Indlela yokukhetha umtshingo

Umgqomo (i-Italian flauto from Latin flatus – “wind, breath”; flûte yesiFulentshi, umtshingo wesiNgisi, isiJalimane Flöte) iyinsimbi yomculo yokhuni yerejista ye-soprano a. Iphimbo kumtshingo liyashintsha ngokushaya (ukukhipha ongwaqa be-harmonic ngezindebe), kanye nokuvula nokuvala izimbobo ngama-valve. Imitshingo yesimanje ngokuvamile yenziwe ngensimbi (nickel, isiliva, igolide, iplatinamu), kancane kancane - kusuka ngokhuni, ngezinye izikhathi - kusuka engilazi, ipulasitiki nezinye izinto eziyinhlanganisela.

Umtshingo oguquguqukayo - igama libangelwa ukuthi phakathi nomdlalo umculi ubamba insimbi hhayi endaweni eqondile, kodwa endaweni evundlile; umlomo , ngokulandelana, utholakala eceleni. Imitshingo yalo mklamo yavela kudala kakhulu, ngesikhathi sasendulo sekwephuzile naseChina lasendulo (ngekhulu lesi-9 BC). Isigaba sesimanje sokuthuthukiswa komtshingo oguquguqukayo siqala ngo-1832, lapho inkosi yaseJalimane u-T. Boehm iwuthuthukisa; ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lolu hlobo lwathatha indawo yomtshingo welongitudinal owawudumile ngaphambili. Umtshingo oguquguqukayo ubonakala ngebanga ukusuka kweyokuqala ukuya kweyesine i-octave; irejista engezansi ithambile futhi iyizithulu, imisindo ephakeme kakhulu, ngokuphambene, ihlaba futhi ishaya amakhwela, kanti amarejista aphakathi nendawo nangaphezulu ane-timbre echazwa njengethambile futhi emnandi.

Ukwakhiwa komtshingo

Umtshingo wesimanje uhlukaniswe izingxenye ezintathu: ikhanda, umzimba kanye nedolo.

Head

Engxenyeni engenhla yensimbi kukhona imbobo eseceleni yokuphefumula umoya (imbobo noma imbobo ye-embouchure). Engxenyeni engezansi yembobo inama-thickenings athile ngendlela yezindebe. Babizwa ngokuthi "izipontshi" futhi, ezifaka isandla ekuzinzeni okukhulu phakathi nomdlalo, bona ukuvimbela ukulahlekelwa umoya ngokweqile. Kukhona ipulaki ekugcineni kwekhanda (kufanele liphathwe ngokucophelela lapho kuhlanzwa ithuluzi). Ngosizo lwekepisi lokhuni elibekwe phezu kwalo, ukhokho ududulwa ngokuqinile ngaphakathi ekujuleni okukhulu noma okuncane ukuze uthathe indawo efanele, lapho wonke ama-octave azwakala khona ncamashi. Ipulaki elimele kufanele lilungiswe endaweni yokusebenzela yochwepheshe. Ikhanda lomtshingo lingashintshwa ukuze kuthuthukiswe umsindo wonke wensimbi

umzimba

Lena ingxenye emaphakathi yensimbi, lapho kunezimbobo zokukhipha umsindo namavalvu azivalayo futhi awavule. Ama-valve mechanics ashunwe kahle kakhulu futhi kufanele aphathwe ngokucophelela.

knee

Okhiye abasemadolweni, kusetshenziswe umunwe omncane wesandla sokudla. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zamadolo: Do ​​knee noma Si knee. Emtshingoni onedolo elingu-C, umsindo ophansi uthi C we-octave yokuqala, emitshingoni enedolo elingu-C - C le-octave encane. Idolo elingu-C lithinta umsindo we-octave yesithathu yensimbi, futhi lenza insimbi ibe nzima ngokwesisindo. Kukhona i-"gizmo" edolweni lika-C, esetshenziswa umunwe kuze kufike ku-octave yesine. Umklamo womtshingo
Indlela yevalvu ingaba yizinhlobo ezimbili: “emgqeni” (“emgqeni”) – lapho wonke amavalvu enza umugqa owodwa, kanye “no-offset” – lapho amavalvu amabili kasawoti ephumela ngaphandle.

Nakuba umehluko ulele kuphela endaweni ye-valve G, kuye ngokuthi lokhu, ukuhlelwa kwesandla somdlali sisonke sishintsha kakhulu. Abadlali abangochwepheshe bazo zombili izinhlobo zemitshingo bathi idizayini esemgqeni ivumela ama-trill asheshayo , kodwa ukukhetha kuncike ekutheni iyiphi inketho okhululeke kakhulu ngayo.

Imitshingo yabantwana

Ukuze izingane kanye nabafundi ngezandla ezincane, ukwazi ithuluzi kungaba nzima. Unalokhu engqondweni, amanye amamodeli wezingane anekhanda eligobile, elikuvumela ukuthi ufinyelele kalula kuwo wonke ama-valve. Umtshingo onjalo ulungele abaculi abancane kakhulu nalabo insimbi egcwele ngokugcwele inkulu kakhulu.

Ukufundisa imitshingo

Ama-valve omtshingo akhona evulekile (nama-resonators) kanye Ivaliwe . Njengomthetho, kumamodeli wokuqeqesha, ama-valve avaliwe ukuze kube lula umdlalo. Ngokuphambene nephutha elivamile, umtshingo akuzwakali kokuphela, ngakho umehluko ekudlaleni ngama-valve avulekile navaliwe kuthinta kakhulu umsindo. Abaculi abangochwepheshe badlala izinsimbi ezinama-valve avulekile, njengoba lokhu kwandisa kakhulu amathuba okusebenzisa imiphumela ehlukahlukene, isibonelo, uguquko olubushelelezi ukusuka kwelinye inothi ukuya kwelinye noma ikota yesinyathelo phezulu / phansi.

Womabili amamodeli ezingane kanye nezemfundo avame ukwenziwa nge-alloy ye-nickel nesiliva, ehlala isikhathi eside kunesiliva elihlanzekile. Ngenxa yokucwebezela kwayo okuhle, isiliva libuye libe isiphetho esithandwa kakhulu, kuyilapho imitshingo efakwe nge-nickel ibiza kancane. Labo abangezwani ne-nickel noma isiliva bayelulekwa ukuba bakhethe umtshingo owenziwe ngezinto ezingaguquki.

Imitshingo yezinga eliphezulu nelomsebenzi

Ukushintshela kumtshingo othuthuke kakhulu onamavalvu avulekile kungaba luqili. Ukuze kube lula lolu shintsho, ama-valve plug esikhashana (ama-resonator) anikezwa angasuswa noma nini ngaphandle kokulimala entweni. Kodwa-ke, khumbula ukuthi izithuliso zikhawulela ikhono lomtshingo lokukhala ngokugcwele.

Omunye umehluko ezinsimbini ezithuthuke kakhulu ukuklama kwamadolo. Umsindo ophansi kakhulu womtshingo onedolo elingu-C ngu-C we-octave encane. Kwenziwa ngokungeza i-valve yesithathu eyengeziwe C. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-gizmo lever ingeziwe, okwenza kube lula ukukhipha amanothi kuze kufike ku-octave yesithathu. Leli inothi eliphakeme kakhulu elingadlalwa ngomtshingo ngaphandle kokudlula irejista ephezulu . Kunzima kakhulu ukudlala ukuhlanza kuze kufike ku-octave yesithathu ngaphandle konyawo lwe-gizmo.

Imitshingo echwepheshile isebenzisa izinto ezingcono kakhulu kanye nokhiye besitayela sesiFulentshi (ngokusoda okwengeziwe kulabo khiye umunwe ongacindezeli kubo ngokuqondile), inikeza ukusekelwa okwengeziwe, ukubamba okungcono, nokubukeka okukhangayo. Imishini enembile iqinisekisa ukusabela okusheshayo nokusebenza okushelelayo okungenasici.

Flute Izinhlobonhlobo

Kunezinhlobo eziningana zomtshingo: i-piccolo (encane noma i-sopranino), umtshingo wekhonsathi (soprano), umtshingo we-alto, umtshingo webhesi kanye ne-contrabass.

imitshingo yekhonsathi

Umtshingo we-soprano ku-C ungu insimbi eyinhloko emndenini. Ngokungafani neminye imindeni yezinsimbi ezifuthwayo, njenge-saxophone , umculi akagxili ku-alto, i-bass, noma i-piccolo kuphela. Ithuluzi eliyinhloko lomtshingo umtshingo we-soprano, futhi ubamba zonke ezinye izinhlobo ejikeni lesibili. Ezinye izinhlobo zomtshingo azisetshenziswa njalo ku-orchestra, kodwa zengeza ama-shades ekwakhiweni okuthile. Ngakho-ke, ukuqonda i- umtshingo wekhonsathi yisigaba esibaluleke kakhulu ekufundeni.

Alto imitshingo

I-alto flute ivame ukutholakala ku-orchestra. I-timbre yayo ethile ephansi iyengeza ukugcwala komsindo yezinkuni eziphakeme. Mayelana nesakhiwo nendlela yokudlala, umtshingo we-alto ufana nojwayelekile, kodwa uzwakala esikalini sika-G, okungukuthi, okwesine ngaphansi komtshingo we-soprano. Isipiliyoni sokudlala umtshingo we-alto sikhulu kakhulu ezibalulekile kumculi okhokhelwayo, njengoba izingxenye eziningi ze-orchestra eyedwa zibhalelwe leli thuluzi ngokukhethekile.

imitshingo yebhesi

Umtshingo webhesi ayivamisile ukusetshenziswa emculweni we-orchestra futhi ibonakala, njengomthetho, kuma-flute ensembles. Ngenxa yokuthi bangabomndeni ofanayo wezinsimbi, ama-quartet omtshingo, ama-quintets nama-ensembles amakhulu athandwa kakhulu phakathi kwabafundi abaphakathi nabathuthukile.
Ngenxa yobukhulu bayo obukhulu, kunzima ukuthola umtshingo webhesi ozwakalayo ozwakalayo - lokhu kudinga izinga eliphezulu lochwepheshe kanye nendlebe ebukhali yomculo. Kodwa-ke, kukhona ezinye izinsimbi (yize zingavamile) emndenini womtshingo ezinomsindo ophansi nakakhulu - lezi imitshingo ye-contrabass ne-subcontrabass. Zombili zibuye zisetshenziswe kuphela kuma-flute ensembles. Le mitshingo ibekwa phansi bese umculi edlala emile noma ehlezi esitulweni esiphezulu.

Piccolo imitshingo

I-piccolo (noma i-piccolo), i- insimbi encane kunazo zonke emndenini, izwakala njenge-octave yonke iphakeme kunomtshingo wekhonsathi, kodwa inokushuna okufanayo kuka-C . Kungase kubonakale sengathi i-piccolo iyikhophi encane yomtshingo we-soprano, kodwa akunjalo. I-piccolo kunzima nakakhulu ukudlala ngoba i-timbre yayo ebukhali, ephakeme idinga ukugeleza komoya okuphoqelekile, okuyinto umtshingo oqalayo angeke akwazi ukuyidala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusondela kwama-valve nakho kungadala ubunzima kumuntu oqalayo.

Imitshingo ye-Piccolo iza ngezinhlobo eziningana:

1) Umzimba wensimbi + ikhanda lensimbi
- ilungele iqoqo elimashayo;
- inomsindo ogqame kakhulu onesilinganiso esiphezulu;
- umswakama womoya awuwuthinti umsindo (ukuntuleka kwemitshingo yokhuni)

2) Umzimba nekhanda ezenziwe ngezinto ezihlanganisiwe (ipulasitiki)
- amandla ensimbi iyisici esibalulekile kubaculi abasaqalayo;
– izimo zezulu azilithinti izinga lomsindo

3) Umzimba wezinkuni + ikhanda lensimbi
- ilungele umuntu oqalayo ukufunda umtshingo we-piccolo;
- ukwakheka kwezipontshi kusiza ukwakheka kokugeleza komoya;
- ikhanda lensimbi linikeza ukumelana komoya okuncane

4) Umzimba nekhanda ezenziwe ngokhuni
- okungcono kunakho konke nikeza umsindo we-melodic;
- izinga lomsindo lincike ezimweni zangaphandle;
- isidingo esivamile kuma-orchestra kanye namaqoqo omoya amaningi

Umtshingo Uhlolojikelele

Izibonelo zomtshingo