I-Harpsichord

harpsichord [French] clavecin, from Late Lat. clavicymbalum, kusukela lat. clavis - ukhiye (yingakho ukhiye) kanye ne-cymbalum - amasimbali] - insimbi yomculo yekhibhodi ehlutshiwe. Kwaziwa kusukela ngekhulu le-16. (yaqala ukwakhiwa ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-14), ulwazi lokuqala mayelana ne-harpsichord luhlehlela emuva ku-1511; ithuluzi elidala kakhulu lomsebenzi wase-Italy elisekhona kuze kube namuhla lihlehlela emuva ku-1521.

I-harpsichord yavela ku-psalterium (njengomphumela wokwakhiwa kabusha kanye nokwengezwa komshini wekhibhodi).

Ekuqaleni, i-harpsichord yayiyi-quadrangular futhi ibukeka njenge-clavichord "yamahhala", ngokungafani nayo inezintambo ezinobude obuhlukene (ukhiye ngamunye uhambisana nentambo ekhethekile ehlelwe ngethoni ethile) kanye nomshini wekhibhodi oyinkimbinkimbi. Izintambo ze-harpsichord zalethwa ekudlidlizeni nge-pinch ngosizo lophaphe lwenyoni, olubekwe phezu kwenduku - i-pusher. Lapho ukhiye ucindezelwa, iphusha, elalingasemuva, laliphakama futhi uphaphe lubanjwe entanjeni (kamuva, kwasetshenziswa i-plectrum yesikhumba esikhundleni sophaphe lwenyoni).

Idivayisi nomsindo

Idivayisi yengxenye engenhla ye-pusher: 1 - intambo, 2 - i-axis yendlela yokukhululwa, 3 - languette (kusuka ku-French languette), 4 - plectrum (ulimi), 5 - damper.

Umsindo we-harpsichord uyacwebezela, kodwa awumnandi (jerky) - okusho ukuthi awukwazi ukushintshwa okuguquguqukayo (uphakeme kakhulu, kodwa awuzwakali kakhulu kunalowo we-clavichord), ukuguqulwa kwamandla kanye ne-timbre yomsindo. akuncikile kuhlobo lwesiteleka kokhiye. Ukuze kuthuthukiswe i-sonority ye-harpsichord, izintambo eziphindwe kabili, ezintathu ngisho nantathu (ngethoni ngayinye) zazisetshenziswa, ezazishunwa kanyekanye, i-octave, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ngezinye izikhathi.

Evolution

Kusukela ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-17, izintambo zensimbi zazisetshenziswa esikhundleni sezintambo zamathumbu, zikhula ngobude (kusuka ku-treble kuya ku-bass). Ithuluzi lithole umumo we-pterygoid ongunxantathu onokuhleleka kobude (okuhambisana nokhiye) kweyunithi yezinhlamvu.

Ngekhulu le-17 nele-18 ukunikeza i-harpsichord umsindo ohlukahlukene kakhulu, izinsimbi zazenziwa ngamakhibhodi angu-2 (ngezinye izikhathi angu-3) ama-manual (amanuwali), ayehlelwa abekwe phezu kwesinye (imvamisa incwadi engenhla yayishunwa i-octave phezulu) , kanye nokushintshwa kwerejista yokwandisa ama-trebles, ukuphindwa kabili kwe-octave yamabhesi kanye nezinguquko kumbala we-timbre (irejista yelute, irejista ye-bassoon, njll.).

Amarejista ayecushwe ama-lever atholakala ezinhlangothini zekhibhodi, noma ngezinkinobho ezingaphansi kwekhibhodi, noma ngama-pedals. Kwamanye ama-harpsichords, ukuze uthole ukuhlukahluka okukhulu kwe-timbre, ikhibhodi yesi-3 yayihlelwe ngombala othile we-timbre, okuvame ukukhumbuza i-lute (okuthiwa ikhibhodi ye-lute).

ukubukeka

Ngaphandle, ama-harpsichords ayevame ukuqedwa ngobuhle kakhulu (umzimba wawuhlotshiswe ngemidwebo, ama-inlays, imidwebo). Isiphetho sensimbi sasihambisana nefenisha esesitayeleni yenkathi kaLouis XV. Ngekhulu le-16 nele-17 Amahabhu ongcweti base-Antwerp ama-Ruckers agqama ngekhwalithi yawo yomsindo kanye nomklamo wawo wobuciko.

Harpsichord emazweni ahlukene

Igama elithi "harpsichord" (e-France; i-archichord - eNgilandi, i-kielflugel - eJalimane, i-clavichembalo noma i-cembalo efushanisiwe - e-Italy) yalondolozwa amathuluzi amakhulu amise okwephiko anobubanzi obungafika kuma-octave angu-5. Kwakukhona futhi izinsimbi zomculo ezincane, ngokuvamile ezingonxande, ezinezintambo zocingo olulodwa kanye nobubanzi obungafika kuma-octave angu-4, abizwa ngokuthi: epinet (e-France), i-spinet (e-Italy), i-virginel (e-England).

I-harpsichord enomzimba oqondile i-claviciterium. I-harpsichord yayisetshenziswa njenge-solo, i-chamber-ensemble kanye nensimbi ye-orchestra.

Umqambi wesitayela se-virtuoso harpsichord wayengumqambi we-harpsichord wase-Italy u-D. Scarlatti (ungumnikazi wemisebenzi eminingi ye-harpsichord); umsunguli wesikole sama-harpsichordists saseFrance kwakungu-J. Chambonnière (i-Harpsichord Pieces yakhe, izincwadi ezi-2, ngo-1670, zazidumile).

Phakathi kwama-harpsichordists aseFrance asekupheleni kwekhulu le-17 nele-18. - F. Couperin, JF Rameau, L. Daquin, F. Daidrieu. Umculo we-harpsichord wesiFulentshi uwubuciko bokunambitheka okucolisisiwe, imikhuba ecolisisiwe, ecacile ngokunengqondo, engaphansi kwezimiso zokuziphatha zasebukhosini. Umsindo opholile futhi obandayo we-harpsichord wawuvumelana “nephimbo elihle” lomphakathi okhethiwe.

Isitayela esinamandla (i-rococo) sathola ukufana kwaso okucacile phakathi kwama-harpsichordists aseFrance. Izindikimba eziyintandokazi zama-harpsichord miniatures (i-miniature iwuhlobo lwesici sobuciko be-rococo) kwakuyizithombe zabesifazane ("Ukuthwebula", "I-Flirty", "Gloomy", "Shy", "Dade Monica", "Florentine" ka-Couperin), enkulu indawo yayigcwele imidanso ewubuqhawe (i-minuet , i-gavotte, njll.), izithombe ezinhle zokuphila kwabalimi (“Abavuni”, “Abakhi Bamagilebhisi” ka-Couperin), ama-onomatopoeic miniatures (“Inkukhu”, “Iwashi”, “I-Chirping” ka-Couperin, "Cuckoo" nguDaken, njll.). Isici esijwayelekile somculo we-harpsichord ubuningi bemihlobiso ye-melodic.

Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-18, imisebenzi yama-harpsichordists aseFrance yaqala ukunyamalala ku-repertoire yabadlali. Ngenxa yalokho, insimbi, eyayinomlando omude kangaka kanye nefa lobuciko elicebile, yaphoqeleka ukuba iwuyeke umkhuba womculo futhi yathathelwa indawo upiyano. Futhi hhayi nje ukuphoqwa, kodwa ukhohlwe ngokuphelele ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX.

Lokhu kwenzeke ngenxa yoshintsho olukhulu ekuthandweni kobuhle. I-Baroque aesthetics, esekelwe emcabangweni owenziwe ngokucacile noma ozwakala ngokucacile wethiyori yethonya (kafushane nje ingqikithi: isimo sengqondo esisodwa, sithinta - umbala owodwa womsindo), lapho i-harpsichord yayiyindlela ekahle yokukhuluma, yaqala. embonweni wezwe we-sentimentalism, bese uya esiqondisweni esinamandla. - I-Classicism futhi, ekugcineni, i-Romanticism. Kuzo zonke lezi zitayela, ngokuphambene nalokho, umqondo wokuguquguquka - imizwa, izithombe, imizwa - uye waba yinto ekhangayo futhi etshalwa kakhulu. Futhi upiyano wakwazi ukukuzwakalisa. I-harpsichord ayikwazanga ukwenza konke lokhu ngokomthetho - ngenxa yezici zomklamo wayo.