Senezino (Senezino) |

Senesino

Ekuqaleni kwenkundla ye-opera yekhulu le-1650 kwakukhona i-prima donna (“prima donna”) kanye ne-castrato (“primo uomo”). Ngokomlando, iminonjana yokusetshenziswa kwe-castrati njengabahlabeleli isukela eminyakeni engamashumi amabili edlule yekhulu lesi-XNUMX, futhi yaqala ukungena ku-opera cishe ngo-XNUMX. Nokho, uMonteverdi noCavalli emisebenzini yabo yokuqala ye-operatic basasebenzisa izinkonzo zamazwi amane okucula emvelo. Kodwa ukuqhakaza kwangempela kobuciko be-castrati kwafinyelelwa ku-opera yaseNeapolitan.

Ukuthenwa kwezinsizwa ukuze zikwazi ukucula cishe kade kukhona. Kepha kwaba kuphela ngokuzalwa kwe-polyphony ne-opera ngekhulu le-1588 nele-XNUMX lapho i-castrati yadingeka khona naseYurophu. Isizathu esisheshayo salokhu kwaba ukuvinjelwa kukapapa okungu-XNUMX kwabesifazane abacula emakhwayeni esonto, kanye nokucula ezitejini zeshashalazi ezifundazweni zopapa. Abafana babesetshenziselwa ukwenza izingxenye ze-alto zesifazane neze-soprano.

Kodwa lapho izwi lihlehla, futhi ngaleso sikhathi kakade sebengaba abaculi abanolwazi, i-timbre yezwi ilahlekelwa ukucaca nokuhlanzeka kwayo. Ukuze lokhu kungenzeki, e-Italy, naseSpain, abafana babethenwa. Ukuhlinzwa kwamisa ukuthuthukiswa kwe-larynx, kulondolozela ukuphila kwezwi langempela - i-alto noma i-soprano. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, i-ribcage yaqhubeka ikhula, futhi ngisho nangaphezu kwentsha evamile, ngakho-ke, i-castrati yayinomthamo omkhulu kakhulu womoya okhishwe ngisho nabesifazane abanezwi le-soprano. Amandla nokuhlanzeka kwamaphimbo abo angeke kuqhathaniswe nalawo amanje, ngisho noma angamazwi aphezulu.

Lokhu kuhlinzwa kwenziwa kubafana ngokuvamile abaphakathi kweminyaka eyisishiyagalombili neshumi nantathu. Njengoba ukuhlinza okunjalo kwakwenqatshelwe, kwakuhlale kwenziwa ngaphansi kwezaba zokugula noma ingozi ethile. Ingane yacwiliswa ebhavini lobisi olufudumele, yanikezwa umthamo we-opium ukuze idambise izinhlungu. Isitho sangasese sowesilisa asizange sikhishwe njengoba kwakwenziwa eMpumalanga, kodwa amasende ayesikwa akhishwe. Intsha yaba yinyumba, kodwa ngokuhlinzwa okuseqophelweni eliphezulu ayizange ibe namandla.

Ama-castrati ahlekwa usulu kuze kube yizinhliziyo zawo ezincwadini, futhi ikakhulukazi emdlalweni we-opera we-buffoon, owawuhamba phambili ngamandla nokuyinhloko. Lokhu kuhlasela, nokho, bekungabhekiseli ebucikweni babo bokucula, kodwa ikakhulukazi ekuvezeni kwabo kwangaphandle, ubuhle kanye nokungabekezeleleki okukhulayo. Ukucula kwe-castrati, okwakuhlanganisa ngokuphelele ukuncenceza kwezwi lomfana namandla amaphaphu owesilisa omdala, kwakusatuswa njengemqopho yazo zonke izimpumelelo zokucula. Abadlali abakhulu ebangeni elide ukusuka kubo balandelwa ngabaculi besigaba sesibili: i-tenor eyodwa noma ngaphezulu namazwi wesifazane. I-prima donna kanye ne-castrato benza isiqiniseko sokuthi laba baculi ababi kakhulu futhi ikakhulukazi izindima ezibonga kakhulu. Amabhesi abesilisa anyamalala kancane kancane ku-opera engathi sína kusukela ezikhathini zaseVenetian.

Idlanzana labaculi be-opera base-Italy abathengiwe bafinyelele ukuphelela okuphezulu kwezobuciko bezwi nezokudlala. Phakathi kwe "Muziko" kanye "Wonder" omkhulu, njengoba abaculi be-castrato babebizwa e-Italy, yiCaffarelli, Carestini, Guadagni, Pacciarotti, Rogini, Velluti, Cresentini. Phakathi kokuqala kuyadingeka ukuphawula i-Senesino.

Idethi elinganiselwe yokuzalwa kukaSenesino (igama langempela uFratesco Bernard) yi-1680. Nokho, kungenzeka kakhulu ukuthi empeleni usemncane. Isiphetho esinjalo singafinyelelwa eqinisweni lokuthi igama lakhe lishiwo ohlwini lwabadlali kusukela ngo-1714. Khona-ke eVenice, wahlabelela "Semiramide" nguPollarolo Sr. Waqala ukutadisha ukucula kweSenesino eBologna.

Ngo-1715, i-impresario Zambekkari ibhala ngendlela yomculi:

“USenesino usaziphatha ngendlela exakile, umile enganyakazi njengesichuse, futhi uma kwesinye isikhathi enza uhlobo oluthile lokushukuma komzimba, kusho okuphambene ncamashi nalokho okulindelekile. Ukuphindaphinda kwakhe kubi kakhulu njengoba uNicolini ayemahle, futhi mayelana nama-arias, uwenza kahle uma kwenzeka ekhuluma. Kodwa izolo ebusuku, ku-aria ehamba phambili, uhambe ama-bar amabili phambili.

UCasati akabekezeleleki nakancane, futhi ngenxa yokucula kwakhe okudabukisayo, nangenxa yokuziqhenya kwakhe okwedlulele, usehlangene noSenesino, futhi abahloniphi muntu. Ngakho-ke, akekho ongababona, futhi cishe wonke amaNeapolitans ababheka (uma becatshangwa nhlobo) njengabathenwa ababili abazibona belungile. Abakaze bacule nami, ngokungafani nabaningi abathenwayo ababecula eNaples; laba ababili kuphela angikaze ngibameme. Futhi manje ngingathola induduzo eqinisweni lokuthi wonke umuntu ubaphatha kabi.

Ngo-1719, uSenesino ucula enkundleni yemidlalo yaseshashalazini eDresden. Ngemva konyaka, umqambi odumile u-Handel weza lapha ezonxenxa abadlali beRoyal Academy of Music, ayeyidalile eLondon. Kanye noSenesino, uBerenstadt noMargherita Durastanti nabo baya ogwini lwe-"foggy Albion".

USenesino wahlala eNgilandi isikhathi eside. Ucule ngempumelelo enkulu esikoleni, ecula izindima eziholayo kuwo wonke ama-opera kaBononcini, u-Ariosti, futhi ngaphezu kwakho konke nge-Handel. Nakuba ngobuqotho kufanele kushiwo ukuthi ubuhlobo phakathi komculi nomqambi abuzange bube ngcono kakhulu. USenesino waba ngumdlali wokuqala wezingxenye eziyinhloko eziningana ze-opera ye-Handel: u-Otto noFlavius ​​(1723), uJulius Caesar (1724), uRodelinda (1725), uScipio (1726), u-Admetus (1727) ), "uCyrus" kanye nethi “Ptolemy” (1728).

NgoMeyi 5, 1726, i-premiere ye-opera ka-Handel u-Alexander yenzeke, eyaba yimpumelelo enkulu. USenesino, owayedlala indima yesicoco, ubeseqhulwini lodumo. Impumelelo yabelwa naye ngama-prima donnas amabili - uCuzzoni noBordoni. Ngeshwa, amaBrithani akhe amakamu amabili abantu abathanda ama-prima donnas. USenesino wayesekhathele ukuxabana kwabaculi, futhi, wathi uyagula, waya ezweni lakubo - e-Italy. Kakade ngemva kokuwa kwesikole, ngo-1729, u-Handel ngokwakhe weza eSenesino ukuze amcele ukuthi abuye.

Ngakho, naphezu kwakho konke ukungaboni ngaso linye, Senesino, kusukela ngo-1730, waqala ukwenza iqembu elincane ihlelwe Handel. Wacula emisebenzini emisha yomqambi emibili, u-Aetius (1732) no-Orlando (1733). Kodwa-ke, ukuphikisana kwavela kujule kakhulu futhi ngo-1733 kwaba nekhefu lokugcina.

Njengoba izenzakalo ezalandela zabonisa, le ngxabano yaba nemiphumela efinyelela kude. Waba ngesinye sezizathu eziyinhloko ukuthi kungani, ngokumelene neqembu le-Handel, kwasungulwa i-“Opera of the nobility”, eholwa nguN. Porpora. Kanye noSenesino, omunye “muziko” ovelele - uFarinelli wacula lapha. Ngokuphambene nalokho okwakulindelwe, babezwana kahle. Mhlawumbe isizathu siwukuthi uFarinelli ungumdlali wesopranist, kuyilapho uSenesino ene-contralto. Noma mhlawumbe uSenesino umane nje walincoma ngobuqotho ikhono likazakwabo osemncane. Ivuna eyesibili indaba eyenzeka ngo-1734 lapho kuboniswa okokuqala i-opera ka-A. Hasse ethi “Artaxerxes” eRoyal Theatre eLondon.

Kule opera, uSenesino wacula okokuqala noFarinelli: wadlala indima yomashiqela othukuthele, noFarinelli - iqhawe elineshwa eliboshwe ngamaketango. Kodwa-ke, nge-aria yakhe yokuqala, wathinta inhliziyo elukhuni yomashiqela owayethukuthele kangangokuthi uSenesino, ekhohlwe indima yakhe, wagijima waya kuFarinelli futhi wamanga.

Nanku umbono womqambi I.-I. U-Quantz owezwa umculi eNgilandi:

“Ubene-contralto enamandla, ecacile futhi emnandi, enezwi elihle kakhulu nama-trills amahle kakhulu. Indlela yakhe yokucula yayiyingcweti, indlela yakhe yokuzwakalisa imizwa yayingenakulinganiswa. Ngaphandle kokulayisha ngokweqile i-adagio ngemihlobiso, wacula amanothi ayinhloko ngokucwenga okumangalisayo. I-allegroes yakhe yayigcwele umlilo, ngama-caesuras acacile futhi asheshayo, avela esifubeni, wawenza ngokukhuluma okuhle kanye nemikhuba emihle. Uziphathe kahle esiteji, zonke izenzo zakhe bezingokwemvelo futhi zihloniphekile.

Zonke lezi zimfanelo zapheleliswa umuntu obabazekayo; ukubukeka kwakhe nokuziphatha kwakhe kwakufanelana kakhulu nephathi yeqhawe kunesithandwa.”

Umbango phakathi kwezindlu ezimbili ze-opera waphela ekuwohlokeni kwazo zombili ngo-1737. Ngemva kwalokho uSenesino wabuyela e-Italy.

I-castrati edume kakhulu yathola izimali ezinkulu kakhulu. Ithi, ngeminyaka yama-30s eNaples, umculi odumile wathola ama-doubloons angama-600 kuye kwangama-800 eSpanishi ngesizini ngayinye. Inani belingase lenyuke kakhulu ngenxa yemali ebanjwayo ekusebenzeni kwenzuzo. Kwakungama-doubloons angu-800, noma ama-ducat angu-3693, uSenesino, owacula ngo-1738/39 eSan Carlo Theatre, awathola lapha kule sizini.

Okumangazayo ukuthi abalaleli bendawo bebesabela ngendlela lo mculi ngaphandle kwenhlonipho efanele. Ukuzibandakanya kukaSenesino akuzange kuvuselelwe ngesizini elandelayo. Lokhu kwamangaza isifundiswa somculo esinjengo-de Brosse: “I-Senesino enkulu yenza ingxenye eyinhloko, ngahlatshwa umxhwele ukunambitheka kokucula nokudlala kwayo. Nokho, ngaphawula ngokumangala ukuthi abantu bakubo babengajabule. Bakhala ngokuthi ucula ngesitayela sakudala. Nabu ubufakazi bokuthi lapha umculo othandwayo uyashintsha njalo ngemva kweminyaka eyishumi.”

Ukusuka eNaples, umculi ubuyela eTuscany yakubo. Ukusebenza kwakhe kokugcina, ngokusobala, kwenzeka kuma-opera amabili ka-Orlandini - "Arsaces" ne "Ariadne".

USenesino wafa ngo-1750.