UCarlo Maria Giulini |

UCarlo Maria Giulini

Kwakuyimpilo ende futhi ekhazimulayo. Kugcwele ukunqoba, ukubonakaliswa kokubonga okuvela ezilalelini ezibongayo, kodwa futhi ukufunda okuqhubekayo kwamaphuzu, ukugxilisa ingqondo okukhulu ngokomoya. UCarlo Maria Giulini waphila iminyaka engaphezu kwamashumi ayisishiyagalolunye.

Ukwakhiwa kwe-Giulini njengomculi, ngaphandle kokweqisa, "kuhlanganisa" yonke i-Italy: inhlonhlo enhle, njengoba wazi, yinde futhi incane. Wazalelwa eBarletta, idolobhana elincane esifundeni esiseningizimu yePuglia (isithende se-boot) ngo-May 9, 1914. Kodwa kusukela esemncane, ukuphila kwakhe kwakuhlangene nenyakatho “edlulele” yaseNtaliyane: eneminyaka emihlanu ubudala, umkhaya wakubo wawuhlangene neNtaliyane. Umqhubi wesikhathi esizayo waqala ukutadisha i-violin e-Bolzano. Manje sekuyi-Italy, kwase kuyi-Austria-Hungary. Wabe esethuthela eRoma, lapho aqhubeka khona nezifundo zakhe e-Academy yaseSanta Cecilia, efunda ukudlala i-viola. Lapho eneminyaka eyishumi nesishiyagalombili waba umculi we-Augusteum Orchestra, ihholo lekhonsathi elihle laseRoma. Njengelungu le-orchestra ye-Augusteum, waba nethuba - nenjabulo - ukudlala nabaqhubi abafana no-Wilhelm Furtwängler, u-Erich Kleiber, u-Victor De Sabata, u-Antonio Guarnieri, u-Otto Klemperer, u-Bruno Walter. Waze wadlala ngaphansi kwenduku ka-Igor Stravinsky noRichard Strauss. Ngesikhathi esifanayo wafunda eqhuba noBernardo Molinari. Wathola idiploma yakhe ngesikhathi esinzima, ekuphakameni kweMpi Yezwe Yesibili, ngo-1941. Ukuqala kwakhe kwabambezeleka: wakwazi ukuma ngemuva kweminyaka emithathu kuphela kamuva, ngo-1944. Waphathiswa lutho olungaphansi kwe-console. ikhonsathi yokuqala eRoma ekhululiwe.

UGiulini uthe: “Izifundo ekuqhubeni zidinga ukunensa, ukuqapha, isizungu nokuthula.” Isiphetho samvuza ngokugcwele ngokubaluleka kwesimo sakhe sengqondo ngobuciko bakhe, ngenxa yokuntula okuyize. Ngo-1950, uGiulini wathuthela eMilan: impilo yakhe yonke eyalandela yayizoxhunyaniswa nenhloko-dolobha esenyakatho. Ngemva konyaka, u-De Sabata wamemela ku-Italian Radio and Television kanye naseMilan Conservatory. Ngenxa ye-De Sabate efanayo, iminyango yethiyetha yaseLa Scala yavuleka ngaphambi komqhubi osemusha. Ngenkathi inkinga yenhliziyo idlula uDe Sabata ngoSepthemba 1953, uGiulini wamlandela njengomqondisi womculo. Uphathiswe ukuvulwa kwesizini (nge-opera yaseCatalani iValli). U-Giulini uzohlala njengomqondisi womculo wethempeli laseMilanese le-opera kuze kube ngu-1955.

U-Giulini udume ngokulinganayo njengomqhubi we-opera ne-symphony, kodwa umsebenzi wakhe endaweni yokuqala uhlanganisa isikhathi esifushane. Ngo-1968 wayeyishiya i-opera futhi abuyele kuyo ngezikhathi ezithile kuphela esitudiyo sokuqopha naseLos Angeles ngo-1982 lapho ezoqhuba i-Falstaff ka-Verdi. Nakuba ukukhiqizwa kwakhe kwe-opera kukuncane, usengomunye wabalingiswa bokuchazwa komculo wekhulunyaka lamashumi amabili: kwanele ukukhumbula Impilo Efushane kaDe Falla kanye neThe Italian Girl in Algiers. Ukuzwa uGiulini, kuyacaca ukuthi ukunemba nokucaca kwezincazelo zikaClaudio Abbado zivelaphi.

U-Giulini wenza ama-opera amaningi ka-Verdi, wanaka kakhulu umculo waseRussia, futhi wathanda ababhali bekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalombili. Nguye owaqhuba iThe Barber yaseSeville, eyadlalwa ngo-1954 kumabonakude iMilan. UMaria Callas walalela induku yakhe yomlingo (kwiLa Traviata edumile eqondiswa uLuchino Visconti). Umqondisi omkhulu kanye nomqhubi omkhulu bahlangana emikhiqizweni kaDon Carlos eCovent Ganden kanye neThe Marriage of Figaro eRoma. Ama-opera aqhutshwa u-Giulini ahlanganisa i-Coronation of Poppea kaMonteverdi, i-Alcesta kaGluck, i-Weber ethi The Free Gunner, ka-Cilea ka-Adrienne Lecouvreur, ethi The Marriage ka-Stravinsky, kanye ne-Bartók's Castle of Duke Bluebeard. Izithakazelo zakhe zazibanzi ngendlela emangalisayo, i-symphonic repertoire yakhe ayiqondakala ngempela, impilo yakhe yokudala yinde futhi inezigigaba.

UGiulini waqhutshelwa eLa Scala kwaze kwaba ngu-1997 - ama-opera ayishumi nantathu, i-ballet eyodwa namakhonsathi angamashumi amahlanu. Kusukela ngo-1968, wakhangwa ikakhulukazi umculo we-symphonic. Wonke ama-orchestra ase-Europe naseMelika ayefuna ukudlala naye. Ukuqala kwakhe kwaseMelika kwakungo-1955 neChicago Symphony Orchestra. Kusukela ngo-1976 kuya ku-1984, u-Giulini wayengumqhubi unomphela we-Los Angeles Philharmonic Orchestra. E-Europe ubenguPrincipal Conductor weVienna Symphony Orchestra kusukela ngo-1973 kuya ku-1976 futhi, ngaphezu kwalokho, wadlala nawo wonke amanye ama-orchestra adumile.

Labo ababone u-Giulini kuphaneli yokulawula bathi isenzo sakhe sasiyisisekelo, sicishe sibe luhlaza. I-maestro yayingeyona eyababukeli, abazithanda kakhulu emculweni kunomculo ngokwabo. Uthe: “Umculo osephepheni ufile. Umsebenzi wethu awuyona into engaphezu kokuzama ukuvuselela lesi sibalo sezimpawu ezingenasici. U-Giulini wayezibheka njengenceku ezinikele yombhali womculo: "Ukuhumusha kuyisenzo sokuthobeka okujulile kumqambi."

Ukunqoba okuningi akuzange kuphendule ikhanda lakhe. Eminyakeni yokugcina yomsebenzi wakhe, umphakathi waseParis wanikeza u-Giulini ihlombe elimile ingxenye yesine yehora nge-Verdi's Requiem, lapho uMaestro aphawule khona kuphela: “Ngijabula kakhulu ngokuthi nginganikeza uthando oluncane ngomculo.”

UCarlo Maria Giulini washonela eBrescia ngoJuni 14, 2005. Ngaphambi nje kokufa kwakhe, uSimon Rattle wathi, “Ngingamqhuba kanjani uBrahms ngemva kokuba uGiulini emqhubekile”?