Isikole |

1) Igama lezikhungo eziningi zesayensi, mayelana nezikhungo zemfundo. Igama elithi "A". livela egameni lenganekwane. iqhawe u-Akadem (Akadnmos), ngokuhlonishwa indawo eseduze ne-Athene, lapho ekhulwini le-4 BC. e. UPlato wafundisa abafundi bakhe. E-Italy, i-A. yokuqala yavela engxenyeni yesi-2. Ikhulu le-15 njengemiphakathi ekhululekile, ngaphandle kwezintaba. kanye nebandla. iziphathimandla, izazi zefilosofi ezihlanganisayo, ososayensi, izimbongi, abaculi, izifundiswa nezifundiswa kanye nokubeka umgomo wabo ukukhuthaza nokuthuthukiswa kwesayensi nezobuciko. Babejabulela ukusekelwa ngokwezinto ezibonakalayo kwamalungu abo (iningi lawo okwakungawemibuthano yezicukuthwane) futhi babengaphansi kokusekelwa yizinkantolo zamakhosi kanye nezinkantolo ezimbili. Enye yalezi zinhlangano yasungulwa ngo-1470 enkantolo kaDuke Lorenzo Medici eFlorence futhi yaqanjwa ngokuthi isikole sokuhlonipha isiGreki sasendulo. isikole sefilosofi kaPlato. Ngekhulu le-16-17. U-A. wasakazeka e-Italy (kwakukhona uSt. 1000 A.) futhi, ngokusho kwabantu ababephila ngaleso sikhathi, isithakazelo kubo safinyelela “intshiseko yobudlova.” Izingxabano zesayensi, amakhonsathi, umculo. kanye nobunkondlo. imincintiswano yayiyisisekelo somsebenzi ka-A. Indima yabo ekumiseni amasiko ezwe yayinkulu kakhulu. A. waba nesandla ekusakazekeni kobuntu. imibono, ukwakhiwa kobuciko obusha. isitayela.

Kwakukhona izinhlobo ezimbili ze-A.:

a) imiphakathi efundile, exutshwe ekubunjweni kwamalungu, emisebenzini okukhanyiswe ngayo, kanye nezingxabano. ukwenza umculo kuthathe indawo enkulu ekufundweni. Abanjalo babaseVenice - A. Pellegrina (eyasungulwa ngo-1550), eFlorence - A. della Crusca (eyasungulwa ngo-1582), e-Bologna - A. della Galati (yasungulwa ngo-1588) kanye no-A. dei Concordi (eyasungulwa ngo-1615) nasezindaweni eziningi. amanye amadolobha. Edume kakhulu i-Roman A. dell'Arcadia (eyasungulwa ngo-1692), eyahlanganisa izicukuthwane, ososayensi, izimbongi nabaculi. Amalungu alo (“umalusi bmi”) ayemaningi. amaNtaliyane avelele. abaculi abacashe ngamagama-mbumbulu ezinkondlo: isibonelo, u-A. Scarlatti wayebizwa ngokuthi u-Terpander, A. Corelli - Arcimello, B. Pasquini - Protico, njll. Imihlangano ka-A. (imikhosi ngokusho kwamamodeli asendulo, imincintiswano yezinkondlo nomculo, njll.) beka esifubeni semvelo. Lapha amalungu ka-A. aphumule enkantolo esemthethweni. imikhosi; bephendukela ekwaluseni okungenangqondo, baveza lesi sifiso semvelo, ukuhlanganisa nemvelo;

b) izinhlangano ezihlanganisa u-prof. abaculi nabathandi bomculo. Imisebenzi yalezi A. yayihloselwe ukuthuthukiswa nokufunda iminyuziyamu. icala. Bahlela amakhonsathi omphakathi nawangasese, benza ucwaningo emkhakheni womlando kanye nethiyori yomculo, umculo. ama-acoustics, wasungula umculo. izikhungo zemfundo zadlala imidlalo ye-opera (ngokwesibonelo, e-A. degli Invaghiti e-Mantua ngo-1607 umdlalo wokuqala we-opera ka-Monteverdi i-Orpheus yenzeka). I-academy edume kakhulu yalolu hlobo kwakuyi-Bologna Philharmonic Academy (eyasungulwa ngo-1666). Ukuze wamukelwe njengelungu, kwakudingeka ubekezelele umculo onzima kakhulu—othiyori. izivivinyo. Amalungu ale A. ayengamaNtaliyane. nabaqambi bakwamanye amazwe: J. Bassani, J. Torelli, A. Corelli, JB Martini, WA ​​Mozart, J. Myslivechek, MS Berezovsky, EI Fomin, nabanye. Ikhamera ye-Florentine (eyasungulwa ngo-1580 ngumvikeli wezobuciko u-J. Bardi) yayiseduze nemvelo yomsebenzi, ukubukeka kwe-opera kuhlotshaniswa nokusikwa. E-France, i-Academy of Poetry and Music (Académie de poysie et de musique) yaduma. ngo-1570 eParis njengembongi, i-lute player kanye ne-com. JA Baiff.

2) Ngekhulu le-18 - 1st yesithathu yekhulu le-19. e-Italy nakwamanye amazwe aseNtshonalanga-Yurophu. amazwe, igama lamakhonsathi ombhali, ahlelwe abaqambi, kanye nemihlangano yomphakathi eyenza umculo (amakhonsathi), i-to-rye ehlelwe yi-commonwealth yabathandi bomculo. E-Russia, lolu hlobo lwe-A. lwaqala ukubonakala ekupheleni kwekhulu le-18, okokuqala - ngo-1790 eSt. Ngemva kwesikhashana, i-Muses yahlelwa eMoscow. A. (owezicukuthwane), induna yakhe kwakungu-HM Karamzin. Ngo-1828 eSt. Petersburg, umqondisi wePridv. isonto lokucula FP Lvov osn. Muses. A. ngenhloso “yokuzilibazisa okumnandi nesikhathi samahhala nempumelelo emfundweni nasekuthuthukisweni kokuthandwa komculo.” Njengoba abantu besikhathi bethi, ngempela. amalungu alo A. bekungabathandi bomculo kuphela.

3) Igama labanye besimanje, ch. ar. eziphakeme, izikhungo zemfundo zomculo, isibonelo: I-Royal A. Umculo eLondon, A. Umculo kanye nesiteji. art-va e Vienna, Salzburg, National Academy “Santa Cecilia” eRoma, Mus. A. (i-conservatory) e-Belgrade, kanye nenye i-opera t-ditch (National A. Music and Dance – igama elisemthethweni le-Parisian t-ra “Grand Opera”), decomp. zesayensi (isibonelo, State A. Artic Sciences eMoscow, State Academy of Arts, 1921-32), conc. nezinye izikhungo (A. amarekhodi egilamafoni aqanjwe ngoCh. Cro, A. dance eParis, njll.).

Imithombo: Della Torre A., Storia dell'Accademia Platonica di Florence, Florence, 1902; Maylender M., Umlando we-Italian Academy, v. 1-5, Bologna, 1926-30; Walker DP, Musical Humanism in the 16th and Early 17th Centuries, “MR,” 1941, II, 1942, III (ku-“The Musical Humanism,” kwethi “The Works of the Music Science Society, No. 5, Kassel, 1949) ; ; Yates Fr. A., The French Academy in the 16th cent., University of London, Warburg Inst., «Izifundo», XV, L.,

I-IM Yampolsky