Giovanni Battista Rubini |

Giovanni Battista Rubini

Omunye wabanolwazi kwezobuciko bezwi bekhulu lesi-XNUMX, uPanovka, ubhala ngoRubini: “Ubenezwi elinamandla nesibindi, kodwa akakweletanga kangako amandla omsindo ngokuhambisana nokudlidliza, kwensimbi. i-timbre. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izwi lakhe lalinwebeka ngendlela ehlukile futhi lihamba, njenge-lyric soprano. U-Roubini wathatha kalula amanothi e-soprano aphezulu futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo ngokuzethemba nangokucacile.

Kodwa umbono mayelana umculi VV Timokhin. "Okokuqala nje, umculi ujabulise izethameli ngezwi elihle kakhulu lezinhlobonhlobo (irejista yesifuba ukusuka ku-"mi" ye-octave encane ukuya ku-"si" ye-octave yokuqala), ukukhanya, ukuhlanzeka nokucwebezela kokusebenza kwakhe. Ngekhono elikhulu, i-tenor yasebenzisa irejista ephezulu ethuthukisiwe (i-Rubini ingathatha "fa" ngisho "nosawoti" we-octave yesibili). Wasebenzisa i-falsetto hhayi ukuze afihle noma yikuphi ukushiyeka "kumanothi esifuba", kodwa ngenjongo yodwa "yokuhlukanisa ukucula kwabantu ngokungafani, ukuveza imizwa ebaluleke kakhulu yemizwa nezinkanuko," njengokunye kokubuyekezwa kubonisiwe. “Kwakuyintwasahlobo ecebile, engashi yemiphumela emisha, enamandla onke.” Izwi lomculi lanqoba ngokuguquguquka, okumanzi, umthunzi wevelvety, umsindo, izinguquko ezibushelelezi ukusuka kurejista kuya kurejista. Umdwebi ube nekhono elimangalisayo lokugcizelela umehluko phakathi kwe-forte nepiyano.

U-Giovanni Battista Rubini wazalwa ngo-Ephreli 7, 1795 eRomano emndenini wothisha wendawo womculo. Eseyingane, akazange abonise impumelelo enkulu ekufundiseni futhi izwi lakhe alizange libangele izilaleli injabulo. Izifundo zomculo zikaGiovanni ngokwazo zazingenalo uhlelo: umculi weminye yemizi emincane eseduze wamnikeza izifundo zokuvumelana nokuqamba.

URoubini waqala njengomculi emasontweni nanjengomdlali wevayolini kuma-orchestra yaseshashalazini. Lapho eneminyaka eyishumi nambili, umfana uba i-chorister enkundleni yemidlalo yaseshashalazini eBergamo. Khona-ke uRubini wangena eqenjini lenkampani ye-opera ehambayo, lapho athola khona ithuba lokudlula esikoleni esinzima sokuphila. Ukuze aziphilise, u-Giovanni uthatha uhambo lwekhonsathi nomdlali we-violini oyedwa, kodwa akwenzekanga lutho ngalowo mbono. Ngo-1814, wanikwa umdlalo wokuqala ePavia ku-opera ethi Izinyembezi Zomfelokazi kaPietro Generali. Kwabe sekulandela isimemo sokuya eBrescia, emgubhweni ka-1815, kwase kuba seVenice, enkundleni yemidlalo yaseshashalazini iSan Moise edume kakhulu. Ngokushesha umculi wangena esivumelwaneni ne-impresario enamandla Domenico Barbaia. Wasiza uRubini ukuba abambe iqhaza emidlalweni ye-Neapolitan Theatre "Fiorentini". U-Giovanni wavuma ngenjabulo - ngemva kwakho konke, inkontileka enjalo yayivumela, phakathi kwezinye izinto, ukufunda nabahlabeleli abakhulu e-Italy.

Ekuqaleni, lo mculi osemusha wacishe walahleka emlaza wamathalenta weqembu laseBarbaia. U-Giovanni kwaze kwadingeka avume ukuncishiselwa iholo. Kodwa ukubekezela nokufunda nomculi odumile u-Andrea Nozari badlala indima yabo, futhi ngokushesha uRubini waba omunye wemihlobiso eyinhloko ye-opera yaseNeapolitan.

Eminyakeni eyisishiyagalombili eyalandela, umculi wenza ngempumelelo enkulu ezigabeni zaseRoma, Naples, Palermo. Manje i-Barbaia, ukuze igcine uRubini, iyakwenyusa imali yomculi.

Ngo-Okthoba 6, 1825, uRoubini wenza i-debut yakhe eParis. Ku-Opera yase-Italy, waqala ukucula e-Cinderella, wabe esecula ku-Lady of the Lake ne-Othello.

Indima ka-Otello Rossini wayibhala kabusha ngokukhethekile uRubini - ngemva kwakho konke, wayidala ngokusekelwe ezwini eliphansi likaNozari. Kule ndima, umculi wabonisa ikhono lakhe lokugqamisa imininingwane ngezinye izikhathi ezicashile, ukunikeza isithombe sonke ubuqotho obumangalisayo neqiniso.

Ngendlela edabukisa ngayo, ngobuhlungu obungaka benhliziyo elinyazwe umona, umculi wachitha isiqephu sokugcina esishubile sesenzo sesithathu noDesdemona! "I-motif yale duet iphetha ngomjikelezo oyinkimbinkimbi futhi omude: lapha singabonga ngokugcwele bonke ubuciko, wonke umuzwa ojulile womculo kaRubini. Kubukeka sengathi noma yimuphi umusa ekuculeni, ogcwele intshiseko, kufanele upholise isenzo sakhe - kwaba ngenye indlela. U-Roubini ukwazile ukunikeza amandla amakhulu, umuzwa omangalisayo ku-roulade engabalulekile, kangangokuthi lo msindo washaqeka kakhulu ... abalaleli, ”kubhala omunye wabantu besikhathi sakhe ngemuva kokudlala kweciko e-Othello.

Umphakathi waseFrance wavuma ngazwi linye umculi wase-Italy “njengeNkosi Yama-Tenors”. Ngemva kwezinyanga eziyisithupha zokunqoba eParis, uRubini wabuyela ezweni lakubo. Ngemva kokucula eNaples naseMilan, umculi waya eVienna.

Impumelelo yokuqala yomculi ihlotshaniswa nokusebenza kuma-opera kaRossini. Kungase kubonakale sengathi isitayela somqambi sihlakaniphile, sigcwele ukuphila, amandla, isimo sengqondo, okuhle kunakho konke kuhambisana nomlingiswa wethalenta lomdwebi.

Kodwa uRubini wanqoba ukuphakama kwakhe ngokubambisana nomunye umqambi wase-Italy, uVincenzo Bellini. Umqambi osemusha wamvulela izwe elisha elithakazelisayo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, umculi ngokwakhe waba negalelo elikhulu ekuqashelweni kukaBellini, ekubeni ngumkhulumeli ocashile wezinhloso zakhe kanye nomhumushi ongenakuqhathaniswa womculo wakhe.

Ngokokuqala ngqa, uBellini noRubini bahlangana ngenkathi belungiselela ukuqala kwe-opera ethi The Pirate. Nakhu okubhala uF. Pastura: “… EnoGiovanni Rubini, wanquma ukukuthatha ngokungathi sína, hhayi kangako ngoba umculi oyedwa kwadingeka acule ingxenye yesihloko seGualtiero, umqambi wayefuna ukumfundisa indlela yokuhlanganisa ngqo isithombe leso. wapenda emculweni wakhe. Futhi kwakudingeka asebenze kanzima, ngoba uRubini wayefuna nje ukucula indima yakhe, futhi uBellini wagcizelela ukuthi naye adlale indima yakhe. Omunye wacabanga kuphela ngokuphuma komsindo, mayelana nokukhiqizwa kwezwi namanye amaqhinga endlela yokukhuluma, omunye wafuna ukumenza umhumushi. U-Rubini wayeyi-tenor kuphela, kodwa u-Bellini wayefuna umculi ukuba, okokuqala, abe umlingisi okhonkolo, "obanjwe uthando."

U-Count Barbeau wabona enye yezingxabano eziningi phakathi kombhali nomculi. U-Rubini weza e-Bellini ezozijwayeza umugqa wakhe wezwi ku-duet ye-Gualtiero ne-Imogen. Uma sibheka okushiwo nguBarbeau, ngokusobala bekuyi-duet kusukela esenzweni sokuqala. Futhi ukushintshana kwemishwana elula, engenakho ukuhlotshiswa kwezwi, kodwa ecasukile kakhulu, akutholanga ukunanela emphefumulweni womculi, owayejwayele izinombolo ezivamile, ngezinye izikhathi ezinzima kakhulu, kodwa ngokuqinisekile ziyasebenza.

Badabula isiqeshana esifanayo izikhathi eziningana, kodwa i-tenor ayikwazanga ukuqonda ukuthi umqambi udinga ini, futhi akazange alandele iseluleko sakhe. Ekugcineni, uBellini waphelelwa isineke.

– Uyimbongolo! wamemezela ngaphandle kwamahloni kuRubini futhi wachaza: “Awufaki noma yimuphi umuzwa ekuculeni kwakho!” Lapha, kulesi sigcawu, unganyakazisa yonke imidlalo yeshashalazi, futhi uyabanda futhi awunamphefumulo!

URubini wathula edidekile. UBellini, esethule, wakhulumela phansi:

- Rubini othandekayo, ucabangani, ungubani - uRubini noma uGualtiero?

“Ngikuqonda konke,” kuphendula lo mculi, “kodwa angikwazi ukuzenza ngiphelelwe ithemba noma ngenze sengathi ngithukuthele ngenxa yentukuthelo.

Umculi kuphela onganikeza impendulo enjalo, hhayi umlingisi wangempela. Kodwa-ke, uBellini waqonda ukuthi uma ekwazi ukukholisa uRubini, uzowina kabili - yena kanye nomdlali. Wenza umzamo wokugcina: yena ngokwakhe wahlabelela ingoma, ewenza ngendlela athanda ngayo. Wayengenazwi elikhethekile, kodwa wayazi indlela yokufaka kuyo kanye umuzwa owasiza ekuzaleni ihubo elibuhlungu likaGualtiero, owahlambalaza u-Imogen ngokungathembeki: “Pietosa al padre, e rueco si cruda eri intanto.” (“Wamhawukela uyihlo, kodwa wawunonya kimi.”) Kuleli cantilena elidabukisayo, inhliziyo eshisekayo, enothando yesigebengu yembuleka.

Ekugcineni, uRubini wezwa lokho umqambi ayekufuna kuye, futhi, ebanjwe umfutho ongazelelwe, wengeza izwi lakhe elimangalisayo ekuculeni kukaBellini, manje okwaveza ukuhlupheka okungakaze kuzwe muntu ngaphambili.

Esikhathini sokuqala se-cavatina kaGualtiero "Phakathi kwesiphepho" eyenziwa nguRubini yabangela isivunguvungu sehlombe. UBellini uyabhala: “Umuzwa awudluliseki, enezela ukuthi wasukuma “izikhathi eziyishumi ukuze abonge izilaleli.” URoubini, elandela iseluleko sombhali, wenza ingxenye yakhe “eyaphezulu ngendlela engachazeki, futhi ukucula kwakuveza ngendlela emangalisayo nabo bonke ubulula bako, nabo bonke ububanzi bomphefumulo.” Kusukela ngalobo busuku, igama likaRubini lihlotshaniswa phakade nalo mculo odumile, kangangokuthi umculi wakwazi ukuveza ubuqotho bakhe. UFlorimo uzobhala kamuva: “Noma ubani ongakaze amuzwe uRubini kule opera akakwazi ukuqonda ukuthi izingoma zikaBellini zingajabulisa ngezinga elingakanani ...”

Futhi ngemva komdlalo wamaqhawe aneshwa, wona kanye lowo uBellini afundisa uRubini ukuba awudlale ngezwi lakhe elibuthakathaka, wabangela ehholo “ihlombe elinjalo kangangokuthi ayebukeka njengokubhonga okungapheli.”

Ngo-1831, ku-premiere e-Milan kwenye i-opera, i-La sonnambula ka-Bellini, i-Pasta, u-Amina, ehlatshwe yimvelo namandla angokomzwelo okusebenza kukaRubini, waqala ukukhala phambi kwezilaleli.

URubini wenza okuningi ukukhuthaza umsebenzi womunye umqambi, uGaetano Donizetti. UDonizetti wazuza impumelelo yakhe yokuqala enkulu ngo-1830 nge-opera Anne Boleyn. Embukisweni wokuqala, uRubini wacula ingxenye enkulu. Nge-aria evela esenzweni sesibili, umculi wenza umuzwa wangempela. "Noma ngubani ongazange amuzwe lo mculi omkhulu kule ngcaphuno, egcwele umusa, ukuphupha nothando, [akakwazi] ukwakha umbono wamandla obuciko bokucula," kubhala abezindaba zomculo ngalezo zinsuku. U-Rubini ukweleta okukhulu ekudumeni okumangalisayo kwama-opera ka-Donizetti i-Lucia di Lammermoor kanye no-Lucrezia Borgia.

Ngemva kokuphela kwenkontileka kaRubini neBarbaia ngo-1831, iminyaka eyishumi nambili wajabulela iqembu le-opera yase-Italy, edlala eParis ebusika naseLondon ehlobo.

Ngo-1843, uRoubini wenza uhambo ngokuhlanganyela noFranz Liszt baya eHolland naseJalimane. E-Berlin, umculi wacula e-Italian Opera. Ukwenza kwakhe kwakha umuzwa wangempela.

Ngentwasahlobo efanayo, umculi wase-Italy wafika eSt. Waqale wacula eSt. Petersburg naseMoscow, waphinde wacula eSt. Lapha, ekwakhiweni kweBolshoi Theatre, wazibonakalisa, edlala kubo bonke ubukhazikhazi bakhe e-Othello, The Pirate, La sonnambula, The Puritans, Lucia di Lammermoor.

Nakhu okushiwo u-VV Timokhin: "Impumelelo enkulu yayilindelwe umculi waseLucia: izethameli zazijabule kakhulu, futhi zonke izethameli zazingakwazi ukukhala, zilalele "isigameko sokuqalekisa" esidumile kusukela esenzweni sesibili sefilimu. i-opera. "I-Pirate", eyasungulwa eminyakeni embalwa ngaphambi kokufika kukaRubini ngokuhlanganyela kwabaculi baseJalimane, ayizange idonse ukunaka kwabaculi baseSt. ukuze abe yizingcweti ezingenakuqhathaniswa kanye nomculi owaheha izilaleli ngokujulile , ngokusho kwabantu besikhathi sakhe “ngomuzwa ohehayo nomusa othandekayo …”.

Ngaphambi kukaRubini, akekho umculi we-operatic eRussia owavusa injabulo enjalo. Ukunaka okukhethekile kwezilaleli zaseRussia kwashukumisela uRoubini ukuba eze ezweni lakithi ekwindla yalowo nyaka. Kulokhu uP. Viardo-Garcia no-A. Tamburini beza naye.

Ngesizini ka-1844/45, umculi omkhulu wavalelisa esiteji se-opera. Ngakho-ke, uRubini akazange anakekele izwi lakhe futhi wacula njengaseminyakeni yakhe engcono kakhulu. Umsebenzi waseshashalazini womculi waphela eSt. Petersburg ku-"Sleepwalker".