Ukurekhoda amanothi

Okufanele ukwazi ngaphambi kokuqala isifundo:

Izimpawu zomculo

Ukurekhoda imisindo yomculo, izimpawu ezikhethekile zisetshenziswa, ezibizwa ngokuthi amanothi. Izimpawu zokuqaphela zihlanganisa izingxenye ezilandelayo:

1. izinhloko
2. isiqu (izinti) ezixhunywe ekhanda lenothi ukusuka kwesobunxele kuya phansi noma kwesokudla phezulu;
3. ifulege (umsila), ukuxhuma esiqwini kuphela kwesokudla saso noma ukukhwelana (umugqa we-longitudinal) oxhuma iziqu zamanothi amaningana.

induku

Amanothi abekwe kumarula amahlanu avundlile, abizwa ngokuthi udondolo noma udondolo. Abaphathi bezisebenzi bahlale bebalwa kusukela phansi kuye phezulu, okungukuthi, irula engezansi ingowokuqala, oyilandelayo yisibili, njalonjalo.

Amanothi esigxotsheni atholakala emigqeni noma phakathi kwawo. Umugqa ophansi we-stave ngu-Mi. Noma iyiphi inothi etholakala kulo mugqa idlalwa njengo-E, inqobo nje uma zingekho izimpawu zokukhuphuka noma ezansi. Inothi elilandelayo (phakathi kwemigqa) inothi F, njalonjalo. Amanothi angase futhi asatshalaliswe ngaphandle kwesigxobo futhi aqoshwe kumarula engeziwe. Amarula engeziwe ngaphezu kwabasebenzi abizwa ngokuthi amarula aphezulu engeziwe futhi abalwa ukusuka phansi kuye phezulu kwabasebenzi. Laba babusi abengeziwe baqopha imisindo ephezulu. Imisindo ephansi irekhodwa ngaphansi kwabasebenzi futhi ibizwa ngokuthi amarula engeziwe aphansi, futhi ibalwa ukusuka phezulu kuye phansi kusukela ku-stave.

Amakhi

Ekuqaleni kwezisebenzi, ukhiye uhlala ubekiwe, onquma ukuphakama komunye wemisindo esikalini, lapho kubalwa khona iphimbo lemisindo esele.

  I-treble clef (noma ukhiye we-sol) inquma indawo yomsindo we-octave sol wokuqala kubasebenzi, obhalwe emugqeni wesibili.

  I-bass clef (noma i-clef fa) inquma indawo kubasebenzi bomsindo we-octave encane, eqoshwe emgqeni wesine.

Isiginesha yesilinganiso nesikhathi. Izingxenye ezihlangene nezibuthakathaka.

Ukuze kube lula ukufunda amanothi, ukurekhoda komculo kuhlukaniswe izikhathi ezilinganayo (inombolo yezigqi) - izilinganiso. Ibha ingxenye yenothi yomculo, enqunyelwe imigqa yamabha amabili.

Inothi lokuqala lesilinganiso ngasinye linesigcino - isisho. Lesi sigqi esinamandla sisebenza njengesiqalo sokubala esilinganisweni ngasinye. Imigoqo ihlukaniswa komunye nomunye ngemigqa eqondile ewela induku. Lawa mabha aqondile abizwa ngokuthi ama-barlines.

Ngemva kokhiye, isiginesha yesikhathi iyasethwa. Ubukhulu buboniswa izinombolo ezimbili, enye ngaphansi kwesinye ngendlela yengxenyana: 2/4; 3/6; 4/4 njll. Inombolo ephezulu ikhombisa inani lamabhithi kubha, futhi inombolo engezansi ikhombisa ubude bebhithi ngayinye (isiphi isikhathi esithathwa njengeyunithi ye-akhawunti - ikota, uhhafu, njll.). Isibonelo: isignesha yesikhathi esingu-2/2 iqukethe amanothi amabili obude obuyingxenye, futhi isiginesha yesikhathi esingu-7/8 inamanothi ayisikhombisa esishiyagalombili. Kodwa ezimweni eziningi uzothola ezine ezine. Ngefomu elifushanisiwe, lobu bukhulu buphinde buboniswe ngohlamvu C esikhundleni sezinombolo. Kwesinye isikhathi ungabona uhlamvu C lunqanyulwe ngomugqa oqondile - lokhu kulingana nosayizi 2/2.

Njengoba sesishilo, amabhithi okuqala esilinganiso ngasinye agqamile, azwakala enamandla kuneminye imisindo - agcizelelwe. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukuvama kokuzwakala kwezingxenye eziqinile nezibuthakathaka kugcinwa, okungukuthi kukhona ukuguqulwa okufanayo kwama-accents. Ngokuvamile, isilinganiso siqukethe amabhithi amaningana, eyokuqala eqinile (iphawulwe ngophawu lokuphimisa > esigxotsheni) kanye nezimbalwa ezibuthakathaka ezisilandelayo. Esilinganisweni sokubhithi okubili (2/4), isigqi sokuqala (“eyodwa”) sinamandla, esesibili (“okubili”) sibuthakathaka. Esilinganisweni sezigqi ezintathu (3/4), isigqi sokuqala (“esisodwa”) sinamandla, esesibili (“ezibili”) sibuthakathaka, kanti esesithathu (“ezintathu”) sibuthakathaka.

Amabhithi aphindwe kabili nakathathu abizwa ngokuthi alula. Isilinganiso esingu-quadruple (4/4) siyinkimbinkimbi. Yakhiwe kusuka ezilinganisweni ezimbili ezilula zesignesha yesikhathi esiphindwe kabili. Kubha eyinkimbinkimbi kangaka, kukhona ukuphimisela okubili okuqinile kusigqi sokuqala nesesithathu, ukuphimisela kokuqala kube kusigqi esiqine kakhulu sesilinganiso, futhi ukuphimisela kwesibili kusigqi esibuthakathaka uma kuqhathaniswa, okungukuthi sizwakala sibuthakathaka kancane kunesokuqala.

Izingozi

Ukuze ukhombise ukhiye wenothi, flat , bukhali , kabili-flat , ebukhali kabili , futhi izimpawu ze-becar zingabekwa ngaphambi kwenothi .

Abalingiswa abanjalo babizwa ngengozi. Uma kukhona okubukhali phambi kwenothi, khona-ke inothi likhuphuka ngethoni yesigamu, ebukhali kabili - ngethoni. Uma iflethi, inothi lehliswa nge-semitone, futhi uma licijile kabili, ngethoni. Ukwehla nokuphakamisa izimpawu ezivela kanye zisetshenziswa kuwo wonke amaphuzu kuze kube yilapho zikhanselwa ngolunye uphawu. Kukhona uphawu olukhethekile olukhansela ukwehla noma ukwanda kwenothi futhi libuyisele endaweni yalo yemvelo - lokhu kusekela. Isicaba esiphindwe kabili nesibukhali kabili akuvamile ukusetshenziswa.

Izingozi zisetshenziswa ikakhulukazi ezimweni ezimbili: njengokhiye nanjengokungahleliwe. Izimpawu eziyisihluthulelo zitholakala kwesokudla sokhiye ngokulandelana okuthile: fa – do – sol – re – la – mi – si for sharps, for flats – si – mi – la – re – sol – do – fa. Uma inothi elifanayo elibukhali noma eliphansi litholwa nganoma yisiphi isilinganiso, khona-ke iflethi noma elicijile lisethwa kanye kuphela futhi ligcina umphumela walo sonke isilinganiso. Ama-Sharps namafulethi anjalo abizwa ngokuthi okungahleliwe.

Ubude bamanothi nokumisa isikhashana

Ukuthi inothi linomthunzi noma cha, kanye nezinti ezinamathiselwe kuzo, okungukuthi Iziqu zibonisa ubude benothi. Izikhathi zenothi eziyinhloko ziphelele (1) futhi ziboniswa ngekhanda elingagxiliwe ngaphandle kwesiqu, kanye nezigaba zalo eziyingxenye: ingxenye (2), ikota (3), yesishiyagalombili (4), eyeshumi nesithupha (5), njll. kulesi simo, ubude benothi eliphelele buyinani elihlobene: kuncike ku-tempo yamanje yesiqephu. Obunye ubude besikhathi obujwayelekile inamba ephindwe kabili, ekhonjwa unxande omncane ongafakwanga umthunzi onemivimbo eduze kwamakhona.

Uma amanothi amaningana aqoshwa ngokulandelana ngesikhathi esingaphansi kwesine, futhi akukho noyedwa kubo (ngaphandle, mhlawumbe, owokuqala) owela ngesigqi esinamandla, bese abhalwa ngaphansi komkhawulo ovamile noma i-viscous - induku ehlanganisa iziphetho. kweziqu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma amanothi eyisishiyagalombili, umkhawulo ungashadile, uma ishumi nesithupha liphindwe kabili, njll. Esikhathini sethu, kukhona inhlanganisela yamanothi avela ezilinganisweni ezahlukene, kanye namanothi angekho emgqeni.

Kwenzeka ukuthi udinga ukurekhoda inothi elihlala, isibonelo, ezintathu zesishiyagalombili. Kunezindlela ezimbili zokwenza lokhu: uma kukhona ukushaya okunamandla isikhathi eside senothi, khona-ke amanothi amabili athathwa, anikeze inani lezingxenye ezintathu zesishiyagalombili (okungukuthi, ikota nesishiyagalombili) futhi aboshwe, okungukuthi, iligi ibekwe phakathi kwabo - i-arc, eneziphetho zayo ezicishe zithinte ama-oval amanothi. Uma ukushaya okunamandla kushiywe eceleni, khona-ke ukunweba inothi ngesigamu somsindo walo, ichashazi libekwe ngakwesokudla kwe-oval (okungukuthi, kulokhu, izingxenye ezintathu zesishiyagalombili ziyikota enechashazi). Amanothi anamachashazi angabuye ahlanganiswe ngaphansi konqenqema olulodwa.

Okokugcina, kungase kudingeke ukuba uhlukanise ubude obuthile kungabi izingxenye ezimbili, kodwa zibe ezintathu, ezinhlanu, noma ezinye izinombolo ezilinganayo hhayi ukuphindaphinda kokubili. Kulokhu, ama-triplets, i-pentoli nezinye izinhlobo ezifanayo zokubhala ziyasetshenziswa.

Ukunqamuka komsindo kubizwa ngokuthi ikhefu. Ubude besikhathi sokumiswa kukalwa ngendlela efanayo nobude besikhathi semisindo (amanothi). Ukuphumula okuphelele (8) kuyalingana nobude besikhathi nenothi eliphelele. Kuboniswa udeshi olufushane ngaphansi komugqa wesine wabasebenzi. Ukuphumula okuyingxenye (9) kuyalingana nobude benothi elinguhhafu. Uboniswa ngodwi ofana nowekota yokuphumula, kodwa lo dwi ubhalwe ngenhla komugqa wesithathu wezisebenzi. Ukumisa isikhashana okuphindwe kane (10) kulingana nobude besikhathi nenothi lesine futhi kuboniswa ngomugqa ophukile phakathi nendawo. Ukuphumula kwesishiyagalombili (11), kweshumi nesithupha (12) kanye namashumi amathathu nesibili (13) kuyalingana ngesikhathi samanothi esishiyagalombili, eshumi nesithupha kanye namashumi amathathu nesibili, ngokulandelana, futhi kukhonjiswa ngokusika okunefulegi elilodwa, amabili noma amathathu amancane.

Ichashazi elingakwesokudla kwenothi noma ukuphumula linyusa ubude balo ngohhafu. Amachashazi amabili kunothi noma lapho umisa isikhashana andisa ubude besikhathi ngohhafu nenye ikota.

Amachashazi angenhla noma angezansi kwamanothi abonisa isimo esinyakazayo sokusebenza noma i-staccato, lapho umsindo ngamunye ulahlekelwa ingxenye yesikhathi sawo, uba bukhali, ube mfushane, wome.

Iligi (i-arc egobele phezulu noma phansi) ixhumanisa amanothi aseduze anobude obufanayo, afingqa ubude bawo. Iligi ehlanganisa amanothi amabili noma ngaphezulu ezinkundleni ezahlukene isho ukusebenza okuhambisanayo kwale misindo noma i-legato.

I-Fermata - uphawu olubonisa kumdlali ukuthi kufanele andise ubude benothi noma ame kancane ngokubona kwakhe.

Izimpawu zokuphindaphinda

Lapho wenza ucezu, ngokuvamile kuyadingeka ukuphinda ucezu lwaso noma ucezu lonke. Ukwenza lokhu, ekubhalweni komculo, izimpawu zokuphindaphinda zisetshenziswa - ukuphindaphinda. Umculo ophakathi kwalezi zimpawu kufanele uphindwe. Ngezinye izikhathi lapho kuphindaphindwa, kuba neziphetho ezihlukene. Kulesi simo, ekupheleni kokuphindaphinda, amabakaki asetshenziswa - ama-volts. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ngokokuqala ngqa, izinyathelo zokuphela ezifakwe ku-volt yokuqala zidlalwa, futhi ngesikhathi sokuphindaphinda, izilinganiso ze-volt yokuqala zeqiwa futhi izilinganiso ze-volt yesibili zidlalwa esikhundleni.

Pace

Amanothi omculo aphinde akhombise izinga lokuqanjwa. I-Tempo ijubane okudlalwa ngalo ucezu lomculo.

Kunezivinini ezintathu eziyinhloko: ezihamba kancane, ezimaphakathi futhi ziyashesha. I-tempo eyinhloko ivame ukuboniswa ekuqaleni komsebenzi. Kunemagama amahlanu ayinhloko alawa ma-tempos: Kancane - i-adagio (Adagio), Kancane, ngokuzola - andante (Andante), Ngokulingene - moderato (Moderato), Ngokushesha - allegro (Allegro), Ngokushesha - presto (Presto). Isilinganiso salezi zinyathelo - i-moderato - ihambisana nesivinini sesinyathelo esizolile.

Ngokuvamile, lapho wenza ucezu lomculo, kufanele usheshise noma wehlise ijubane lawo eliyinhloko. Lezi zinguquko ku-tempo zivame ukuchazwa ngamagama: i-Accelerando, efushanisiwe njenge-accel. (accelerando) – ukusheshisa, Ritenuto, (ritenuto) isifinyezo. - ukwehlisa ijubane, kanye ne-tempo (kanye ne-tempo) - ngesivinini esifanayo (ukubuyisela ijubane langaphambilini ngemva kokusheshisa kwangaphambili noma ukwehla).

ivolumu

Lapho wenza ucezu lomculo, ngaphezu kwe-tempo, ukuphakama okudingekayo (amandla) omsindo kufanele kucatshangelwe. Noma yini ehlobene nokunomsindo ibizwa ngokuthi ama-dynamic tints. Le mithunzi iboniswa kumanothi, ngokuvamile phakathi kwezigxobo. Izimpawu ezivame ukusetshenziswa kakhulu zamandla omsindo zimi kanje: pp (pianisimo) – kuthule kakhulu, p (piano) – soft, mf (mezzo-forte) – ngamandla aphakathi nendawo, f (forte) – phezulu, ff (fortissimo) – kakhulu. Kanye nezimpawu < (crescendo) - kancane kancane zandisa umsindo futhi > (diminuendo) - kancane kancane zinciphisa umsindo.

Kanye nokuqokwa okungenhla kwe-tempos, amanothi avame ukuqukatha amagama abonisa uhlobo lomculo womculo womsebenzi, isibonelo: omnandi, omnene, osheshayo, odlalayo, ohlakaniphile, oqinile, njll.

Izimpawu ze-Melisma

Izimpawu ze-Melisma azishintshi i-tempo noma iphethini yesigqi yomculo, kodwa zihlobisa kuphela. Kunezinhlobo ezilandelayo zama-melisms:

• inothi lomusa ( ) - ekhonjiswa ngenothi elincane ngaphambi kweliyinhloko. Inothi elincane elinqanyuliwe libonisa inothi lomusa elifushane, futhi elinganqanyulwanga libonisa elide. Iqukethe inothi elilodwa noma ngaphezulu elizwakala ngenani lesikhathi senothi eliyinhloko. Cishe ayikaze isetshenziswe emculweni wesimanje.
• i-modent ( ) - kusho ukushintshaniswa kwenothi eliyinhloko nelinye elengeziwe noma i-semitone ephansi noma ephakeme kunayo. Uma i-mordent inqanyuliwe, khona-ke umsindo owengeziwe uphansi kunomkhulu, ngaphandle kwalokho uphakeme. Akuvamile ukusetshenziswa ekuphawuleni komculo wesimanje.
• groupetto ( ). Ngenxa yobude benothi eliyinhloko, insiza engaphezulu, eyinhloko, insiza ephansi futhi imisindo eyinhloko idlalwa ngokushintshana. Cishe ayitholakali emibhalweni yesimanje.
• i-trill ( ) – ukushintshana ngokushesha kwemisindo ehlukaniswe iphimbo noma i-semitone komunye nomunye. Inothi lokuqala libizwa ngokuthi inothi eliyinhloko, kanti elesibili libizwa ngokuthi i-axiliary futhi livame ukuma ngaphezu kwelikhulu. Ubude besikhathi be-trill buncike esikhathini senothi eliyinhloko, futhi amanothi e-trill awadlalwa ngobude obuqondile futhi adlalwa ngokushesha okukhulu.
• i-vibrato ( ungaphambanisi ne-trill!) - izinguquko ezisheshayo zezikhathi ezithile kuphimbo noma i-timbre yomsindo. Indlela ejwayeleke kakhulu yabashaya isiginci, efinyelelwa ngokunyakazisa umunwe entanjeni.

Lapha, kubonakala sengathi, kukhona konke okudingeka ukwazi wonke umshayi wesiginci, okokuqala. Uma ufuna ukufunda okwengeziwe mayelana nokuphawula komculo, kufanele ubhekisele ezincwadini zokufundisa ezikhethekile.