UClaudio Arrau (Claudio Arrau) |

UClaudio Arrau

Eminyakeni yakhe ewohlokayo, umbhishobhi omkhulu womculo wopiyano waseYurophu, u-Edwin Fischer, uyakhumbula: “Kwake kwafika umnumzane engingamazi nendodana ayefuna ukungibonisa yona. Ngabuza umfana ukuthi uhlose ukudlala ngani, waphendula: “Ufunani? Ngidlala yonke i-Bach…” Emizuzwini embalwa nje, ngahlabeka umxhwele ngokujulile ngethalente eliyingqayizivele lomfana oneminyaka eyisikhombisa. Kodwa ngaleso sikhathi angizange ngibe nesifiso sokufundisa futhi ngamthumela kuthisha wami uMartin Krause. Kamuva, le ngane ehlakaniphile yaba omunye wabadlali bopiyano abavelele kakhulu emhlabeni.”

• Umculo wepiyano esitolo se-inthanethi se-Ozon →

Le prodigy yengane kwakunguClaudio Arrau. Ufike eBerlin ngemuva kokuvela okokuqala esiteji njengengane eneminyaka engu-6 ubudala enhloko-dolobha yaseChile iSantiago, enikeza ikhonsathi yemisebenzi kaBeethoven, uSchubert noChopin futhi wahlaba umxhwele izethameli kangangokuthi uhulumeni wamnikeza umfundaze okhethekile. ukufunda eYurophu. UmChile oneminyaka engu-15 ubudala waphothula eStern Conservatory eBerlin ekilasini lika-M. Krause, osevele engumdlali wekhonsathi onolwazi - waqala umdlalo wakhe wokuqala lapha emuva ngo-1914. ukubhukha: umsebenzi wekhonsathi awuphazamisanga ukuqeqeshwa okuqinile, okungasheshi, imfundo eguquguqukayo, kanye nokwandiswa kwemibono yomuntu. Akumangalisi ukuthi yona le Conservatory yaseShternovsky ngo-1925 yamamukela ezindongeni zayo kakade njengothisha!

Ukunqotshwa kwezigaba zamakhonsathi omhlaba nakho kwaba kancane kancane futhi akulula neze - kwalandela ukuthuthukiswa kobuciko, ukusunduza imingcele ye-repertoire, ukunqoba amathonya, ngezinye izikhathi anamandla kakhulu (owokuqala uBusoni, u-d'Albert, uTeresa Carregno, kamuva uFischer noSchnabel), bathuthukisa awabo. izimiso zokwenza . Lapho ngo-1923 umdwebi ezama “ukugasela” umphakathi waseMelika, lo mzamo waphetha ngokungaphumeleli ngokuphelele; kuphela ngemva kuka-1941, ngemva kokuthuthela e-United States, u-Arrau wathola ukuqashelwa kwendawo yonke lapha. Yiqiniso, ezweni lakubo wamukelwa ngokushesha njengeqhawe lesizwe; waqala ukuphindela lapha ngo-1921, futhi eminyakeni embalwa kamuva, imigwaqo yasenhloko-dolobha nedolobhana lakubo iChillán yethiwa ngoClaudio Arrau, futhi uhulumeni wamnikeza incwadi yokungena engaziwa ukuze ahambele izindawo zokuvakasha. Ukuba yisakhamuzi saseMelika ngo-1941, lo mculi akazange alahlekelwe ukuxhumana neChile, wasungula isikole somculo lapha, kamuva esakhula saba yindawo yokugcina izingane. Ngemva kwesikhathi eside, lapho ama-fascists e-Pinochet ethatha amandla ezweni, u-Arrau wenqaba ukukhuluma ekhaya ephikisana. “Ngeke ngibuyele lapho kusaphethe uPinochet,” usho kanje.

EYurophu, u-Arrau wayenedumela isikhathi eside "njenge-super-technologist", "i-virtuoso ngaphezu kwakho konke".

Ngempela, lapho isithombe sobuciko somculi sisanda kwakhiwa, inqubo yakhe yase ifinyelele ekupheleleni nasekuhlakanipheni. Nakuba imigibe yangaphandle yempumelelo yayihambisana naye njalo, yayihlale ihambisana nesimo sengqondo esinendida sabagxeki ababemthuka ngenxa yemikhuba emibi engokwesiko yobuhle - ukubheka phezulu, ukuhumusha okuhlelekile, isivinini sangamabomu. Yilokho kanye okwenzeka phakathi nohambo lokuqala e-USSR, lapho efika kithi ku-halo yomnqobi womunye wemiqhudelwano yokuqala yamazwe ngamazwe yesikhathi sethu, owawuseGeneva ngo-1927. U-Arrau wabe esedlala ngobusuku obubodwa amakhonsathi amathathu nge. i-orchestra - Chopin (No. 2), uBeethoven (No. 4) noTchaikovsky (No. 1), bese kuba uhlelo olukhulu olulodwa oluhlanganisa "Petrushka" kaStravinsky, "Islamey" kaBalakirev, uSonata ku-B minor Chopin, Partita kanye izandulela ezimbili kanye nama-fugues avela ku-Bach's Well-Tempered Clavier, ucezu lukaDebussy. Ngisho nangemuva kokugeleza kosaziwayo bangaphandle ngaleso sikhathi, u-Arrau washaya into ecokeme ngendlela emangalisayo, “ingcindezi yokuzikhethela yamandla”, inkululeko yokuba nazo zonke izici zokudlala upiyano, indlela yomunwe, ukupedalisa, ukulingana okunesigqi, umbala wephalethi yakhe. Washaya - kodwa akazange azizuze izinhliziyo zabathandi bomculo baseMoscow.

Umbono wohambo lwakhe lwesibili ngo-1968 wawuhlukile. Umgxeki uL. Zhivov wabhala: “U-Arrau wabonisa indlela ekhaliphile yomculo wopiyano futhi wabonisa ukuthi akalahlekelwanga lutho njengengcweti, futhi okubaluleke kakhulu, wazuza ukuhlakanipha nokuvuthwa kokuhumusha. Umdlali wopiyano akabonisi umoya ongalawuleki, akabilisi njengensizwa, kodwa, njengomcwebi ohloba ubucwebe obusa izici zetshe eliyigugu ngengilazi yokukhanya, yena, esekuqondisile ukujula komsebenzi, wabelana ngalokho akutholile nezilaleli, ekhombisa izinhlangothi ezehlukene zomsebenzi, ukunotha nobuqili bemicabango, ubuhle bemizwa eshunyekiwe kuyo. Ngakho-ke umculo odlalwa ngu-Arrau uyayeka ukuba yithuba lokubonisa izimfanelo zakhe; ngokuphambene nalokho, umculi, njengengcweti ethembekile yombono womqambi, ngandlela-thile uxhuma umlaleli ngokuqondile nomdali womculo.

Futhi ukusebenza okunjalo, sengeza, ngamandla aphezulu ogqozi, kukhanyisa ihholo ngokuphazima komlilo wokudala wangempela. "Umoya kaBeethoven, umcabango kaBeethoven - yilokho okwakubusa u-Arrau," kugcizelela u-D. Rabinovich ekubuyekezeni kwakhe ikhonsathi yomculi yedwa. Uphinde wakwazisa kakhulu ukusebenza kwamakhonsathi ka-Brahms: “Lapha kulapho ukujula kobuhlakani okujwayelekile kuka-Arrau nokuthambekela kokuqonda ingqondo, ingoma ehlabayo enephimbo elinamandla lokukhuluma, inkululeko yokusebenza ngokuzinza, nokuvumelana okunengqondo kokucabanga komculo kunqoba ngempela. - yingakho ifomu elibunjiwe, inhlanganisela yokuvutha kwangaphakathi nokuzola kwangaphandle kanye nokuzibamba okunzima ekuvezeni imizwa; yingakho ukukhetha okunikezwa ijubane elikhawulelwe kanye namandla amaphakathi.

Phakathi kokuvakasha okubili komdlali wepiyano e-USSR kukhona iminyaka engamashumi amane yomsebenzi onzima nokuzithuthukisa ngokungakhathali, amashumi eminyaka okwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuqonda nokuchaza lokho abagxeki baseMoscow, abamuzwa "ngaleso sikhathi" futhi "manje", kubonakala sengathi. kube ukuguqulwa okungalindelekile komdwebi, okwabaphoqa ukuthi balahle imibono yabo yangaphambili ngaye. Kodwa ingabe ngempela kuyivelakancane?

Le nqubo ibonakala ngokucacile kuyi-repertoire ka-Arrau - kukhona kokubili okuhlala kungashintshile nokuthi yini okuba umphumela wokuthuthuka kobuciko bomculi. Eyokuqala ngamagama ama-classics amakhulu ekhulu lama-1956, akha isisekelo se-repertoire yakhe: uBeethoven, uSchumann, uChopin, uBrahms, uLiszt. Yiqiniso, lokhu akukona konke - uhumusha ngobuhlakani amakhonsathi kaGrieg noTchaikovsky, ngokuzithandela udlala uRavel, waphendukela ngokuphindaphindiwe emculweni kaSchubert noWeber; umjikelezo wakhe we-Mozart, owanikezwa ngo-200 ngokuphathelene neminyaka engu-1967 yokuzalwa komqambi, awuzange ulibaleke ezilalelini. Ezinhlelweni zakhe ungathola amagama kaBartok, Stravinsky, Britten, ngisho noSchoenberg noMesiaen. Ngokusho komdwebi ngokwakhe, ngo-63 inkumbulo yakhe igcine amakhonsathi angama-76 ne-orchestra kanye neminye imisebenzi eminingi eyedwa kangangokuthi ibizokwanela izinhlelo zekhonsathi eziyi-XNUMX!

Ukuhlanganisa izici zakhe zobuciko bezikole ezahlukene zezwe, ukuhlukahluka kwe-repertoire nokulingana, ukuphelela komdlalo kwaze kwanikeza umcwaningi u-I. Kaiser isizathu sokukhuluma "ngemfihlakalo ye-Arrau", mayelana nobunzima ekunqumeni isici ukubukeka kwakhe kokudala. Kodwa empeleni, isisekelo sayo, ukusekelwa kwayo kusemculweni wekhulu le-1935. Isimo sengqondo sika-Arrau ngomculo odlalwayo siyashintsha. Ngokuhamba kweminyaka, uba "okhethayo" ngokwengeziwe ekukhetheni imisebenzi, edlala kuphela lokho okuseduze nobuntu bakhe, elwela ukuhlanganisa izinkinga zobuchwepheshe nezokuhumusha, ukunaka ngokukhethekile ukuhlanzeka kwesitayela nemibuzo yomsindo. Kuyafaneleka ukubona ukuthi ukudlala kwakhe kubonisa kanjani ukuguquguquka okungaguquki kwesitayela sika-Beethoven ekurekhodweni kwawo wonke amakhonsathi amahlanu enziwe no-B. Haitink! Mayelana nalokhu, isimo sakhe sengqondo ngoBach sibuye sibonise - uBach ofanayo adlala "kuphela" njengentsha eneminyaka eyisikhombisa ubudala. Ngo-12, u-Arrau wabamba imijikelezo kaBach eBerlin naseVienna, ehlanganisa amakhonsathi ayi-XNUMX, lapho cishe yonke imisebenzi yomqambi ye-clavier yenziwa khona. "Ngakho-ke ngizamile ukungena ngesitayela esithile sikaBach ngokwami, ezweni lakhe elizwakalayo, ukuze ngazi ubuntu bakhe." Ngempela, u-Arrau uthole okuningi ku-Bach kokubili kuye nakubalaleli bakhe. Futhi lapho eyivula, “ngokungazelelwe wathola ukuthi kwakungenakwenzeka ukudlala imisebenzi yakhe ngopiyano. Futhi naphezu kwenhlonipho yami enkulu ngomqambi ohlakaniphile, kusukela manje kuqhubeke angisayidlali imisebenzi yakhe phambi komphakathi “... U-Arrau ngokuvamile ukholelwa ukuthi umculi unesibopho sokufunda umqondo nesitayela sombhali ngamunye, “okudinga i-erudition ecebile, ulwazi olunzulu lwenkathi umqambi ahlotshaniswa nayo, isimo sakhe sengqondo ngesikhathi sokudala. Wakha esinye sezimiso zakhe eziyinhloko kokubili ekusebenzeni nasekufundiseni ngendlela elandelayo: “Gwema inkolelo-mbono. Futhi okubaluleke kakhulu ukulinganisa "ibinzana lokucula", okungukuthi, lokho kuphelela kobuchwepheshe ngenxa yokuthi awekho amanothi amabili afanayo ku-crescendo ne-decrescendo. Isitatimende esilandelayo sika-Arrau siyaphawuleka futhi: “Ngokuhlaziya umsebenzi ngamunye, ngilwela ukuzenzela umfanekiso ocishe ubonakale wemvelo yomsindo ongahambisana kakhulu nawo.” Futhi wake waphawula ukuthi umdlali wopiyano wangempela kufanele alungele “ukuzuza i-legato yangempela ngaphandle kosizo lwe-pedal.” Labo abazwile u-Arrau edlala ngeke bangabaze ukuthi yena uyakwazi lokhu…

Umphumela oqondile walesi simo sengqondo ngomculo ukuqagela kuka-Arrau ngezinhlelo namarekhodi e-monographic. Khumbula ukuthi ohambweni lwakhe lwesibili eMoscow, waqala ukudlala izingoma zikaBeethoven ezinhlanu, wabe esecula amakhonsathi amabili eBrahm. Yeka umehluko ngo-1929! Kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo, engajaheli impumelelo elula, uyona kakhulu ngemfundo yokufunda. Ezinye, njengoba besho, izingoma “ezidlalwe ngokweqile” (njenge-“Appassionata”) kwesinye isikhathi akazifaki ezinhlelweni zeminyaka. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi eminyakeni yamuva wayevame ukuphendukela emsebenzini kaLiszt, edlala, phakathi kwezinye izinto, zonke izincazelo zakhe zokusebenza. "Lezi akuzona nje izingoma ezihlekisayo," kugcizelela u-Arrau. “Labo abafuna ukuvuselela i-Liszt i-virtuoso baqala endaweni engamanga. Kungaba okubaluleke kakhulu ukwazisa uLiszt umculi futhi. Ngifuna ekugcineni ukuqeda ukungaqondi okudala ukuthi uLiszt wabhala izindima zakhe ukuze abonise inqubo. Ezingomeni zakhe ezibalulekile zisebenza njengendlela yokukhuluma - ngisho nasezintweni ezinzima kakhulu zokubeka amagama akhe, lapho adala khona okusha ngendikimba, uhlobo lwedrama encane. Angabonakala njengomculo omsulwa kuphela uma edlalwa nge-metronomic pedantry esesidumile manje. Kodwa lokhu “ukulunga” kuyisiko elibi kuphela, elisuka ekungazini. Lolu hlobo lokwethembeka kumanothi luphambene nomoya womculo, kuyo yonke into ngokuvamile ebizwa ngokuthi umculo. Uma kukholakala ukuthi i-Beethoven kufanele idlalwe ngokukhululekile ngangokunokwenzeka, khona-ke ku-Liszt ukunemba kwe-metronomic kuwubuwula obuphelele. Ufuna umdlali wopiyano uMephistopheles!”

Umshayi wopiyano “we-Mephistopheles” ngempela u-Claudio Arrau – ongakhathali, ogcwele amandla, njalo ephokophele phambili. Ukuvakasha okude, ukuqoshwa okuningi, imisebenzi yokufundisa nokuhlela - konke lokhu kwakuwukuqukethwe kwempilo yomculi, owake wabizwa ngokuthi "i-super virtuoso", futhi manje ebizwa ngokuthi "i-piano strategist", "i-aristocrat at upiyano" , ummeleli we-"lyrical intellectualism". U-Arrau wagubha usuku lwakhe lokuzalwa lwama-75 ngo-1978 ngohambo oluya emazweni angu-14 eYurophu naseMelika, lapho anikeza khona amakhonsathi angu-92 futhi waqopha amarekhodi amasha amaningana. Wavuma: “Angikwazi ukwenza kancane kancane. “Uma ngithatha ikhefu, bese kuba ukwesaba kimi ukuphinde ngiphume esiteji” … Futhi ngemva kokudlula eshumini lesishiyagalombili leminyaka, umbhishobhi wepiyano wesimanje waba nesithakazelo ohlotsheni olusha lomsebenzi wakhe - ukuqopha kumakhasethi evidiyo. .

Ngosuku olwandulela usuku lwakhe lokuzalwa lwama-80, u-Arrau wehlisa inani lamakhonsathi ngonyaka (kusuka kwekhulu kuye kwamashumi ayisithupha noma amashumi ayisikhombisa), kodwa waqhubeka nokuvakasha eYurophu, eNyakatho Melika, eBrazil naseJapane. Ngo-1984, ngokokuqala ngqá ngemva kwekhefu elide, amakhonsathi omdlali wopiyano enzeka ezweni lakubo eChile, unyaka ngaphambi kokuthi aklonyeliswe ngendondo yeNational Arts Prize yaseChile.

UClaudio Arrau washonela e-Austria ngo-1991 futhi wangcwatshwa edolobheni lakubo, eChillan.

Grigoriev L., Platek Ya.