawu singakhiwa kokubili ohlelweni lwePythagorean nangokwemvelo. Futhi lapha nalaphaya kuzozwakala kungenangqondo.

Ukuze uyakhe ohlelweni lwePythagorean, kuzodingeka uhlukanise intambo ibe izingxenye ezi-3 izikhathi ezingu-6, bese uphinda kabili ubude obuvela izikhathi ezingu-10. Kuvela ukuthi ubude beyunithi yezinhlamvu buzovezwa njengengxenye engu-729/1024. Akudingekile ukusho, ngezinyathelo eziningi kangaka, asikho isidingo sokukhuluma ngongwaqa.

Ekuhlelweni kwemvelo, isimo singcono kancane. I-tritone yemvelo ingatholakala ngale ndlela elandelayo: hlukanisa ubude bentambo ngo-3 kabili (okungukuthi, hlukanisa ngo-9), bese uhlukanisa ngomunye u-5 (ingqikithi ihlukanise izingxenye ezingu-45), bese uyiphinda kabili izikhathi ezingu-5. Ngenxa yalokho, ubude bentambo buzoba ngu-32/45, okuyinto, nakuba ilula kancane, ayithembisi i-consonance.

Ngokusho kwamahemuhemu eNkathi Ephakathi, lesi sikhathi sasibizwa ngokuthi “udeveli emculweni.”

Kodwa enye i-consonance ibonakale ibaluleke kakhulu ekuthuthukisweni komculo - impisi yesihlanu.

Wolf Quint

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Sivelaphi lesi sikhawu? Kungani idingeka?

Ake sithi sithayipha imisindo ohlelweni lwemvelo sisuka kunothi kuya. Inenothi ре kuvela uma sihlukanisa i-rune ibe izingxenye ezi-3 kabili (sithatha izinyathelo ezimbili ze-duodecimal phambili). Inothi A kwakheka kancane ngokuhlukile: ukuze siyithole, sidinga ukwandisa intambo izikhathi ezi-3 (thatha igxathu elilodwa emuva eduze kwama-duodecims), bese uhlukanisa ubude bentambo obuwumphumela ube izingxenye ezi-5 (okungukuthi, thatha okwesithathu kwemvelo, okungazange kuvele. zikhona ohlelweni lwePythagorean). Ngenxa yalokho, phakathi kobude bezintambo zamanothi ре и A asitholi isilinganiso esilula sika-2/3 (isihlanu esimsulwa), kodwa isilinganiso esingu-40/27 (impisi yesihlanu). Njengoba sibona ebuhlotsheni, lo ngwaqa ngeke ube ngongwaqa.

Kungani singathathi inothi A, okungaba ingxenye yesihlanu emsulwa ре? Iqiniso liwukuthi sizoba namanothi amabili A – “quint from re” kanye “nemvelo”. Kodwa nge "quint" A uzoba nezinkinga ezifanayo ne ре – uzodinga eyesihlanu, futhi sesizoba namanothi amabili E.

Futhi le nqubo ayivimbeki. Esikhundleni sekhanda elilodwa le-hydra, kuvela amabili. Ngokuxazulula inkinga eyodwa, sidala entsha.

Isixazululo senkinga ye-wolf fives saphenduka saba sikhulu. Bakha uhlelo olunomoya olinganayo, lapho "okwesihlanu" A futhi "ezemvelo" zathathelwa indawo inothi elilodwa - ukuthukuthela A, enikeze izikhawu eziphuma kancane eziculweni nawo wonke amanye amanothi, kodwa ukuphuma kweshuni kwakungabonakali, futhi kungabonakali ngokusobala njengasesigabeni sesihlanu sempisi.

Ngakho impisi yesihlanu, njengempisi yasolwandle enolwazi, yahola umkhumbi womculo ogwini olungalindelekile kakhulu - uhlelo olunomoya ofanayo.

Umlando Omfishane Wama-Dissonances

Umlando omfushane wokungavumelani usifundisani? Ikuphi okuhlangenwe nakho okungatholakala ohambweni lwamakhulu eminyaka ambalwa?

• Okokuqala, njengoba kwenzeka, ama-dissonances emlandweni womculo adlala indima encane kunongwaqa. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi abazange bathande futhi balwe nabo, yibo ababevame ukunikeza umfutho ekuveleni kwezikhombisi-ndlela ezintsha zomculo, zasebenza njenge-catalyst yokutholwa okungalindelekile.
• Okwesibili, ukuthambekela okuthakazelisayo kungatholakala. Ngokuthuthuka komculo, abantu bafunda ukuzwa ungwaqa ezinhlobonhlobo zemisindo eyinkimbinkimbi.

Bambalwa abantu manje abangabheka isekhondi elincane njengesikhawu esingashintshi, ikakhulukazi ohlelweni lomculo. Kodwa eminyakeni engaba yizinkulungwane ezimbili nengxenye edlule kwakunjalo. Futhi i-triton yangena umkhuba womculo, imisebenzi eminingi yomculo, ngisho nasemculweni odumile, yakhiwe ngokubamba iqhaza okunzima kakhulu kwe-tritone.

Isibonelo, ukwakheka kuqala ngama-tritones I-Jimi Hendrix Purple Haze:

Kancane kancane, ama-dissonances ayanda ngokuya esigabeni esithi "akunjalo" noma "cishe ongwaqa". Akukhona ukuthi izindlebe zethu sezintekenteke, futhi asizwa ukuthi umsindo wezikhathi ezinjalo namaculo unokhahlo noma uyanyanyeka. Iqiniso liwukuthi ulwazi lwethu lomculo luyakhula, futhi singakwazi kakade ukubona ukwakhiwa okuyinkimbinkimbi kwezinyathelo eziningi njengokungavamile, okungavamile futhi okuthakazelisayo ngendlela yabo.

Kukhona abaculi lapho impisi yesihlanu noma amakhoma ethulwe kulesi sihloko angeke abonakale esabekayo, azobaphatha njengohlobo lwezinto eziyinkimbinkimbi ongasebenza nazo ekudaleni umculo olinganayo nowokuqala.

Umbhali - Roman Oleinikov Ukurekhodwa komsindo - Ivan Soshinsky