Okukhulu-okuncane |
Okukhulu-okuncane, isistimu enkulu-encane.
1) Itemu elisho ukuhlangana kwezindlela zokuthambekela okuphambene ngaphakathi kwesistimu eyodwa. Izinhlobo ezivame kakhulu yilezi: i-eponymous major-minor (imodi enkulu ehlanganiswe nama-chords kanye nokushintshana kwezingoma ze-eponymous minor) futhi, kancane kancane, igama elibizwa ngokuthi elincane-eliyinhloko (elincane elinothiswe ngezakhi zegama elikhulu elingaziwa); kwe M.-m. futhi kufaka phakathi inhlanganisela yezindlela ezihambisanayo - i-harmonic. ezinkulu kanye harmonic. encane. Mm. kanye ne-chromatic system ingenye yezinhlobo zesistimu ye-modal enwetshiwe ("i-tonality enwetshiwe" - ngokusho kwe-GL Catuar, IV Sposobin).
Okukhulu-okuncane
Umkhulu omncane
Okukhulu; parallel system chords
Okuncane; parallel system chords
Ukusetshenziswa kokuvumelana okuqondile M. - m. (izinyathelo eziphansi ze-VI nezi-III ku-M.-m., i-III ephezulu kanye ne-VI kokuncane-okukhulu, njll.) inikeza i-fret multicolor, ukukhanya, ihlobisa ingoma ngokujika kwe-polymodal okusha:
MP Mussorgsky. Ezothando "Intaba Ephakeme yandiza ngokuthula ...".
SV Rachmaninov. Ezothando "Morning".
Ngokomlando uM.-m. njengohlelo olukhethekile lwe-polymodal olwakhiwe ekujuleni kwe-classical. uhlelo lwe-tonal. Umqondo we-diatonic enkulu nencane ngokunengqondo wandulela umqondo we-M.-m. Kodwa-ke, izihlobo le nto itholakala emisebenzini ye-polyphonic homophonic. yeRenaissance (njengokungathi, uM.-m. oyinhloko, ongakahlukanisi), lapho, ngokwesibonelo, umthetho wawuwukuqedela ukukhala kwamathoni amancane kaDorian, iFrygian kanye ne-Aeolian ngonxantathu omkhulu (bheka ishadi lokucula lika- onjalo uDorian M.-m. encwadini. ” History of Musical Culture” kaR. Gruber (vol. 1, part 1, M.-L., 1941, p. 399)). Izinsalela zalokhu okungewona umehluko zingene ngokwemvelo ohlelweni lwethoni ngendlela yokubusa okukhulu kwengane encane kanye nokusebenzisana kwayo namaculo amancane emvelo (bona, isibonelo, imigoqo 8-11 yokunyakaza kwe-2 kwe-Bach's Italian Concerto), njenge kanye nangendlela enkulu ("Picardian") yesithathu ekupheleni kwe-op encane. Esikhathini se-Baroque, ukubonakaliswa kwe-M.-m. ngomqondo ofanele kungabhekwa Ch. ar. ukuhlukahluka kwegama elikhulu nelincane legama elifanayo ngaphakathi kohlaka lwesakhiwo esisodwa (isandulela u-D-dur kusukela kumnyakazo wokuqala we-Bach's Well-Tempered Clavier, ama-vols. 1-27), kuphela ngezikhathi ezithile okufinyelela ukwethulwa kwamachords of the okuncane kwegama elifanayo kuya kwelikhulu (JS Bach, isandulelo sekwaya esithi “O Mensch, bewein' dein' Sünde gross” yesitho). Kwakudala kwe-Viennese M. - m. iba yithuluzi elinamandla ngenxa yokwanda kokuhluka phakathi kwezindlela ezinkulu nezincane ezibekwe ngokucacile. Ukuhlukahluka kwegama elifanayo kusetshenziswa ngobuciko kuzilandiso, ezigabeni zangaphambi kwe-cadence, phakathi nentuthuko (ukuguquguquka kwe-DA ekuhambeni koku-35 kwe-symphony yesi-1 ka-Beethoven), ngezinye izikhathi ngemibala egqamile. umphumela (i-sonata ye-2 ka-Beethoven yepiyano, ingxenye 16). Wok. Emculweni, ukwethulwa kwamaculo emodi ephambene nokuthambekela nakho kusiza ukukhombisa ukuqhathanisa kwenkondlo. izithombe (i-aria kaLeporello evela ku-opera ethi “Don Giovanni” kaMozart). Usuku lokuzalwa luka-M.-m. kuzo zonke izinhlobo zayo ziwela ngenkathi ye-romanticism (F. Schubert, F. Liszt, R. Wagner, E. Grieg, MI Glinka, MP Mussorgsky, NA Rimsky-Korsakov). Izingxube ezinkulu nezincane zifinyelela ukuminyana nokujula okukhulu kakhulu, kuze kufike esilinganisweni sokhiye, izingoma nemiculo. izinguquko (bheka isibonelo ngenhla). Ukwendlaleka komunye nomunye, ubudlelwano bukaM.-m. kubangele amaketanga aphakeme ajwayelekile enkathi (isibonelo, ukulandelana okulandelanayo: okuphansi kwe-VI kuya ku-VI okuphansi kuholela ekubuyeleni esigabeni I; ingxenye yokuqala ye-Antar ka-Rimsky-Korsakov). Emculweni wekhulu lama-1 uMm. isetshenziswe njengethuluzi le-normative kanye ne-chromatic enwetshiwe nakakhulu. uhlelo (ngu-SS Prokofiev, DD Shostakovich, P. Hindemith nabanye abaqambi).
Njengohlelo olukhethekile lwe-modal M.-m. kwafinyelelwa ku-con. Ikhulu le-19, ikakhulukazi ezimfundisweni zengxenye ye-1. Ama-Theorists ekhulu lama-20 esitezi sokuqala. kanye ser. Ikhulu le-1 (G. Weber, AB Marx, FJ Fetis) baqonda imodi njenge-diatonic enomkhawulo. uhlelo, ukuhumusha izakhi "zokuphikisa" njengokudlula imikhawulo yesistimu ("leiterfremde" - "alien to the scale", ngokusho kwamagama aseJalimane). Emcabangweni ka-Fetis we-tonality, ukubikezelwa kwe-polysystems sekuvele kubonakala, lapho uM.-m. (imiqondo ye-“pluritonality”, “omnitonality”). X. Riemann ukhuluma “ngemizwa exubile”, ehlongoza ukuyibiza ngokuthi “encane-enkulu” futhi “enkulu-encane”, kodwa ucabanga ngezinhlobo ezilinganiselwe kakhulu zezingxube ezinjalo (isibonelo, i-subdominant encane kokukhulu). Ukwethulwa okuningiliziwe kwemfundiso ka-M.-m. itholakala ku-FO Gewart. Ngombono we-lit-re waseRussia uM.-m. ivela ku-BL Yavorsky (amagama: ekuqaleni "okuncane-okuncane", kamuva - "imodi yamaketanga"). Ifana nethiyori ka-Gewart ka-M.-m. ibekwe phambili yi-GL Catuar (ngaphansi kwegama elithi “isistimu enkulu yamathani ayishumi”) futhi yathuthukiswa ngu-IV Sposobin.
2) Ukuqokwa kwe-classic. isistimu yethoni enkulu nencane ngokuphambene nesistimu endala, ye-modal kanye nesistimu ye-athonal yekhulu lama-20.
References: Yavorsky B., Isakhiwo senkulumo yomculo (izinto ezibonakalayo namanothi), izingxenye 1-3, M., 1908; Catuar G., Inkambo yethiyori yokuvumelana, ingxenye 1, M., 1924; Inkambo esebenzayo yokuvumelana, izingxenye 1-2, M., 1934-35 (Sposobin I., Dubovsky I., Evseev S., Sokolov V.); Berkov V., Harmony, ingxenye 1-3, M., 1962-1966, 1970; Sposobin I., Izinkulumo ngenkambo yokuvumelana, M., 1969; U-Kirina K., Omkhulu Omncane ku-Viennese Classics kanye no-Schubert, ngo-Sat: Art and Foreign Languages, (Ikhishwe 2), A.-A., 1966; eyakhe, uhlelo lwe-Major-Minor emsebenzini ka-DB Kabalevsky (okusekelwe ezintweni zokucwaninga), ibid.
Yu. N. Kholopov
