ULeonard Bernstein |

Leonard Bernstein

Awu, ayikho yini imfihlo kuyo? Ukhanya kakhulu esiteji, unikezwe umculo! Ama-orchestra ayayithanda. R. Celletti

Imisebenzi ka-L. Bernstein iyamangalisa, okokuqala, ngokuhlukahluka kwabo: umqambi onekhono, owaziwa emhlabeni wonke njengombhali womculo othi "West Side Story", umbhidisi omkhulu wekhulu lesi-XNUMX. (ubizwa phakathi kwabalandela abafaneleka kakhulu bakaG. Karayan), umlobi womculo ogqamile nomfundisi, okwazi ukuthola ulimi oluvamile olunabalaleli abahlukahlukene, umdlali wopiyano kanye nothisha.

Ukuba umculi uBernstein kwakumiselwe ukudalelwa, futhi walandela ngenkani indlela ekhethiwe, naphezu kwezithiyo, ngezinye izikhathi ezibaluleke kakhulu. Lapho umfana eneminyaka engu-11 ubudala, waqala ukuthatha izifundo zomculo futhi ngemva kwenyanga wanquma ukuthi uzoba umculi. Kodwa ubaba, owayebheka umculo njengento engenalutho, akazange akhokhele izifundo, futhi umfana waqala ukuzitholela imali ngezifundo zakhe.

Lapho eneminyaka engu-17, uBernstein wangena eHarvard University, lapho afunda khona ubuciko bokuqamba umculo, ukudlala upiyano, ukulalela izinkulumo ngomlando womculo, ifilosofi nefilosofi. Ngemva kokuphothula enyuvesi ngo-1939, waqhubeka nezifundo zakhe - manje eseCurtis Institute of Music ePhiladelphia (1939-41). Isenzakalo ekuphileni kukaBernstein kwaba umhlangano nomqhubi omkhulu, ongowokuzalwa eRussia, S. Koussevitzky. I-internship ngaphansi kobuholi bakhe e-Berkshire Music Centre (Tanglewood) yaphawula ukuqala kobudlelwane obufudumele obuphakathi kwabo. UBernstein waba umsizi kaKoussevitzky futhi ngokushesha waba umsizi wombhidisi we-New York Philharmonic Orchestra (1943-44). Ngaphambi kwalokhu, engenamali engenayo unomphela, wayephila ngemali evela ezifundweni ezingahleliwe, amakhonsathi, umsebenzi we-taper.

Ingozi ejabulisayo yasheshisa ukuqala komsebenzi womqhubi okhaliphile uBernstein. U-B. Walter odumile emhlabeni wonke, okwakufanele acule ne-New York Orchestra, wagula kungazelelwe. Umbhidisi unomphela we-orchestra, u-A. Rodzinsky, wayephumule ngaphandle kwedolobha (kwakuyiSonto), futhi kwakungekho lutho olusele ngaphandle kokuphathisa umsizi wezimfundamakhwela ikhonsathi. Ngemva kokuchitha ubusuku bonke efunda amaphuzu anzima kakhulu, uBernstein ngakusasa, ngaphandle kokuzilolongela nokukodwa, wavela phambi komphakathi. Kube wukunqoba komqhubi osemusha kanye nokuzwakala emhlabeni womculo.

Kusukela manje kuqhubeke, amahholo amakhulu ekhonsathi eMelika naseYurophu avulwa phambi kukaBernstein. Ngo-1945, wangena esikhundleni sika-L. Stokowski njengombhidisi omkhulu we-New York City Symphony Orchestra, eqhuba ama-orchestra eLondon, eVienna, naseMilan. U-Bernstein uhehe abalaleli ngesimo sakhe esiyisisekelo, ugqozi lothando, nokujula kokungena emculweni. Ubuciko bomculi awazi lutho ngempela: wenza omunye wemisebenzi yakhe yamahlaya ... "ngaphandle kwezandla", elawula i-orchestra kuphela ngesimo sobuso nokubuka. Iminyaka engaphezu kweyi-10 (1958-69) uBernstein wakhonza njengomqhubi oyinhloko we-New York Philharmonic waze wanquma ukunikela isikhathi namandla engeziwe ekuqambeni umculo.

Imisebenzi kaBernstein yaqala ukwenziwa cishe ngasikhathi sinye lapho eqala khona njengomqhubi (umjikelezo wezwi othi “Ngiyawuzonda Umculo”, i-symphony ethi “Jeremiya” embhalweni weBhayibheli wezwi ne-orchestra, i-ballet ethi “Ongathandwa”). Eminyakeni yakhe encane, uBernstein uthanda umculo waseshashalazini. Ungumbhali we-opera Unrest in Tahiti (1952), ama-ballet amabili; kodwa impumelelo yakhe enkulu iqhamuke nezingoma zomculo ezine ezibhalelwe amatiyetha eBroadway. I-premiere yeyokuqala yabo ("Edolobheni") yenzeka ngo-1944, futhi izinombolo zayo eziningi zathola ukuthandwa ngokushesha ngokuthi "amasosha". Uhlobo lomculo kaBernstein lubuyela emuva ezimpandeni zesiko lomculo laseMelika: izingoma ze-cowboy nezimnyama, imidanso yaseMexico, isigqi se-jazz esibukhali. Ku-"Dolobha Elimangalisayo" (1952), likwazi ukumelana nemidlalo engaphezu kwengxenye yenkulungwane ngesizini eyodwa, umuntu angezwa ukuncika ekujikeni - isitayela se-jazz seminyaka yama-30s. Kodwa umculo awuwona nje umbukiso wokuzijabulisa. Ku-Candide (1956), umqambi waphendukela esakhiweni sikaVoltaire, kanti i-West Side Story (1957) ayilutho ngaphandle kwendaba edabukisayo kaRomeo noJuliet, eyadluliselwa eMelika nokungqubuzana kwayo kwezinhlanga. Ngedrama yawo, lo mculo usondela ku-opera.

UBernstein ubhala umculo ongcwele wekhwaya ne-orchestra (oratorio Kaddish, Chichester Psalms), ama-symphonies (Okwesibili, Inkathi Yokukhathazeka - 1949; Okwesithathu, enikelwe iminyaka engu-75 ye-Boston Orchestra - 1957), uSerenade we-orchestra yezintambo kanye nengxoxo kaPlato "I-Symposium" (ngo-1954, uchungechunge lwama-toast amatafula adumisa uthando), amaphuzu efilimu.

Kusukela ngo-1951, lapho uKoussevitzky eshona, uBernstein wathatha ikilasi lakhe eTanglewood waqala ukufundisa eNyuvesi yaseWeltham (Massachusetts), efundisa eHarvard. Ngosizo lwethelevishini, izethameli zikaBernstein - uthisha nothisha - zeqa imingcele yanoma iyiphi inyuvesi. Kokubili ezinkulumweni nasezincwadini zakhe ethi The Joy of Music (1959) kanye ne-Infinite Variety of Music (1966), uBernstein ulwela ukuthelela abantu ngothando lwakhe lomculo, intshisekelo yakhe yokufuna ukwazi kuwo.

Ngo-1971, ngokuvulwa okukhulu kweSikhungo Sezobuciko. J. Kennedy eWashington Bernstein udala iMisa, okubangele ukubuyekezwa okuxube kakhulu okuvela kubagxeki. Abaningi badidwe inhlanganisela yamaculo enkolo endabuko anezici zemibukiso ye-Broadway emangalisayo (abadansi babamba iqhaza ekuculweni kweMisa), izingoma zesitayela se-jazz nomculo we-rock. Ngandlela thize, ububanzi bezithakazelo zomculo kaBernstein, ukuthanda kwakhe konke kanye nokungabikho ngokuphelele kwenkolelo-mbono kwabonakala lapha. UBernstein wavakashela i-USSR izikhathi ezingaphezu kwesisodwa. Ohambweni lwango-1988 (ngaphambi kosuku lwakhe lokuzalwa lwama-70) waqhuba i-International Orchestra ye-Schleswig-Holstein Music Festival (FRG), ehlanganisa abaculi abancane. “Ngokujwayelekile kubalulekile ukuthi ngikhulume nendikimba yentsha ngixhumane nayo,” kusho umqambi. “Lena ngenye yezinto ezibalulekile empilweni yethu, ngoba intsha iyikusasa lethu. Ngithanda ukudlulisela ulwazi nemizwa yami kubo, ngibafundise.”

K. Zenkin

Ngaphandle kokuphikisa nganoma iyiphi indlela amakhono kaBernstein njengomqambi, umshayi wopiyano, umfundisi, umuntu usengasho ngokuqiniseka ukuthi ukweleta udumo lwakhe ngokuyinhloko ngobuciko bokucula. Kokubili amaMelika kanye nabathandi bomculo eYurophu babize uBernstein, umqhubi, okokuqala. Kwenzeka phakathi neminyaka engamashumi amane, lapho uBernstein engakafiki eminyakeni engamashumi amathathu ubudala, futhi isipiliyoni sakhe sobuciko sasingenandaba. U-Leonard Bernstein uthole ukuqeqeshwa kochwepheshe okuphelele nokuphelele. EYunivesithi yaseHarvard, wafundela ukuqamba kanye nopiyano.

E-Curtis Institute edumile, othisha bakhe kwakungu-R. Thompson we-orchestration no-F. Reiner wokuyiqhuba. Ngaphezu kwalokhu, wathuthuka ngaphansi kokuqondisa kukaS. Koussevitzky - eBerkshire Summer School eTanglewood. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukuze aziphilise, uLenny, njengoba abangane bakhe nabathandekayo basambiza kanjalo, waqashwa njengomdlali wepiyano eqenjini le-choreographic. Kodwa ngokushesha waxoshwa, ngoba esikhundleni sokuhambisana ne-ballet yendabuko waphoqelela abadansi ukuba bazilolonge kumculo weProkofiev, uShostakovich, uCopland kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwakhe.

Ngo-1943, uBernstein waba umsizi kaB. Walter e-New York Philharmonic Orchestra. Ngokushesha wathatha isikhundla somholi wakhe owayegula, futhi kusukela ngaleso sikhathi waqala ukwenza ngendlela ephumelelayo. Ekupheleni kwe-1E45, uBernstein wayesehole i-New York City Symphony Orchestra.

Ukuqala kukaBernstein e-Europe kwenzeka ngemva kokuphela kwempi - ePrague Spring ngo-1946, lapho amakhonsathi akhe nawo aheha ukunaka okujwayelekile. Ngayo leyo minyaka, abalaleli nabo bajwayelana nezingoma zokuqala zikaBernstein. I-symphony yakhe ethi "Jeremiah" yaqashelwa abagxeki njengomsebenzi ongcono kakhulu we-1945 e-United States. Iminyaka eyalandela yaphawulwa uBernstein ngamakhulu amakhonsathi, izinkambo emazwenikazi ahlukene, ama-premiere ezingoma zakhe ezintsha kanye nokukhula okuqhubekayo ekudumeni. Waba ngowokuqala phakathi kwabaqhubi baseMelika ukuma eLa Scala ngo-1953, wabe esecula nama-orchestra angcono kakhulu eYurophu, kwathi ngo-1958 uhola i-New York Philharmonic Orchestra futhi ngokushesha wenza uhambo lokunqoba naye eYurophu, lapho usebenza e-USSR; ekugcineni, ngemva kwesikhashana, uba umqhubi oholayo weMetropolitan Opera. Ukuvakasha e-Vienna State Opera, lapho u-Bernstein enza khona ukuthakasela kwangempela ngo-1966 ngokuchaza kwakhe i-Verdi's Falstaff, ekugcineni kuvikele ukuqashelwa kwalo mculi emhlabeni wonke.

Yiziphi izizathu zempumelelo yakhe? Noma ubani oke wezwa uBernstein okungenani kanye uzowuphendula kalula lo mbuzo. UBernstein uyingcweti ezenzakalelayo, umoya wentaba-mlilo oheha abalaleli, obenza balalele umculo ngomoya opholile, ngisho nalapho ukuhumusha kwakhe kungase kubonakale kungavamile noma kunempikiswano kuwe. I-orchestra engaphansi kokuqondisa kwakhe idlala umculo ngokukhululekile, ngokwemvelo futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo ngokushuba okungajwayelekile - konke okwenzekayo kubonakala sengathi kuthuthukisiwe. Ukunyakaza komqhubi kucacile kakhulu, kunomsindo, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo kunembile ngokuphelele - kubonakala sengathi umfanekiso wakhe, izandla zakhe kanye nesimo sobuso, njengokungathi, kukhanyisa umculo ozalwa phambi kwamehlo akho. Omunye wabaculi abavakashele umdlalo we-Falstaff oqhutshwa nguBernstein uvumile ukuthi ngemuva kwemizuzu eyishumi eqalile wayeka ukubuka isiteji futhi akazange asuse amehlo akhe kumqhubi - konke okuqukethwe kwe-opera kuboniswe kuyo ngokuphelele futhi. ngokunembile. Yebo, lesi sisho esingalawuleki, lokhu kuqhuma okuvuthayo akulawuleki - kufeza umgomo wako kuphela ngoba kuhlanganisa ukujula kokuhlakanipha okuvumela umdidiyeli ukuba angene enjongweni yomqambi, ayidlulise ngobuqotho nobuqiniso obukhulu, ngamandla amakhulu. kokuhlangenwe nakho.

UBernstein ugcina lezi zimfanelo ngisho nalapho enza kanyekanye njengomqhubi nomdlali wopiyano, enza amakhonsathi kaBeethoven, Mozart, Bach, Gershwin's Rhapsody in Blue. I-repertoire kaBernstein inkulu. Kuphela njengenhloko ye-New York Philharmonic, wenza cishe wonke umculo wakudala nowesimanje, kusukela ku-Bach kuya ku-Mahler no-R. Strauss, uStravinsky no-Schoenberg.

Phakathi kwamarekhodi akhe kukhona cishe wonke ama-symphonies kaBeethoven, uSchumann, uMahler, uBrahms, nenqwaba yezinye izincwadi ezinkulu. Kunzima ukubiza ukwakheka okunjalo komculo waseMelika ukuthi uBernstein wayengeke enze ne-orchestra yakhe: iminyaka eminingana yena, njengomthetho, wayehlanganisa umsebenzi owodwa waseMelika ohlelweni lwakhe ngalunye. UBernstein ungumhumushi omuhle kakhulu womculo waseSoviet, ikakhulukazi ama-symphonies kaShostakovich, lowo umqhubi abheka "umculi wokugcina we-symphonist."

Umqambi wasePeru Bernstein ungumnikazi wemisebenzi yezinhlobo ezahlukene. Phakathi kwazo kukhona ama-symphonies amathathu, ama-opera, amahlaya omculo, umculo othi "West Side Story", owahamba emhlabeni wonke. Muva nje, uBernstein ubezama ukuchitha isikhathi esiningi ekuqambeni. Kuze kube manje, ngo-1969 washiya isikhundla sakhe njengenhloko ye-New York Philharmonic. Kodwa ulindele ukuqhubeka nokusebenza ngezikhathi ezithile ngeqembu, okuthe, egubha izimpumelelo zakhe ezimangalisayo, waklomelisa uBernstein isihloko esithi "Lifetime Conductor Laureate of the New York Philharmonic."

L. Grigoriev, J. Platek, ngo-1969