Hector Berlioz |

Hector Berlioz

Vumela umucu oyisiliva wenganekwane uzungeze uchungechunge lwemithetho. R. Schumann

U-G. Berlioz ungomunye wabaqambi abakhulu nabasunguli abakhulu bekhulu le-1830. Wehlela emlandweni njengomdali we-symphonism ehleliwe, eyayinethonya elikhulu nelithelayo kukho konke ukuthuthukiswa okwalandela kobuciko bothando. EFrance, ukuzalwa kwesiko lesizwe le-symphonic lihlotshaniswa negama elithi Berlioz. UBerlioz ungumculi onephrofayili ebanzi: umqambi, umbhidisi, umhlaziyi womculo, owavikela imibono ethuthukisiwe, yentando yeningi kwezobuciko, ekhiqizwe umoya ongokomoya weNguquko kaJulayi ka-XNUMX. Ubuntwana bomqambi wesikhathi esizayo buqhubekela phambili esimweni esihle. Uyise, ongudokotela ngokomsebenzi, wagxilisa endodaneni yakhe ukuthanda izincwadi, ubuciko nefilosofi. Ngaphansi kwethonya lezinkolelo zikayise zokuthi uNkulunkulu akekho, imibono yakhe eqhubekayo, yentando yeningi, umbono wezwe kaBerlioz waqala ukumila. Kodwa ekuthuthukisweni komculo komfana, izimo zedolobha lesifundazwe zazithobekile kakhulu. Wafunda ukudlala umtshingo nesiginci, futhi okuwukuphela komculo owazwakalayo kwakuwukucula esontweni - imisa yangeSonto enesizotha, ayeyithanda kakhulu. Uthando lukaBerlioz lomculo lwabonakala emzamweni wakhe wokuqamba. Lena kwakuyimidlalo yeshashalazi emincane nezothando. Ingoma yomunye wezothando kamuva yafakwa njenge-leitteme ku-Fantastic Symphony.

Ngo-1821, uBerlioz waya eParis ngokuphikelela kukayise ukuthi angene eSikoleni Sezokwelapha. Kodwa imithi ayikhangi insizwa. Ethanda umculo, uphupha ngemfundo yomculo ekhokhelwayo. Ekugcineni, uBerlioz wenza isinqumo esizimele sokushiya isayensi ngenxa yobuciko, futhi lokhu kubangela ulaka lwabazali bakhe, abangazange babheke umculo njengomsebenzi ofanelekayo. Bancisha indodana yabo noma yikuphi ukusekelwa kwezinto ezibonakalayo, futhi kusukela manje kuqhubeke, umqambi wesikhathi esizayo angathembela kuye kuphela. Kodwa-ke, ekholelwa ekumiselweni kwakhe, uphendulela wonke amandla akhe, amandla kanye nomdlandla ukuze akwazi ukwenza lo msebenzi eyedwa. Uphila njengamaqhawe ka-Balzac ukusuka esandleni kuye emlonyeni, ku-attics, kodwa akaphuthelwa ukudlala okukodwa ku-opera futhi uchitha sonke isikhathi sakhe samahhala emtatsheni wezincwadi, efunda amaphuzu.

Kusukela ngo-1823, uBerlioz waqala ukufunda izifundo zangasese ku-J. Lesueur, umqambi ovelele wenkathi yeNguquko Enkulu YaseFrance. Nguye owagxilisa kumfundi wakhe ukuthanda izinhlobo zobuciko eziyisikhumbuzo eziklanyelwe izilaleli eziningi. Ngo-1825, uBerlioz, ebonise ithalenta elivelele lenhlangano, uhlela ukusebenza komphakathi komsebenzi wakhe wokuqala omkhulu, iMisa Elikhulu. Ngonyaka olandelayo, uqamba isiqephu sobuqhawe "Inguquko YamaGreki", lo msebenzi wavula yonke isiqondiso emsebenzini wakhe. , ehambisana nezindikimba eziguquguqukayo. Ezwa isidingo sokuthola ulwazi olujulile lobungcweti, ngo-1826 uBerlioz wangena eParis Conservatory ekilasini lokuqamba likaLesueur kanye nekilasi lokuphikisa lika-A. Reicha. Okubaluleke kakhulu ekubunjweni kwe-aesthetics yomculi osemusha ukuxhumana nabameleli abavelele bezincwadi nezobuciko, kuhlanganise no-O. Balzac, V. Hugo, G. Heine, T. Gauthier, A. Dumas, George Sand, F. Chopin , F. Liszt, N. Paganini. No-Liszt, uxhunywe ubungane bomuntu siqu, ukufana kokusesha okunobuciko nezithakazelo. Kamuva, uLiszt wayezoba umgqugquzeli oshisekayo womculo kaBerlioz.

Ngo-1830, uBerlioz wadala i-"Fantastic Symphony" enesihloko esithi: "Isiqephu Esisuka Ekuphileni Komculi." Ivula inkathi entsha ye-symphonism yothando yohlelo, ibe ubuciko bomculo womhlaba wonke. Uhlelo lwabhalwa uBerlioz futhi lusekelwe eqinisweni le-biography yomqambi - indaba yothando yothando lwakhe ngomlingisi omangalisayo wesiNgisi u-Henrietta Smithson. Kodwa-ke, i-autobiographical motifs ku-generalization yomculo zithola ukubaluleka kwetimu yothando evamile yesizungu somculi emhlabeni wanamuhla futhi, ngokubanzi, itimu "yokukhohlisa okulahlekile".

1830 kwaba unyaka wezinxushunxushu eBerlioz. Ebambe iqhaza okwesine emncintiswaneni woMklomelo WaseRoma, ekugcineni wawina, ehambisa i-cantata "Ubusuku Bokugcina bukaSardanapalus" kumajaji. Umqambi uqeda umsebenzi wakhe ngemisindo yokuvukela okwaqala eParis futhi, asuka nje emncintiswaneni, uya emigoqweni ukuze ajoyine amavukela-mbuso. Ezinsukwini ezilandelayo, esehlele futhi ebhala i-Marseillaise yekwaya ephindwe kabili, uyiprakthiza nabantu ezigcawini nasemigwaqweni yaseParis.

UBerlioz uchitha iminyaka emi-2 njengomnikazi wezifundo zaseRoma eVilla Medici. Ebuya e-Italy, uthuthukisa umsebenzi osebenzayo njengombhidisi, umqambi, umhlaziyi womculo, kodwa uhlangabezana nokuphikiswa ngokuphelele komsebenzi wakhe omusha ovela emibuthanweni esemthethweni yaseFrance. Futhi lokhu kwanquma kusengaphambili konke ukuphila kwakhe kwekusasa, okugcwele ubunzima nobunzima bezinto ezibonakalayo. Umthombo oyinhloko wemali kaBerlioz ngumsebenzi obalulekile womculo. Ama-athikili, ukubuyekezwa, izindaba ezimfushane zomculo, ama-feuilletons ashicilelwa kamuva emaqoqweni amaningana: "Abaculi Nabaculi", "Ama-Musical Grotesques", "Evening in Orchestra". Indawo eyinhloko efa lezincwadi laseBerlioz yayihlala iMemoirs - umlando wokuphila komqambi, obhalwe ngendlela ehlakaniphile futhi enikeza i-panorama ebanzi yempilo yobuciko nomculo yaseParis ngaleyo minyaka. Umnikelo omkhulu ku-musicology kwaba umsebenzi wetiyetha we-Berlioz "Treatise on Instrumentation" (ngesithasiselo - "I-Orchestra Conductor").

Ngo-1834, kwavela uhlelo lwesibili lwe-symphony "Harold in Italy" (ngokusekelwe enkondlweni kaJ. Byron). Ingxenye ethuthukisiwe ye-solo viola inikeza le symphony izici zekhonsathi. Ngo-1837 kwaphawulwa ukuzalwa kwesinye sezidalwa ezinkulu zaseBerlioz, i-Requiem, eyadalwa kukhunjulwa izisulu zeNguquko kaJulayi. Emlandweni walolu hlobo, i-Berlioz's Requiem iwumsebenzi oyingqayizivele ohlanganisa i-monumental fresco kanye nesitayela sokusebenza kwengqondo esicwengisisiwe; amamashi, izingoma ngomoya womculo weNguquko yesiFulentshi zihambisana manje ezinezinhlamvu zothando ezisuka enhliziyweni, manje ezinesitayela esiqinile, sokuzincisha kwengoma kaGregory wenkathi ephakathi. I-Requiem yayibhalelwe iqembu elikhulu labahlabeleli abangama-200 kanye ne-orchestra enwetshiwe enamaqembu amane engeziwe ethusi. Ngo-1839, uBerlioz waqeda umsebenzi ohlelweni lwesithathu lwe-symphony Romeo and Juliet (ngokusekelwe enhlekeleleni kaW. Shakespeare). Lobu buciko bomculo we-symphonic, indalo yokuqala yaseBerlioz, iyinhlanganisela ye-symphony, i-opera, i-oratorio futhi ayivumeli ikhonsathi kuphela, kodwa nokusebenza kwesiteji.

Ngo-1840, kwavela i-"Funeral and Triumphal Symphony", ehloselwe ukusebenza kwangaphandle. Inikezelwe emcimbini onesizotha wokudlulisa umlotha wamaqhawe okuvukela umbuso ngo-1830 futhi ivusa ngokusobala amasiko emidlalo yaseshashalazini ye-Great French Revolution.

U-Romeo noJuliet bajoyinwa inganekwane ebabazekayo ethi The Damnation of Faust (1846), nayo esekelwe ekuhlanganisweni kwemigomo ye-symphonism yohlelo nomculo waseshashalazini. I-“Faust” ka-Berlioz iwukufunda komculo kokuqala kwedrama yefilosofi ye-JW Goethe, eyabeka isisekelo sezincazelo eziningi ezalandela zayo: kuyi-opera (Ch. Gounod), ku-symphony (Liszt, G. Mahler), ku-opera inkondlo ye-symphonic (R. Wagner), emculweni wephimbo nowezinsimbi (R. Schumann). I-Peru Berlioz futhi ingumnikazi we-oratorio trilogy ethi "The Childhood of Christ" (1854), ama-overtures amaningi wezinhlelo ("King Lear" - 1831, "Roman Carnival" - 1844, njll.), 3 operas ("Benvenuto Cellini" - 1838, the dilogy "Trojans" - 1856-63, "Beatrice and Benedict" - 1862) kanye nenani lezingoma zezwi nezinsimbi ezinhlotsheni ezahlukene.

UBerlioz waphila impilo edabukisayo, engakaze athole ukuqashelwa ezweni lakubo. Iminyaka yokugcina yokuphila kwakhe yayimnyama futhi inesizungu. Okuwukuphela kwezinkumbulo ezikhanyayo zomqambi zazihlotshaniswa nohambo oluya eRussia, aluvakashela kabili (1847, 1867-68). Kulapho kuphela lapho athola khona impumelelo ekhaliphile nomphakathi, ukuqashelwa kwangempela phakathi kwabaqambi nabagxeki. Incwadi yokugcina kaBerlioz ofayo yayiqondiswe kumngane wakhe, umgxeki odumile waseRussia uV. Stasov.

L. Kokoreva