UJean-Philippe Rameau |

UJean-Philippe Rameau

... Umuntu kufanele amthande ngaleyo nhlonipho emnene egcinwe ngokuphathelene namadlozi, engathandeki kancane, kodwa eyazi ukukhuluma iqiniso kahle kangaka. C. Debussy

Njengoba esedumile kuphela eminyakeni yakhe evuthiwe, u-JF Rameau wayengavamile futhi ekhumbula kancane ebuntwaneni bakhe nobusha kangangokuthi ngisho nomkakhe wayengazi lutho ngakho. Kusuka kumadokhumenti nezinkumbulo eziyizicucu zabantu besikhathi samanje lapho singakha kabusha indlela eyamholela ku-Olympus yaseParis. Usuku lwakhe lokuzalwa alwaziwa, futhi wabhapathizwa ngo-September 25, 1683 eDijon. Uyise kaRamo wayesebenza njengomculi wesonto, futhi umfana wathola izifundo zakhe zokuqala kuye. Ngokushesha umculo waba ukuphela kothando lwakhe. Lapho eneminyaka engu-18, waya eMilan, kodwa ngokushesha wabuyela eFrance, lapho aqala khona ukuhamba namaqembu ajikelezayo njengomdlali we-violinist, wabe esekhonza njenge-ogani emadolobheni amaningana: Avignon, Clermont-Ferrand, Paris, Dijon, Montpellier. , Lyon. Lokhu kwaqhubeka kwaze kwaba ngu-1722, lapho uRameau eshicilela incwadi yakhe yokuqala ethi, A Treatise on Harmony. Incwadi kanye nombhali wayo kwaxoxwa ngakho eParis, lapho uRameau athuthela khona ngo-1722 noma ekuqaleni kuka-1723.

Indoda ejulile neqotho, kodwa hhayi neze eyezwe, uRameau wathola abalandeli nabaphikisi phakathi kwezingqondo ezivelele zaseFrance: uVoltaire wambiza ngokuthi "i-Orpheus yethu", kodwa uRousseau, iqhawe lokulula kanye nemvelo emculweni, wamgxeka kakhulu uRameau ngokuthi " umfundaze” kanye ” nokuhlukunyezwa kwama-symphonies ”(ngokuka-A. Gretry, ubutha bukaRousseau babangelwa ukubuyekezwa kukaRameau okuqondile okwedlulele kwe-opera yakhe ethi “ Gallant Muses ”). Ukunquma ukwenza emkhakheni wokudlala kuphela eneminyaka ecishe ibe ngamashumi amahlanu, Rameau kusukela 1733 waba ehamba phambili umqambi opera of France, futhi akazange ashiye imisebenzi yakhe yesayensi kanye pedagogical. Ngo-1745 wathola isihloko somqambi wenkantolo, futhi ngaphambi nje kokufa kwakhe - izikhulu. Kodwa-ke, impumelelo ayizange imenze ashintshe ukuziphatha kwakhe okuzimele futhi akhulume, yingakho u-Ramo aziwa njengomuntu oyingqayizivele futhi ongenakuxhumana. Iphephandaba ledolobha elikhulu, lisabela ekufeni kukaRameau, “omunye wabaculi abadumile eYurophu,” labika: “Wafa eqinile. Abapristi abahlukene babengatholi lutho kuye; kwabe sekubonakala umpristi ... wakhuluma isikhathi eside ngendlela yokuthi indoda egulayo ... yababaza ngokucasuka: “Kungani uze lapha ukuzongiculela, mfundisi? Unezwi elingamanga!'” Ama-opera nama-ballet ka-Rameau akha inkathi yonke emlandweni wetiyetha yomculo yaseFrance. I-opera yakhe yokuqala, uSamson, eya ku-libretto kaVoltaire (1732), ayizange ihlelwe ngenxa yendaba yeBhayibheli. Kusukela ngo-1733, imisebenzi kaRameau ibilokhu isesiteji seRoyal Academy of Music, ibangela ukutuswa nokuphikisana. Ehlotshaniswa nesigcawu sasenkantolo, u-Rameau waphoqeleka ukuba aphendukele ezinkundleni nasezihlotsheni ezizuzwe njengefa ku-JB Lully, kodwa wazihumusha ngendlela entsha. Abalandeli bakaLully bamgxeka uRameau ngokusungula izinto ezintsha ezinesibindi, kanye nama-encyclopedist, azwakalisa izimfuno zobuhle zomphakathi wentando yeningi (ikakhulukazi uRousseau noDiderot), ngokwethembeka ohlotsheni lwe-opera yaseVersailles nge-alegorism, amaqhawe asebukhosini nezimangaliso zasesiteji: konke lokhu kwakubonakala kubo. i-anachronism ephilayo. Ikhono likaRameau elihlakaniphile lanquma ukufaneleka kobuciko okuphezulu kwemisebenzi yakhe ehamba phambili. Ezinhlekeleleni zomculo u-Hippolytus no-Arisia (1733), uCastor no-Pollux (1737), u-Dardanus (1739), u-Rameau, ukuthuthukisa amasiko ahloniphekile kaLully, kuvula indlela yokutholwa kwesikhathi esizayo kwe-KV yokuqala ukuqina nothando.

Izinkinga ze-opera-ballet ethi "Gallant India" (1735) zihambisana nemibono kaRousseau mayelana "nomuntu wemvelo" futhi zikhazimulisa uthando njengamandla ahlanganisa bonke abantu emhlabeni. I-opera-ballet Platea (1735) ihlanganisa amahlaya, isosha esihlatshelelwayo, okuthusayo nokuhlekisa. Sekukonke, uRameau udale imisebenzi yesiteji engama-40. Izinga le-libretto kuzo ngokuvamile lalingaphansi kwanoma yikuphi ukugxekwa, kodwa ngokuncokola umqambi wathi: “Nginike iphephandaba lesiDashi futhi ngizoliculela.” Kodwa wayezikhandla kakhulu kuye njengomculi, ekholelwa ukuthi umqambi we-opera udinga ukwazi kokubili ishashalazi nesimo somuntu, nazo zonke izinhlobo zabalingisi; ukuqonda kokubili ukudansa, nokucula, nezimpahla zokugqoka. Futhi ubuhle obujabulisayo bomculo ka-Ra-mo ngokuvamile bunqoba i-alegorism ebandayo noma ubukhazikhazi bezindaba zezinganekwane zendabuko. Umculo we-arias uhlukaniswa ngokugqama kwawo okucacile, i-orchestra igcizelela izimo ezimangalisayo futhi ipenda izithombe zemvelo nezimpi. Kodwa uRameau akazange azibekele umsebenzi wokudala i-aesthetics ebalulekile neyokuqala. Ngakho-ke, impumelelo yenguquko yezokusebenza kaGluck kanye nokusebenza kwenkathi yeNguquko YaseFrance yenza imisebenzi kaRameau yashabalala isikhathi eside. Kuphela emakhulwini XIX-XX. ubuhlakani bomculo kaRameau baphinde babonakala; wayethandwa ngu-K. Saint-Saens, K. Debussy, M, Ravel, O. Messiaen.

Indawo ebalulekile yomsebenzi ka-u3bu1706bRamo umculo we-harpsichord. Umqambi wayengumthuthukisi ovelele, izinguqulo ezingu-1722 zezingcezu zakhe ze-harpsichord (1728, 5, c. 11) zazihlanganisa ama-suites angu-XNUMX lapho izingcezu zomdanso (allemande, courante, minuet, sarabande, gigue) zishintshana nezici ezazinamagama acacile ( "Izikhalazo Ezimnene", "Ingxoxo Yeminyuziyamu", "Ama-Savages", "Izivunguvungu", njll.). Uma kuqhathaniswa nokubhalwa kwe-harpsichord ka-F. Couperin, oteketiswe ngokuthi “muhle” ngobuchule bakhe ngesikhathi sokuphila kwakhe, isitayela sika-Rameau siheha kakhulu futhi sisetiyetha. Evumela ngezinye izikhathi ku-Couperin ekuthuthukisweni kwemininingwane ye-filigree kanye nokubukeka okuntekenteke kwemizwa, u-Rameau emidlalweni yakhe ehamba phambili ufeza ingokomoya elincane (“Izinyoni Ezibizayo”, “Owesifazane Ompofu”), intshiseko ejabulile (“Gypsy”, “Princess”), inhlanganisela ecashile yamahlaya kanye ne-melancholy ( "Inkukhu", "Khromusha"). Ubuciko bobuciko buka-Rameau i- Variations Gavotte , lapho itimu yomdanso emnandi izuza kancane kancane ukuqina kweculo. Lo mdlalo ubonakala uthwebula umnyakazo wokomoya wale nkathi: kusukela ezinkondlweni ezicolisisiwe zemikhosi emihle emidwebeni yase-Watteau kuya ekuguqulweni kwakudala kwemidwebo kaDavid. Ngokungeziwe kuma-suites eyedwa, uRameau wabhala amakhonsathi angu-XNUMX e-harpsichord ahambisana nama-ensembles wegumbi.

Abantu ababephila ngesikhathi sikaRameau baqala ukwaziwa njenge-theorist yomculo, kwase kuba njengomqambi. Incwadi yakhe ethi “Treatise on Harmony” yayiqukethe izinto eziningi ezinhle ezatholwa ezabeka izisekelo zemfundiso yesayensi yokuvumelana. Kusukela ngo-1726 kuya ku-1762 uRameau washicilela ezinye izincwadi ezingu-15 nezindatshana lapho ayechaza futhi evikela imibono yakhe ezingxoxweni nabaphikisi ababeholwa nguRousseau. I-Academy of Sciences yaseFrance yazisa kakhulu imisebenzi kaRameau. Omunye usosayensi ovelele, u-d'Alembert, waba umshicileli wemibono yakhe, futhi uDiderot wabhala indaba ethi Umshana kaRameau, isibonelo okwakunguJean-Francois Rameau, indodana yomfowabo womqambi uClaude.

Ukubuya komculo kaRameau emahholo ekhonsathi nasezigabeni ze-opera kwaqala kuphela ngekhulu le-1908. futhi ikakhulukazi ngenxa yemizamo yabaculi baseFrance. Emazwini okuvalelisa kubalaleli bomdlalo wokuqala kaRameau u-Hippolyte no-Arisia, uC. Debussy wabhala ngo-XNUMX: “Masingasabi ukukhombisa inhlonipho noma ukuthintwa kakhulu. Asilalele inhliziyo kaRamo. Akukaze kube khona izwi lesiFulentshi… "

L. Kirillina

Uzalelwe emndenini wesitho somzimba; eyesikhombisa kwabayishumi nanye. Ngo-1701 unquma ukuzinikela emculweni. Ngemva kokuhlala isikhashana eMilan, waba inhloko yesonto ne-oganist, okokuqala e-Avignon, wabe eseClermont-Ferrand, eDijon, naseLyon. Ngo-1714 ubhekene nedrama yothando enzima; ngo-1722 ushicilela i-Treatise on Harmony, eyamvumela ukuba athole isikhundla somculi we-ogani eParis. Ngo-1726 ushada noMarie-Louise Mango ovela emndenini wabaculi, azoba nezingane ezine. Kusukela ngo-1731, ubelokhu eqhuba i-orchestra yangasese yesicukuthwane u-Alexandre de La Pupliner, umthandi womculo, umngane wamaciko nezihlakaniphi (futhi, ikakhulukazi, uVoltaire). Ngo-1733 wethula i-opera ethi Hippolyte ne-Arisia, eyabangela impikiswano eshubile, yavuselelwa ngo-1752 ngenxa kaRousseau no-d'Alembert.

Ama-opera amakhulu:

UHippolytus no-Arisia (1733), iGallant India (1735-1736), uCastor noPollux (1737, 1154), uDardanus (1739, 1744), iPlatea (1745), iThempeli Lenkazimulo (1745-1746), iZoroaster (1749-1756) ), Abaris, noma Boreads (1764, 1982).

Okungenani ngaphandle kwaseFrance, ithiyetha kaRameau ayikaqashelwa. Kunezithiyo kule ndlela, ezixhumene nomlingiswa womculi, nesiphetho sakhe esikhethekile njengomlobi wemisebenzi yaseshashalazini kanye nethalente elingenakuchazwa, ngezinye izikhathi elisekelwe esikweni, ngezinye izikhathi lingenakuvinjelwa ekufuneni izingoma ezintsha kanye ne-orchestration entsha. Obunye ubunzima busemlingiswa wetiyetha ka-Rameau, egcwele ukuphindaphinda okude nemidanso yezicukuthwane, ebukekayo ngisho nasekukhululekeni kwayo. Ukuthanda kwakhe ulimi olujulile, olulinganiselayo, lwamabomu, lomculo nolumangalisayo, cishe angalokothi abe amawala, ukukhetha kwakhe ukuphenduka okulungiselelwe kwe-melodic kanye ne-harmonic - konke lokhu kunikeza isenzo nokubonakaliswa kwemizwa isikhumbuzo kanye nemikhosi futhi, njengokungathi, izinhlamvu zibe ingemuva.

Kodwa lokhu kungumbono wokuqala kuphela, ngaphandle kokucabangela amafindo amadlingozi lapho umqambi ebheka khona umlingisi, kulokhu noma kuleso simo futhi uyabaqokomisa. Kulezi zikhathi, wonke amandla abuhlungu esikole esikhulu sase-French classical, isikole sase-Corneille futhi, ngezinga elikhulu nakakhulu, u-Racine, aphinde aphile. Isimemezelo senziwa imodeli ngesisekelo solimi lwesiFulentshi ngokunakekelwa okufanayo, isici esizohlala kuze kube yi-Berlioz. Emkhakheni womculo womculo, indawo ehamba phambili ithathwa amafomu e-ariose, kusukela ku-flexible-emnene kuya kubudlova, ngenxa yokuthi ulimi lwe-French opera seria lusungulwe; lapha uRameau ulindele abaqambi bokuphela kwekhulu leminyaka, njengeCherubini. Futhi okunye ukujabula kwamakhwaya angamaqhawe kungase kukhumbuze uMeyerbeer. Njengoba uRameau ethanda i-opera yasenganekwaneni, uqala ukubeka izisekelo ze- "Grand opera", lapho amandla, ubukhulu kanye nezinhlobonhlobo kufanele kuhlanganiswe nokunambitheka okuhle kwesitayela, kanye nobuhle bendawo. Ama-opera ka-Rameau ahlanganisa iziqephu ze-choreographic ezihambisana nomculo ovame ukumnandi onomsebenzi ochazayo ochazayo, onikeza ukubukeka kokusebenza nokukhanga, ukulindela izixazululo zesimanje kakhulu eduze ne-Stravinsky.

Ngemva kokuhlala ngaphezu kwesigamu seminyaka yakhe kude nemidlalo yeshashalazi, uRameau waphinde wazalwa waphila impilo entsha lapho ebizwa eParis. Isigqi sakhe siyashintsha. Ushada nowesifazane osemncane kakhulu, uvela ezincwadini zaseshashalazini ezinemisebenzi yesayensi, futhi kusukela "emshadweni" wakhe osekupheleni kwesikhathi uzalwa i-opera yesiFulentshi yesikhathi esizayo.

G. Marchesi (ihunyushwe ngu-E. Greceanii)