Mstislav Leopoldovich Rostropovich (Mstislav Rostropovich) |

UMstislav Rostropovich

Umculi Wabantu we-USSR (1966), owawina imiklomelo kaStalin (1951) noLenin (1964) we-USSR, uMklomelo Wombuso we-RSFSR (1991), uMklomelo Wesifunda weRussian Federation (1995). Akwaziwa nje kuphela njengomculi, kodwa futhi njengomuntu osesidlangalaleni. I-London Times imbize ngokuthi ungumculi omkhulu kunabo bonke abaphilayo. Igama lakhe lifakwe ku-"Forty Immortals" - amalungu ahloniphekile e-French Academy of Arts. Ilungu le-Academy of Sciences and Arts (USA), Academy of Santa Cecilia (Roma), Royal Academy of Music of England, Royal Academy of Sweden, Bavarian Academy of Fine Arts, owawina uMklomelo Imperial of the Japan. Art Association kanye neminye imiklomelo eminingi. Uhlonishwe ngeziqu zobudokotela ezihlonishwayo emanyuvesi angaphezu kuka-50 emazweni ahlukene. Isakhamuzi esihloniphekile samadolobha amaningi omhlaba. U-Commander of the Orders of the Legion of Honor (France, 1981, 1987), u-Honorary Knight Commander we-Most Serene Order of the British Empire. Iklonyeliswe ngemiklomelo eminingi yombuso evela emazweni angama-29. Ngo-1997 waklonyeliswa uMklomelo Omkhulu Russian "Slava/Gloria".

Wazalwa ngo-March 27, 1927 e-Baku. Uzalo lomculo ludabuka e-Orenburg. Bobabili okhokho nabazali bangabaculi. Lapho eneminyaka engu-15 ubudala, wayesevele efundisa esikoleni somculo, efunda noM. Chulaki, owaxoshwa e-Orenburg phakathi neminyaka yempi. Lapho eneminyaka engu-16, wangena eMoscow Conservatory ekilasini le-cellist uSemyon Kozolupov. Umsebenzi wokudlala kaRostropovich waqala ngo-1945, lapho ethola umklomelo wokuqala ku-All-Union Competition of Musicians. Ukuhlonishwa kwamazwe ngamazwe kwafika ngo-1950 ngemva kokuwina umncintiswano. UHanus Vigan ePrague. Ngemva kokuwina umncintiswano we-All-Union, u-Slava Rostropovich, umfundi we-Conservatory, wasuswa kusukela onyakeni wakhe wesibili kuya onyakeni wesihlanu. Wabe esefundisa e-Moscow Conservatory iminyaka engu-26, futhi iminyaka engu-7 e-Leningrad Conservatory. Abafundi bakhe bangabadlali abaziwayo, abaningi babo kamuva baba oprofesa bezikhungo zomculo ezihamba phambili emhlabeni: Sergei Roldygin, Iosif Feigelson, Natalia Shakhovskaya, David Geringas, Ivan Monighetti, Eleonora Testelets, Maris Villerush, Misha Maisky.

Ngokusho kwakhe, abaqambi abathathu, uProkofiev, uShostakovich noBritten, babe nethonya elinamandla ekwakhekeni kobuntu bukaRostropovich. Umsebenzi wakhe uthuthuke ngezindlela ezimbili - njengomdlali we-cellist (umdlali ocula yedwa kanye no-ensemble) nanjengomqhubi - i-opera ne-symphony. Eqinisweni, yonke i-repertoire yomculo we-cello yazwakala ekusebenzeni kwakhe. Waphefumulela abaqambi abaningi abakhulu bekhulu lama-20. ukudala imisebenzi ikakhulukazi kuye. U-Shostakovich no-Prokofiev, u-Britten no-L. Bernstein, A. Dutilleux, V. Lyutoslavsky, K. Penderetsky, B. Tchaikovsky - kubo bonke, abaqambi besimanje abangaba ngu-60 banikezela izingoma zabo ku-Rostropovich. Wenza imisebenzi engu-117 ye-cello okokuqala futhi wanikeza ama-premiere angama-70 we-orchestra. Njengomculi we-chamber, wenza ensemble no-S. Richter, e-trio no-E. Gilels no-L. Kogan, njengomdlali wepiyano e-ensemble no-G. Vishnevskaya.

Waqala umsebenzi wakhe wokulingisa ngo-1967 eBolshoi Theatre (waqala ukudlala ku-Eugene Onegin kaP. Tchaikovsky, walandelwa ukukhiqizwa kukaSemyon Kotko kanye ne-Prokofiev's War and Peace). Nokho, ukuphila ekhaya kwakungelula neze. Wawela ehlazweni futhi umphumela waba ukuhamba okuphoqelekile e-USSR ngo-1974. Futhi ngo-1978, ngenxa yemisebenzi yamalungelo abantu (ikakhulukazi, ukusekelwa kuka-A. Solzhenitsyn), yena nomkakhe uG. Vishnevskaya baphucwa ubuzwe baseSoviet. . Ngo-1990, uM. Gorbachev wakhipha isimemezelo sokuchithwa Kwezinqumo ZoMkhandlu Ophakeme Wokuphucwa ubuzwe babo kanye nokubuyiselwa kweziqu zokuhlonipha ezisusiwe. Amazwe amaningi wanikeza Rostropovich ukuthatha ubuzwe babo, kodwa wenqaba, futhi akanawo ubuzwe.

E-San Francisco wenza (njengomqhubi) i-Queen of Spades, e-Monte Carlo The Tsar's Bride. Ubambe iqhaza emidlalweni yokuqala yomhlaba yama-opera afana ne-Life with an Idiot (1992, Amsterdam) kanye ne-Gesualdo (1995, Vienna) ka-A. Schnittke, u-Lolita R. Shchedrina (ku-Stockholm Opera). Lokhu kwalandelwa ukudlala kukaShostakovich's Lady Macbeth waseMtsensk District (ohlelweni lokuqala) eMunich, eParis, eMadrid, eBuenos Aires, e-Aldborough, eMoscow nakwamanye amadolobha. Ngemva kokubuyela eRussia, wenza iKhovanshchina njengoba ibuyekezwa nguShostakovich (1996, eMoscow, eBolshoi Theatre). NgeFrench Radio Orchestra eParis, uqophe ama-operas War and Peace, u-Eugene Onegin, u-Boris Godunov, u-Lady Macbeth wesifunda saseMtsensk.

Kusukela ngo-1977 kuya ku-1994 wayenguMbhithi Omkhulu we-National Symphony Orchestra eWashington, DC, eyathi ngaphansi kokuqondisa kwakhe yaba ngelinye lama-orchestra angcono kakhulu eMelika. Umenywe ama-orchestra adume kakhulu emhlabeni - iGreat Britain, France, Germany, Austria, USA, Japan namanye amazwe.

Umhleli wemikhosi yakhe, enye yayo enikezelwe emculweni wekhulu lama-20. Omunye umkhosi we-cello edolobheni laseBeauvais (eFrance). Imikhosi yaseChicago yanikezelwa kuShostakovich, Prokofiev, Britten. Imikhosi eminingi yaseRostropovich yenzeke eLondon. Omunye wabo, onikezelwe ku-Shostakovich, wathatha izinyanga ezimbalwa (zonke izingoma ezingu-15 zikaShostakovich neLondon Symphony Orchestra). EMkhosini waseNew York, kwadlalwa umculo wabaqambi abazinikele kuye. Waba nengxenye emkhosini othi “Izinsuku zikaBenjamin Britten eSt. Petersburg” ngesikhathi sokugubha iminyaka engu-90 uBritten azalwa. Ngohlelo lwakhe, umncintiswano wePablo Casals Cello eFrankfurt uyavuselelwa.

Ivula izikole zomculo, iqhuba amakilasi aphambili. Kusukela ngo-2004 ube yinhloko yeSikole Sokuhlonishwa Kwamaculo Ephakeme eValencia (eSpain). Kusukela ngo-1998, ngaphansi kwesandla sakhe, sekubanjwe umncintiswano we-Masterprise International Composition Competition, okuwukubambisana phakathi kwe-BBC, iLondon Symphony Orchestra kanye ne-AMI Records. Lo mncintiswano ucatshangelwa njengesisusa sokuxhumana phakathi kwabathandi bomculo abazimisele nabaqambi bamanje.

Udlale izinkulungwane zamakhonsathi emahholo ekhonsathi, amafekthri, amakilabhu nezindawo zokuhlala zasebukhosini (e-Windsor Palace, ikhonsathi yokuhlonipha iminyaka engu-65 yeNdlovukazi uSophia yaseSpain, njll.).

Ikhono lobuchwepheshe elingenasici, ubuhle bomsindo, ubuciko, isiko lesitayela, ukunemba okumangalisayo, imizwa ethelelanayo, ugqozi - awekho amazwi okwazisa ngokugcwele isimo somculi ngamunye kanye nokucula okugqamile. Uthi: “Yonke into engiyidlalayo, ngiyathanda ukuquleka.

Uyaziwa nangemisebenzi yakhe yokupha: ungumongameli we-Vishnevskaya-Rostropovich Charitable Foundation, ehlinzeka ngosizo ezikhungweni zezokwelapha zezingane e-Russian Federation. Ngo-2000, isisekelo saqala ukuqhuba uhlelo lokugoma izingane eRussia. UMongameli Wesikhwama Sokusiza Abafundi Abanesiphiwo Bamanyuvesi Omculo anegama lakhe, wasungula Isikhwama Sokusiza Abaculi Abancane eJalimane, isikhwama semifundaze yezingane ezinekhono eRussia.

Amaqiniso enkulumo yakhe ngo-1989 odongeni lwaseBerlin, kanye nokufika kwakhe eMoscow ngo-August 1991, lapho ejoyina abavikeli be-Russian White House, aziwa kabanzi. Uthole imiklomelo eminingana ngemizamo yakhe yokulwela amalungelo abantu, okuhlanganisa nendondo ye-Human Rights League Award (1974). “Akekho umuntu oyoke aphumelele ukungixabanisa neRussia noma ngabe kuthelwa uthuli olungakanani ekhanda lami,” usho kanje. Omunye wabokuqala ukusekela umbono wokubamba iSakharov International Arts Festival eNizhny Novgorod, wayeyisimenywa se-II futhi ebambe iqhaza kumkhosi we-IV.

Ubuntu nemisebenzi kaRostropovich ihlukile. Njengoba bebhala ngokufanelekile, “ngethalente lakhe lomculo omlingo nesimo esihle somphakathi, wamukela wonke umhlaba ophucuzekile, enza umbuthano omusha “wokujikeleza kwegazi” kwamasiko nokuxhumana phakathi kwabantu.” Ngakho-ke, i-US National Recording Academy ngoFebhuwari 2003 yamklomelisa ngendondo yomculo we-Grammy “ngomsebenzi ongajwayelekile wokuba umculi we-cellist kanye nombhidisi, impilo yonke yokuqopha.” Ubizwa ngokuthi "i-cello ye-Gagarin" kanye ne "Maestro Slava".

Walida Kelle

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