Umlando kanxantathu

Namuhla unxantathu yamukelwa kabanzi. Iyingxenye yeqembu lokushaywa kwezinsimbi ze-orchestra. Kuyinduku yensimbi egotshwe ngesimo sikanxantathu we-isosceles. Ikhona elilodwa kuwo alivaliwe, okungukuthi, iziphetho zenduku azithinti ngokuphelele. Yifomu elinqume igama layo. Nakuba amasampuli okuqala aleli thuluzi ayengenawo umumo ongunxantathu, ayeyi-trapezoidal futhi efana ne-stirrup yenkathi ephakathi. Lokhu kuqinisekiswa yizithombe ezisekhona zabadwebi besiNgisi nabase-Italy.

Umqondo othi "unxantathu" utholakala okokuqala ngo-1389, kuhlu lwezakhiwo zedolobha laseWürttemberg. Kunzima ukusho ngqo ukuthi ithuluzi likuthole nini ukubonakala esikwaziyo, kodwa kuqinisekile ukuthi ekuqaleni kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX. kwase kunezinhlobo ezintathu zezinhlobo zayo, bese kuba ezinhlanu.

Ngeshwa, umlando awukwazanga ukulondoloza ulwazi olunembile mayelana nemvelaphi kanxantathu. Ngokusho komunye wabo, wabonakala eMpumalanga, eTurkey. Kukhulunywa ngayo okokuqala ngekhulu lama-50. Ku-orchestra, unxantathu waqala ukusetshenziswa eminyakeni yama-XNUMX yekhulu lesi-XNUMX. Lokhu kudalwe ukuthanda umculo wasempumalanga.

Ezweni lakithi, unxantathu uvele cishe ngo-1775, ngenxa yokunambitheka kwawo okungavamile, okusempumalanga. Ngokokuqala ngqa kuzwakala ku-opera ka-Gretry ethi “Secret Magic”. Kuyaziwa ukuthi kuma-orchestra omculo wezempi kwavela ngaphambili kakhulu. Ngakho, eRussia, ezikhathini zangaphambi izinguquko, wayethandwa amabutho Elizabeth Petrovna. E-Russia, unxantathu wawubizwa nangokuthi i-snaffle, kodwa, ngenhlanhla, leli gama elingavamile alizange lingene ku-orchestra. Emisebenzini yama-Viennese yakudala (Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven) yayisetshenziselwa ukulingisa umculo waseTurkey. Abaqambi abaningi, bezama ukudlulisa izithombe zasempumalanga, bacebise i-palette yomsindo wemisebenzi yabo ngomsindo walesi sisetshenziswa esimangalisayo.

Iqhaza likanxantathu ku-orchestra. Kunzima ukucabanga iqembu lanamuhla labadlali ngaphandle kokubamba iqhaza kukanxantathu. Namuhla, akukho mingcele ku-repertoire yakhe kuye. Ngempela, njengemibukiso yokuzijwayeza, isetshenziswa emculweni wezitayela nezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene. Unxantathu ubonakala ngokusetshenziswa kwamasu anjenge-tremolo ne-glissando, kanye nokusebenza kwezibalo ezilula ezinesigqi. Le nsimbi yomculo ivamise ukuphilisa futhi inothisa i-orchestral sonority, iyinikeze umlingiswa ozothileyo, obabazekayo nohlakaniphile.

Umsindo wensimbi. Unxantathu iyithuluzi elingenabo ubude obuchaziwe. Amanothi akhe, njengomthetho, abhalwa nganoma yisiphi isikhathi ngaphandle kokhiye, "entambo". Unezimfanelo ze-timbre ezingavamile. Umsindo wayo ungachazwa ngokuthi: i-sonorous, ukukhanya, okukhanyayo, okusobala, okukhazimulayo nokucwebezelayo. Umdlali ophethe kumele abe nekhono elithile. Ingakwazi ukuthonya izinga le-dynamics futhi idale umlingiswa othile ngosizo lwayo, ibambe iqhaza emfanekisweni we-sonority obucayi kakhulu futhi ifake isandla ekuzuzweni kwe-orchestral tutti.

Isibaluli somkhosi. EGreece, ngoNcibijane nangoLwandulela UKhisimusi, unxantathu uyinsimbi ethandwa kakhulu. Izingane zibuthana ngamaqembu abantu abaningana, ziya endlini ngendlu ngokuhalalisela, zihlabelele izingoma (eRussia zibizwa ngokuthi "carols", eGreece - "kalanta"), zihambisana nezinsimbi ezihlukahlukene, phakathi kwazo unxantathu ongewona owokugcina. indawo. Ngenxa yombala ogqamile womsindo, umsindo wawo unomthelela ekudaleni isimo semikhosi kanye nomoya omuhle kakhulu.