Sergei Ivanovich Taneyev |
Sergey Taneyev
U-Taneyev wayemkhulu futhi ehlakaniphile ebuntwini bakhe bokuziphatha kanye nesimo sakhe sengqondo esingcwele esiyingqayizivele mayelana nobuciko. L. Sabaneev
Emculweni waseRussia ekuqaleni kwekhulu leminyaka, u-S. Taneyev uthatha indawo ekhetheke kakhulu. Umculi ovelele nowomphakathi, uthisha, umdlali wopiyano, isazi somculo sokuqala esikhulu eRussia, indoda enesimilo esingavamile, uTaneyev wayenegunya eliqashelwayo empilweni yamasiko yesikhathi sakhe. Kodwa-ke, umsebenzi oyinhloko wokuphila kwakhe, ukuqamba, awuzange uthole ukuqashelwa kweqiniso ngokushesha. Isizathu akukona ukuthi Taneyev kuyinto innovator omkhulu, ngokuphawulekayo ngaphambi kwesikhathi sakhe. Ngokuphambene nalokho, umculo wakhe omningi wawubonwa abantu besikhathi sakhe njengophelelwe yisikhathi, njengesithelo "sokufunda koprofesa", umsebenzi wehhovisi owomile. Isithakazelo sikaTaneyev kumakhosi amadala, e-JS Bach, WA Mozart, sasibonakala siyinqaba futhi singakafiki isikhathi, wamangala ngokunamathela kwakhe kumafomu nezinhlobo zakudala. Kwaba kamuva kuphela lapho kwafika ukuqonda kokunemba komlando kaTaneyev, owayefuna ukusekelwa okuqinile komculo waseRussia efa le-pan-European, elwela ububanzi bemisebenzi yokudala.
Phakathi kwabameleli bomndeni omdala ohloniphekile weTaneyevs, kwakukhona abathandi bobuciko abanesiphiwo somculo - kwakungu-Ivan Ilyich, uyise womqambi wesikhathi esizayo. Ithalente lokuqala lomfana lasekelwa emndenini, futhi ngo-1866 wamiswa eMoscow Conservatory esanda kuvulwa. Ngaphakathi kwezindonga zayo, uTaneyev waba umfundi kaP. Tchaikovsky noN. Rubinshtein, abantu ababili abakhulu kunabo bonke eRussia yomculo. Ukuthweswa iziqu okukhazimulayo ku-Conservatory ngo-1875 (uTaneyev wayengowokuqala emlandweni wakhe ukuklonyeliswa ngendondo ye-Grand Gold) kuvula amathemba abanzi kumculi osemusha. Lena imisebenzi ehlukahlukene yekhonsathi, nokufundisa, nomsebenzi womqambi ojulile. Kodwa okokuqala uTaneyev wenza uhambo oluya phesheya.
Ukuhlala eParis, ukuxhumana nemvelo yamasiko yaseYurophu kube nomthelela onamandla kumdwebi owamukelayo oneminyaka engamashumi amabili ubudala. U-Taneyev uhlola kabusha lokho akuzuzile ezweni lakubo futhi ufinyelela esiphethweni sokuthi imfundo yakhe, kokubili umculo kanye neyobuntu jikelele, ayanele. Ngemva kokubeka icebo eliqinile, uqala umsebenzi onzima ekwandiseni ama-horizons akhe. Lo msebenzi waqhubeka kukho konke ukuphila kwakhe, ngenxa yokuthi Taneyev wakwazi ukuba sezingeni nabantu abafundile kakhulu ngesikhathi sakhe.
Inhloso efanayo ehlelekile itholakala emsebenzini wokuqamba kaTaneyev. Wayefuna ukuqonda kahle amagugu esiko lomculo laseYurophu, ukuphinde acabange ngalo emhlabathini wakubo waseRussia. Ngokuvamile, njengoba umqambi osemusha wayekholelwa, umculo waseRussia awunazo izimpande zomlando, kufanele uhlanganise isipiliyoni samafomu asendulo aseYurophu - ngokuyinhloko ama-polyphonic. Umfundi nomlandeli kaTchaikovsky, uTaneyev uzitholela eyakhe indlela, ehlanganisa izingoma zothando kanye ne-classicist austerity of expression. Le nhlanganisela ibaluleke kakhulu kwisitayela sikaTaneyev, kusukela kokuhlangenwe nakho kokuqala komqambi. Ukuphakama kokuqala lapha kwakungomunye wemisebenzi yakhe engcono kakhulu - i-cantata "uJohn waseDamaseku" (1884), eyaphawula ukuqala kwenguqulo yezwe yalolu hlobo emculweni waseRussia.
Umculo wamakhwaya uyingxenye ebalulekile yefa likaTaneyev. Umqambi wayeqonda uhlobo lwamakhwaya njengendilinga yokwakheka okuphakeme, okudumile, ukubonakaliswa kwefilosofi. Ngakho-ke i-stroke enkulu, isikhumbuzo sezingoma zakhe zomculo. Ukukhethwa kwezimbongi nakho kungokwemvelo: F. Tyutchev, Ya. Polonsky, K. Balmont, emavesini akhe uTaneyev ugcizelela izithombe zokuzenzakalela, ubuhle besithombe somhlaba. Futhi kukhona uphawu oluthile lokuthi indlela yokudala kaTaneyev ihlelwe ama-cantatas amabili - "uJohane waseDamaseku" osuka enhliziyweni esekelwe enkondlweni ka-AK Tolstoy kanye ne-fresco enkulu "Ngemva kokufunda ihubo" ku-st. A. Khomyakov, umsebenzi wokugcina womqambi.
I-Oratorio nayo iyingxenye yendalo kaTaneyev enezinga elikhulu - i-opera trilogy "Oresteia" (ngokuka-Aeschylus, 1894). Esimweni sakhe sengqondo nge-opera, uTaneyev ubonakala ephikisana nesimanje: naphezu kwakho konke ukuxhumana okungangabazeki nesiko lamaqhawe aseRussia (uRuslan noLyudmila kaM. Glinka, uJudith ka-A. Serov), u-Oresteia ungaphandle kwezitayela ezihamba phambili ze-opera yaseshashalazini. ngesikhathi sayo. U-Taneyev unesithakazelo kumuntu njengokubonakaliswa kwendawo yonke, enhlekeleleni yasendulo yamaGreki ufuna lokho ayekufuna kwezobuciko ngokujwayelekile - okuphakade nokuhle, umqondo wokuziphatha ekuzalweni okuphelele kweklasikhi. Ubumnyama bobugebengu buphikisana nokucabanga nokukhanya - umqondo omaphakathi wobuciko be-classic uqinisekiswa kabusha ku-Oresteia.
I-Symphony ku-C minor, enye yezinto ezihamba phambili zomculo wezinsimbi zaseRussia, inencazelo efanayo. UTaneyev wazuza ku-symphony ukuhlanganiswa kwangempela kwesiRashiya neYurophu, ngokuyinhloko isiko likaBeethoven. Umqondo we-symphony uqinisekisa ukunqoba kwesiqalo esicacile se-harmonic, lapho idrama enzima ye-1st movement ixazululwa. Isakhiwo se-cyclic esinezingxenye ezine zomsebenzi, ukwakheka kwezingxenye ngazinye kusekelwe ezimisweni zakudala, ezihunyushwa ngendlela engavamile kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, umqondo wobunye bezizwe uguqulwa nguTaneyev ube yindlela yokuxhumana kwe-leitmotif enegatsha, ehlinzeka ngokuhambisana okukhethekile kwentuthuko ye-cyclic. Kulokhu, umuntu angakwazi ukuzwa ithonya elingangabazeki le-romanticism, isipiliyoni sika-F. Liszt no-R. Wagner, esihunyushwa, noma kunjalo, ngokwezinhlobo ezicacile zakudala.
Umnikelo kaTaneyev emkhakheni womculo wezinsimbi wekamelo ubaluleke kakhulu. I-Russian chamber ensemble ikweleta ukuchuma kwayo kuye, okwanquma ngokuyinhloko ukuqhubeka kohlobo lwenkathi yeSoviet emisebenzini kaN. Myaskovsky, D. Shostakovich, V. Shebalin. Ithalente likaTaneyev lihambisana ngokuphelele nesakhiwo somculo we-chamber, okuthi, ngokusho kukaB. Asafiev, "inokuchema kwayo kokuqukethwe, ikakhulukazi emkhakheni wezongqondongqondo eziphakeme, emkhakheni wokuzindla nokuzindla." Ukukhetha okuqinile, umnotho wezindlela ezicacile, ukubhala okupholile, okudingekayo ezinhlotsheni zekamelo, bekulokhu kukuhle kuTaneyev. I-Polyphony, i-organic kusitayela somqambi, isetshenziswa kakhulu kumaquartet ezintambo zakhe, kuma-ensembles ngokubamba iqhaza kwepiyano - i-Trio, i-Quartet ne-Quintet, enye yezinto ezidalwe kahle kakhulu zomqambi. Ukunotha okukhethekile kwe-melodic kwama-ensemble, ikakhulukazi izingxenye zawo ezihamba kancane, ukuguquguquka nobubanzi bokuthuthuka kwetimu, eduze nezinhlobo zamahhala, eziwuketshezi zengoma yesintu.
Ukuhlukahluka kwe-Melodic kuyisici sezothando zikaTaneyev, eziningi zazo eziye zathandwa kakhulu. Kokubili izinhlobo zothando ezinamalyrical nezithombe, ezilandisayo-ballad zisondelene ngokulinganayo nobuntu bomqambi. Ebhekisela ngokufunayo esithombeni sombhalo wezinkondlo, uTaneyev wathatha leli gama njengento echaza ubuciko belonke. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ungomunye wabokuqala ukubiza ezothando ngokuthi "izinkondlo zezwi nopiyano".
Ubuhlakani obuphezulu obutholakala emvelweni kaTaneyev buvezwe ngokuqondile emisebenzini yakhe yomculo, kanye nasemsebenzini wakhe obanzi, wokuzindla ngempela. Izithakazelo zesayensi Taneyev zibangelwa imibono yakhe yokuqamba. Ngakho, ngokukaB. Yavorsky, “wayenesithakazelo esijulile endleleni ongcweti abanjengoBach, uMozart, uBeethoven abafinyelela ngayo amakhono abo.” Futhi kungokwemvelo ukuthi isifundo sethiyori esikhulu kunazo zonke sikaTaneyev "i-Mobile counterpoint yokubhala okuqinile" sizinikele ku-polyphony.
Taneyev kwaba uthisha owazalwa. Okokuqala, ngoba wasungula eyakhe indlela yokudala ngokuqaphela futhi ekwazi ukufundisa abanye lokho yena ngokwakhe ayekufundile. Isikhungo samandla adonsela phansi kwakungesona isitayela somuntu ngamunye, kodwa izimiso ezivamile, ezivamile zokuqanjwa komculo. Yingakho isithombe sokudala sabaqambi abadlula ekilasini likaTaneyev sihluke kakhulu. S. Rachmaninov, A. Scriabin, N. Medtner, An. U-Alexandrov, S. Vasilenko, R. Glier, A. Grechaninov, S. Lyapunov, Z. Paliashvili, A. Stanchinsky nabanye abaningi - uTaneyev wakwazi ukunikeza ngamunye wabo isisekelo esijwayelekile lapho ubuntu bomfundi bukhula khona.
Umsebenzi ohlukahlukene wokudala weTaneyev, owaphazamiseka kungazelelwe ngo-1915, wawubaluleke kakhulu kwezobuciko baseRussia. Ngokusho kuka-Asafiev, "UTaneyev ... wayengumthombo wenguquko enkulu yamasiko emculweni waseRussia, igama lokugcina elingashiwo ..."
S. Savenko
USergei Ivanovich Taneyev ungumqambi omkhulu kunabo bonke ekuqaleni kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX nele-XNUMX. Umfundi we-NG Rubinstein noTchaikovsky, uthisha weScriabin, uRachmaninov, uMedtner. Kanye noTchaikovsky, uyinhloko yesikole somqambi waseMoscow. Indawo yayo engokomlando iqhathaniswa naleyo uGlazunov ayehlala kuyo eSt. Kulesi sizukulwane sabaculi, ikakhulukazi, abaqambi ababili abaqanjwe igama baqala ukukhombisa ukuhlangana kwezici zokudala zeSikole SaseRussia Esisha kanye nomfundi ka-Anton Rubinstein - Tchaikovsky; kubafundi baseGlazunov naseTaneyev, le nqubo isazoqhubeka kakhulu.
Ukuphila kokudala kukaTaneyev kwakunamandla kakhulu futhi kunezici eziningi. Imisebenzi kaTaneyev, usosayensi, umdlali wopiyano, uthisha, ixhumene ngokungenakuhlukaniswa nomsebenzi kaTaneyev, umqambi. Ukuxhumana, okufakazela ubuqotho bokucabanga komculo, kungalandelwa, isibonelo, esimweni sengqondo sikaTaneyev ku-polyphony: emlandweni wesiko lomculo waseRussia, wenza kokubili njengombhali wezifundo ezintsha "i-Mobile counterpoint yokubhala okuqinile" kanye "nokufundisa". mayelana ne-canon", futhi njengothisha wezifundo eziphikisanayo ezakhiwe nguye kanye nama-fugues e-Moscow Conservatory, futhi njengomqambi wemisebenzi yomculo, kuhlanganise nepiyano, lapho i-polyphony iyindlela enamandla yokufanisa nokubunjwa okungokomfanekiso.
UTaneyev ungomunye wabadlali bopiyano abakhulu besikhathi sakhe. Ku-repertoire yakhe, izimo zengqondo ezikhanyisayo zembulwa ngokucacile: ukungabi khona okuphelele kwezingcezu ze-virtuoso zohlobo lwe-salon (okwakuyinto engavamile ngisho neminyaka yama-70s nama-80s), ukufakwa ezinhlelweni zemisebenzi eyayingavamile ukuzwa noma ukudlalwa okokuqala (okuyinto eyayingavamile ngisho neminyaka yama-XNUMXs nama-XNUMXs), ikakhulukazi, imisebenzi emisha kaTchaikovsky no-Arensky). Ubengumdlali weqoqo ovelele, odlalwa no-LS Auer, G. Venyavsky, AV Verzhbilovich, i-Czech Quartet, wadlala izingxenye zepiyano ekuqanjweni kwegumbi likaBeethoven, uTchaikovsky nelakhe. Emkhakheni we-piano pedagogy, uTaneyev wayengumlandeli kanye nomlandeli we-NG Rubinshtein. Indima kaTaneyev ekwakhiweni kwesikole sopiyano saseMoscow akugcini nje ekufundiseni upiyano e-Conservatory. Kukhulu kwaba nomthelela wopiyano lukaTaneyev kubaqambi abafunda emakilasini akhe etiyetha, ku-piano repertoire abayidalile.
Taneyev wadlala indima evelele ekuthuthukiseni imfundo yezandla Russian. Emkhakheni wethiyori yomculo, imisebenzi yakhe yayizinhlangothi ezimbili eziyinhloko: ukufundisa izifundo eziyimpoqo nokufundisa abaqambi emakilasini etiyetha yomculo. Waxhuma ngokuqondile ubuciko bokuvumelana, i-polyphony, i-instrumentation, inkambo yamafomu ngekhono lokuqamba. I-Mastery "yamtholela inani elidlule imingcele yomsebenzi wezandla nomsebenzi wezobuchwepheshe ... futhi iqukethe, kanye nedatha esebenzayo yokuthi ungahlanganisa kanjani futhi wakhe umculo, izifundo ezinengqondo zezinto zomculo njengokucabanga," u-BV Asafiev waphikisa. Ukuba umqondisi we-Conservatory engxenyeni yesibili yama-80s, futhi eminyakeni eyalandela umuntu okhuthele emfundweni yomculo, uTaneyev wayekhathazeke kakhulu ngezinga lokuqeqeshwa komculo kanye nethiyori yabaculi abasha-abadlali, mayelana nentando yeningi yokuphila indawo yokugcina izinto. Wayephakathi kwabahleli kanye nabahlanganyeli abakhuthele be-People's Conservatory, imibuthano eminingi yezemfundo, umphakathi wesayensi "Musical and Theory Library".
Taneyev unake kakhulu ukutadisha Folk lokusungula zomculo. Waqopha futhi wacubungula izingoma ezingaba ngu-1885 zase-Ukraine, wasebenza kumlando waseRussia. Ehlobo lika-XNUMX, waya eNyakatho yeCaucasus naseSvaneti, lapho aqopha khona izingoma nezinsimbi zabantu baseNyakatho Caucasus. Isihloko esithi "On the Music of the Mountain Tatars", esibhalwe ngesisekelo sokubhekwa komuntu siqu, siwucwaningo lokuqala lomlando kanye nethiyori yezinganekwane zaseCaucasus. Taneyev iqhaza ngenkuthalo emsebenzini we-Moscow Musical and Ethnographic Commission, eyanyatheliswa emaqoqweni emisebenzi yayo.
I-biography kaTaneyev ayicebile ezenzakalweni - noma ukusonteka kwesiphetho esishintsha ngokushesha inkambo yokuphila, noma izenzakalo "zothando". Umfundi we-Conservatory yaseMoscow we-intake yokuqala, wayehlotshaniswa nesikhungo sakhe semfundo somdabu cishe iminyaka engamashumi amane futhi washiya izindonga zayo ngo-1905, ngokubambisana nabalingani bakhe baseSt. Petersburg nabangane - uRimsky-Korsakov noGlazunov. Imisebenzi Taneyev kwenzeka cishe kuphela eRussia. Ngokushesha ngemva kokuthweswa iziqu e-conservatory ngo-1875, wenza uhambo no-NG Rubinstein baya eGreece nase-Italy; wahlala eParis isikhathi eside impela engxenyeni yesibili yama-70s nango-1880, kodwa kamuva, ngawo-1900, wahamba isikhashana nje waya eJalimane naseCzech Republic ukuze abambe iqhaza ekuculweni kwezingoma zakhe. Ngo-1913, u-Sergei Ivanovich wavakashela eSalzburg, lapho ayesebenza khona ezintweni ezivela ku-archive yaseMozart.
U-SI Taneev ungomunye wabaculi abafunde kakhulu ngesikhathi sakhe. Isici sabaqambi baseRussia engxenyeni yokugcina yekhulu leminyaka, ukunwetshwa kwesisekelo sobuciko bezizwe zonke eTaneyev kusekelwe olwazini olujulile, olubanzi lwezincwadi zomculo zezinkathi ezahlukene, ulwazi aluthola ngokuyinhloko e-conservatory, bese-ke njenge. umlaleli wamakhonsathi eMoscow, eSt. Petersburg, eParis. Isici esibaluleke kakhulu ekuhlangenwe nakho kokuzwa kukaTaneyev kuwumsebenzi wokufundisa endaweni yokugcinwa kwemvelo, indlela yokucabanga “yokufundisa” njengokufana kwenkathi edlule eqoqwe isipiliyoni sobuciko. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, uTaneyev waqala ukwakha umtapo wakhe wezincwadi (manje ogcinwe eMoscow Conservatory), futhi ukujwayelana kwakhe nezincwadi zomculo kuthola izici ezengeziwe: kanye nokudlala, "ukufunda kwamehlo". Okuhlangenwe nakho kukaTaneyev nombono wakhe akuyona nje isipiliyoni somlaleli wamakhonsathi, kodwa futhi "nomfundi" ongakhathali womculo. Konke lokhu kwabonakala ekwakhekeni kwesitayela.
Izenzakalo zokuqala ze-biography yomculo kaTaneyev ziyinqaba. Ngokungafani cishe nabo bonke abaqambi baseRussia bekhulu lesi-XNUMX, akazange aqale ubungcweti bakhe bomculo ngokuqamba; izingoma zakhe zokuqala zavela kule nqubo futhi ngenxa yezifundo ezihlelekile zabafundi, futhi lokhu kuphinde kwanquma ukwakheka kohlobo nezici zesitayela zemisebenzi yakhe yokuqala.
Ukuqonda izici zomsebenzi kaTaneyev kusho umongo obanzi womculo nomlando. Umuntu angasho okwanele ngoTchaikovsky ngaphandle kokukhuluma ngendalo yamakhosi wesitayela esiqinile ne-baroque. Kodwa akunakwenzeka ukugqamisa okuqukethwe, imiqondo, isitayela, ulimi lomculo lwezingoma zikaTaneyev ngaphandle kokubhekisela emsebenzini wabaqambi besikole samaDashi, uBach noHandel, ama-Viennese zakudala, abaqambi bothando baseNtshonalanga Yurophu. Futhi-ke, abaqambi baseRussia - uBortnyansky, uGlinka, u-A. Rubinstein, uTchaikovsky, kanye nabaphila ngesikhathi sikaTaneyev - ochwepheshe baseSt.
Lokhu kubonisa izici zomuntu siqu zikaTaneyev, "ezihambisana" nezici zenkathi. Umlando wokucabanga kwezobuciko, okuyisici sengxenye yesibili futhi ikakhulukazi ekupheleni kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX, bekuyisici esivelele sikaTaneyev. Izifundo zomlando kusukela esemncane, isimo sengqondo esiqondile enqubweni yomlando, sabonakala embuthanweni wokufunda kukaTaneyev owaziwa kithi, njengengxenye yomtapo wezincwadi wakhe, ngesithakazelo ekuqoqweni kwemyuziyamu, ikakhulukazi ama-casts asendulo, ahlelwe ngu-IV Tsvetaev, owathi. yayiseduze naye (manje iMuseum of Fine Arts). Esakhiweni salo mnyuziyamu, kokubili igceke lamaGreki kanye negceke leRenaissance, ihholo laseGibhithe lokubonisa amaqoqo aseGibhithe, njll. Okuhleliwe, okudingekayo kwezitayela eziningi.
Isimo sengqondo esisha ngamagugu sakha imigomo emisha yokwakheka kwesitayela. Abacwaningi baseNtshonalanga Yurophu bachaza isitayela sezakhiwo zengxenye yesibili yekhulu lesi-XNUMX ngegama elithi "historicism"; ezincwadini zethu ezikhethekile, umqondo we-"eclecticism" uyaqinisekiswa - hhayi ngomqondo wokuhlola, kodwa njengencazelo "yesenzakalo esikhethekile sobuciko esitholakala ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX." Ekwakhiweni kwenkathi kwahlala izitayela "ezidlule"; Abadwebi bezakhiwo babheka kokubili ku-gothic kanye ne-classicism njengezindawo zokuqala zezixazululo zesimanje. Ubuningi bobuciko bazibonakalisa ngendlela eningi kakhulu ezincwadini zesiRashiya yangaleso sikhathi. Ngokusekelwe ekucubunguleni okusebenzayo kwemithombo ehlukahlukene, ama-alloys esitayela "zokwenziwa" ayingqayizivele adalwe - njengesibonelo, emsebenzini kaDostoevsky. Kungokufanayo nangomculo.
Uma kuqhathaniswa nalezi ziqhathaniso ezingenhla, isithakazelo esisebenzayo sikaTaneyev kumagugu omculo waseYurophu, ngezitayela zawo eziyinhloko, akubonakali ngokuthi "i-relic" (igama elivela ekubuyekezweni komsebenzi we-"Mozartian" walo mqambi yi-quartet ku-E. -flat major), kodwa njengesibonakaliso sesikhathi sakhe (nesikhathi esizayo!). Emgqeni ofanayo - ukukhethwa kwesakhiwo sasendulo se-opera eqediwe kuphela "i-Oresteia" - ukukhetha okwakubonakala kuyinqaba kubagxeki be-opera futhi kungokwemvelo ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX.
Ukuqagela komdwebi ezindaweni ezithile zomfanekiso, izindlela zokukhuluma, izendlalelo zesitayela kunqunywa kakhulu yi-biography yakhe, ukwakheka kwengqondo, kanye nesimo sengqondo. Imibhalo eminingi futhi ehlukahlukene - imibhalo yesandla, izincwadi, idayari, izikhumbuzo zabantu ababephila ngesikhathi - ikhanyisa izici zobuntu bukaTaneyev ngokuphelela okwanele. Babonisa isithombe somuntu osebenzisa izakhi zemizwa ngamandla okucabanga, othanda ifilosofi (ikakhulukazi i-Spinoza), izibalo, i-chess, okholelwa ekuthuthukisweni komphakathi kanye nokwenzeka kokuhlelwa okunengqondo kokuphila. .
Ngokuphathelene noTaneyev, umqondo we "intellectualism" uvame ukusetshenziswa futhi ngokufanelekile. Akulula ukuthola lesi sitatimende sisuka endaweni yezinzwa siyise endaweni yobufakazi. Esinye seziqinisekiso zokuqala isithakazelo sokudala ezindleleni eziphawulwe ngobuhlakani - i-High Renaissance, i-Baroque yakamuva ne-Classicism, kanye nezinhlobo nezinhlobo ezibonisa ngokucacile imithetho evamile yokucabanga, ngokuyinhloko i-sonata-symphonic. Lona ubunye bezinhloso ezibekwe ngokucophelela nezinqumo zobuciko ezitholakala eTaneyev: nansi indlela umqondo we "polyphony yaseRussia" wamila ngayo, uqhutshwa emisebenzini eminingi yokuhlola futhi unikeza amahlumela obuciko ngempela "kuJohane waseDamaseku"; yile ndlela isitayela se-Viennese yakudala; izici zedramaturgy zomculo zemijikelezo emikhulu kakhulu, evuthiwe zanqunywa njengohlobo olukhethekile lwe-monothematism. Lolu hlobo lwe-monothematism ngokwalo luqokomisa imvelo yenqubo ehambisana nesenzo sokucabanga ngezinga elikhulu kunokuthi "impilo yemizwa", ngakho-ke isidingo samafomu omjikelezo kanye nokukhathazeka okukhethekile kokugcina - imiphumela yentuthuko. Ikhwalithi echazayo umqondo, ukubaluleka kwefilosofi yomculo; uhlamvu olunjalo lwethematism lwakhiwa, lapho izindikimba zomculo zihunyushwa esikhundleni njengethisisi okufanele ithuthukiswe, kunokuba kube nesithombe somculo “sokuzifanelekela” (ngokwesibonelo, ukuba nomlingiswa wengoma). Izindlela zomsebenzi wakhe nazo zifakazela intellectualism Taneyev.
Intellectualism nokholo ekucabangeni kungokwemvelo kumaciko, uma kuqhathaniswa, ayingxenye "yakudala". Izici ezibalulekile zalolu hlobo lobuntu bokudala zibonakaliswa ngesifiso sokucaca, ukuqinisa, ukuvumelana, ukuphelela, ukudalulwa kokujwayelekile, indawo yonke, ubuhle. Nokho, kungaba okungalungile ukucabanga umhlaba wangaphakathi weTaneyev njengozolile, ongenakho ukuphikisana. Enye yezinto ezibalulekile ezishayela leli ciko umzabalazo phakathi kweciko nongqondongqondo. Owokuqala wayekubheka njengemvelo ukulandela indlela kaTchaikovsky nabanye - ukudala imisebenzi ehloselwe ukusebenza kumakhonsathi, ukubhala ngendlela emisiwe. Izothando eziningi, kwavela ama-symphonies okuqala. Eyesibili yakhangwa ngokungenakuvinjelwa ekuzicabangeni, ngokwethiyori futhi, ngokwezinga eliphansi, ukuqonda okungokomlando komsebenzi womqambi, ekuhloleni kwesayensi nokusungula. Kule ndlela, i-Netherlandish Fantasy ethimu yesi-Russian, imijikelezo yezinsimbi ekhulile kanye nekhwaya, kanye ne-Mobile Counterpoint of Strict Writing yavela. Indlela yokudala kaTaneyev iwumlando wemibono kanye nokuqaliswa kwayo.
Zonke lezi zinhlinzeko ezijwayelekile ziqiniswe emaqinisweni we-biography kaTaneyev, ku-typology yemibhalo yesandla yomculo wakhe, uhlobo lwenqubo yokudala, i-epistolary (lapho idokhumenti evelele igqamile - ukuxhumana kwakhe no-PI Tchaikovsky), futhi ekugcineni, encwadini. idayari.
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Ifa likaTaneyev njengomqambi likhulu futhi lihlukahlukene. Umuntu ngamunye - futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo kuyinkomba enkulu - uhlobo lwaleli gugu; kubalulekile ukuqonda izinkinga zomlando kanye nesitayela somsebenzi kaTaneyev. Ukungabikho kwezingoma zohlelo-symphonic, ama-ballet (kuzo zombili izimo - hhayi ngisho nombono owodwa); i-opera eyodwa kuphela eqashelwayo, ngaphezu kwalokho, “engavamile” ngokwedlulele ngokomthombo wombhalo nesakhiwo; ama-symphonies amane, enye yawo eyanyatheliswa ngumlobi cishe eminyakeni engamashumi amabili ngaphambi kokuphela komsebenzi wakhe. Kanye nalokhu - ama-cantatas amabili e-lyric-philosophical (ngokwengxenye imvuselelo, kodwa omunye angase athi, ukuzalwa kohlobo), inqwaba yezingoma zomculo. Futhi ekugcineni, into esemqoka - imijikelezo yezinsimbi ezingamashumi amabili.
Kwezinye izinhlobo, uTaneyev, njengokungathi, wanikeza impilo entsha emhlabathini waseRussia. Abanye babegcwele ukubaluleka okwakungekho kubo ngaphambili. Ezinye izinhlobo, ezishintsha ngaphakathi, ziphelezela umqambi impilo yakhe yonke - ezothando, amakhwaya. Ngokuqondene nomculo wezinsimbi, uhlobo olulodwa noma olunye luvela ezikhathini ezihlukene zomsebenzi wokudala. Kungacatshangwa ukuthi eminyakeni yokuvuthwa komqambi, uhlobo olukhethiwe ngokuyinhloko lunomsebenzi, uma kungenjalo ukwakhiwa kwesitayela, ngakho-ke, njengokungathi, "ukumelela isitayela". Ngemva kokudala i-symphony ngo-1896-1898 ku-C minor - okwesine ngokulandelana - uTaneyev akazange abhale amanye ama-symphonies. Kuze kube ngu-1905, ukunaka kwakhe okukhethekile emkhakheni womculo wezinsimbi kwakunikezwe ama-string ensembles. Eminyakeni eyishumi yokugcina yokuphila kwakhe, ama-ensembles ngokuhlanganyela kwepiyano abe yinto ebaluleke kakhulu. Ukukhethwa kwabasebenzi abadlalayo kubonisa ukuxhumana okuseduze nohlangothi lwemibono nobuciko bomculo.
I-biography yomqambi kaTaneyev ibonisa ukukhula nokuthuthuka okungapheli. Indlela enqanyuliwe kusukela kwezothando zokuqala ezihlobene nomkhakha wokwenziwa komculo wasekhaya kuya emijikelezweni emisha “yezinkondlo zezwi nopiyano” mikhulu kakhulu; kusuka kumakhwaya amathathu amancane nalula ashicilelwe ngo-1881 kuya emijikelezweni emikhulu ye-op. 27 futhi op. 35 emazwini ka-Y. Polonsky kanye no-K. Balmont; kusukela kuma-ensembles okuqala wezinsimbi, angazange ashicilelwe ngesikhathi sokuphila kombhali, kuya ohlotsheni “lwe-symphony yegumbi” – i-piano quintet ngo-G minor. I-cantata yesibili - "Ngemva kokufunda ihubo" kokubili kuqedile futhi kuthweswe umsebenzi kaTaneyev. Ngempela umsebenzi wokugcina, nakuba, kunjalo, awuzange ucatshangwe kanjalo; umqambi wayezophila futhi asebenze isikhathi eside futhi ngokujulile. Siyazazi izinhlelo zikaTaneyev ezingafezekanga.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, inani elikhulu lemibono eyavela phakathi nokuphila kukaTaneyev yahlala ingagcwaliseki kuze kube sekupheleni. Ngisho nangemva kwama-symphonies amathathu, ama-quartets amaningana nama-trios, i-sonata ye-violin nepiyano, inqwaba ye-orchestra, upiyano nezingcezu zezwi zanyatheliswa ngemva kokufa - konke lokhu kwashiywa umlobi ku-archive - ngisho namanje kungenzeka ukushicilela enkulu. umthamo wezinto ezihlakazekile. Lena ingxenye yesibili ye-quartet ku-C minor, kanye nezinto ze-cantatas "I-Legend of Cathedral of Constance" kanye "Nezintende Ezintathu" ze-opera "Hero and Leander", izingcezu eziningi zezinsimbi. Kuvela "i-counter-parallel" noTchaikovsky, owanqaba umqondo, noma wangena emsebenzini, noma, ekugcineni, wasebenzisa ukwaziswa kwezinye izingoma. Awukho nowodwa umdwebo owenziwe ngokusemthethweni ngandlela-thile owawungaphonswa unomphela, ngoba ngemva komunye kwakukhona umfutho obalulekile, ongokomzwelo, womuntu siqu, inhlayiyana yakho yatshalwa kuyo ngayinye. Imvelo ye-Taneyev yokudala ihlukile, futhi izinhlelo zezingoma zakhe zibukeka zihlukile. Ngakho-ke, ngokwesibonelo, uhlelo lohlelo olungafezeki lwepiyano sonata ku-F enkulu luhlinzeka ngenombolo, ukuhleleka, okhiye bezingxenye, ngisho nemininingwane yohlelo lwethoni: “Ingxenye eseceleni yethoni eyinhloko / Scherzo f-moll 2/4 / Andante Des-dur / Final”.
U-Tchaikovsky uphinde wenza izinhlelo zemisebenzi emikhulu yesikhathi esizayo. Iphrojekthi ye-symphony ethi "Life" (1891) iyaziwa: "Ingxenye yokuqala yonke i-impulse, ukuzethemba, ukoma komsebenzi. Kufanele kube mfushane (final ukufa kuwumphumela wokubhujiswa. Ingxenye yesibili iluthando; ukudumala okwesithathu; eyesine iphetha ngokufiphala (futhi kufushane). NjengoTaneyev, uTchaikovsky uchaza izingxenye zomjikelezo, kodwa kunomehluko oyisisekelo phakathi kwalawa maphrojekthi. Umbono ka-Tchaikovsky uhlobene ngokuqondile nezinto ezenzeka ekuphileni - iningi lezinhloso zikaTaneyev ziqaphela amathuba anengqondo wezindlela ezizwakalayo zomculo. Yiqiniso, asikho isizathu sokuxosha imisebenzi kaTaneyev empilweni yokuphila, imizwelo yayo nokushayisana, kodwa isilinganiso sokuxoxisana kuzo sihlukile. Lolu hlobo lomehluko we-typological lwaboniswa yi-LA Mazel; bakhanyisa izizathu zokungaqondi kahle komculo kaTaneyev, ukuthandwa okwanele kwamakhasi amaningi amahle. Kodwa bona, ake sengeze ngokwethu, baphinde baveze umqambi wendawo yokugcina impahla yothando - kanye nomdali odonsela ku-classicism; izinkathi ezahlukene.
Into esemqoka ngesitayela sikaTaneyev ingachazwa njengobuningi bemithombo enobumbano lwangaphakathi nobuqotho (okuqondwa njengokuhlobana phakathi kwezici zomuntu ngamunye kanye nezingxenye zolimi lomculo). Ingxubevange lapha icutshungulwa kakhulu, ngaphansi kwentando evelele nenjongo yeciko. Imvelo yemvelo (kanye nezinga lalokhu kuphila emisebenzini ethile) yokuqaliswa kwemithombo ehlukene yesitayela, okuyisigaba sokuzwa futhi ngaleyo ndlela, njengokungathi, i-empirical, yembulwa ohlelweni lokuhlaziya imibhalo yezingoma. Ezincwadini eziphathelene noTaneyev, sekuyisikhathi eside kuvezwa umbono olungile wokuthi amathonya omculo we-classic kanye nomsebenzi wabaqambi bothando ahlanganiswe emisebenzini yakhe, ithonya likaTchaikovsky linamandla kakhulu, nokuthi yile nhlanganisela enquma kakhulu ukuthi imvelaphi. ngesitayela sikaTaneyev. Inhlanganisela yezici ze-romanticism yomculo kanye nobuciko be-classical - i-baroque yakamuva kanye ne-Viennese yakudala - yayiwuhlobo lwesibonakaliso sezikhathi. Izici zobuntu, ukukhanga kwemicabango esikweni lezwe, isifiso sokuthola ukwesekwa ezisekelweni ezingapheli zobuciko bomculo - konke lokhu kunqunywa, njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, ukuthambekela kukaTaneyev ekuqondeni komculo wakudala. Kodwa ubuciko bakhe, obaqala enkathini yezothando, bunezimpawu eziningi zaleso sitayela esinamandla sekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye. Ukungqubuzana okwaziwayo phakathi kwesitayela somuntu ngamunye kanye nesitayela senkathi kwaziveza ngokucacile emculweni kaTaneyev.
U-Taneyev ungumculi ojulile waseRussia, nakuba isimo sezwe somsebenzi wakhe sizibonakalisa ngokungaqondile kunaphakathi kwabadala bakhe (Mussorgsky, Tchaikovsky, Rimsky-Korsakov) nabancane (Rakhmaninov, Stravinsky, Prokofiev) besikhathi sakhe. Phakathi kwezici zokuxhumana okuhlangene komsebenzi kaTaneyev nesiko lomculo eliqondwa kabanzi, siphawula imvelo yomculo, kanye - okuyinto, nokho, engabalulekile kakhulu kuye - ukuqaliswa (ikakhulukazi emisebenzini yokuqala) ye-melodic, i-harmonic. kanye nezici zesakhiwo samasampuli ezinganekwane.
Kodwa ezinye izici azibalulekile kangako, futhi okuyinhloko phakathi kwazo ukuthi umculi uyindodana yezwe lakhe ngezinga elingakanani emlandweni walo, ukuthi ubonisa kangakanani umbono wezwe, ukucabanga kwabantu besikhathi sakhe. Ukuqina kokudluliswa komhlaba okungokomzwelo komuntu waseRussia engxenyeni yokugcina ye-XNUMX - amashumi eminyaka okuqala ekhulu lesi-XNUMX emculweni kaTaneyev akukukhulu kangangokuba kuhlanganisa izifiso zesikhathi emisebenzini yakhe (njengoba kungaba njalo). wathi mayelana nezihlakaniphi - Tchaikovsky noma Rachmaninov). Kodwa uTaneyev wayenokuxhumana okuqondile futhi okuseduze nesikhathi; wezwakalisa umhlaba ongokomoya wengxenye engcono kakhulu ye-intelligentsia yaseRussia, ngokuziphatha kwayo okuphezulu, ukholo ekusasa eliqhakazile lesintu, ukuxhumana kwayo nokuhamba phambili kwefa lesiko lesizwe. Ukungahlukaniswa kokuziphatha nobuhle, ukuzibamba kanye nobumsulwa ekuboniseni iqiniso kanye nemizwa yokuveza imizwa ehlukanisa ubuciko baseRussia phakathi nokuthuthukiswa kwayo futhi kungenye yezici zomlingiswa kazwelonke kwezobuciko. Imvelo ekhanyayo yomculo kaTaneyev nazo zonke izifiso zakhe emkhakheni wokudala nazo ziyingxenye yesiko lentando yeningi laseRussia.
Esinye isici senhlabathi yezobuciko kazwelonke, ebaluleke kakhulu maqondana nefa likaTaneyev, ukuhlukana kwayo nesiko lomculo laseRussia lochwepheshe. Lokhu kuxhumana akumile, kodwa kuyaguquguquka futhi kuselula. Futhi uma imisebenzi yokuqala kaTaneyev ivusa amagama kaBortnyansky, Glinka, futhi ikakhulukazi uTchaikovsky, khona-ke ngezikhathi zakamuva amagama kaGlazunov, Scriabin, Rachmaninov ajoyina labo abaqanjiwe. Izingoma zokuqala zikaTaneyev, ezineminyaka efanayo nama-symphonies okuqala kaTchaikovsky, nazo zathola okuningi ku-aesthetics nezinkondlo ze-"Kuchkism"; laba bamuva basebenzisana nokuthambekela kanye nesipiliyoni sobuciko sabantu besikhathi esifushane, bona ngokwabo ababeyizindlalifa zeTaneyev ngezindlela eziningi.
Impendulo kaTaneyev ku-Western "modernism" (ikakhulukazi, ezenzakalweni zomculo ze-Romanticism sekwephuzile, Impressionism, kanye ne-Expressionism yakuqala) yayilinganiselwe ngezindlela eziningi ngokomlando, kodwa futhi yaba nomthelela obalulekile emculweni waseRussia. NgoTaneyev futhi (ngezinga elithile, ngibonga kuye) nabanye abaqambi baseRussia ekuqaleni nengxenye yokuqala yekhulu lethu, umnyakazo obheke ezenzakalweni ezintsha zokudala umculo wenziwa ngaphandle kokuphulwa nokubalulekile okuqoqwe emculweni waseYurophu. . Kuphinde kwaba nobubi kulokhu: ingozi yemfundo ephakeme. Emisebenzini engcono kakhulu kaTaneyev ngokwakhe, akuzange kubonakale kulesi sikhundla, kodwa emisebenzini yabafundi bakhe abaningi (futhi manje ukhohliwe) kanye nama-epigones kwabonakala ngokucacile. Kodwa-ke, okufanayo kungaphawulwa ezikoleni zaseRimsky-Korsakov naseGlazunov - ezimweni lapho isimo sengqondo mayelana nefa sasingenzi lutho.
Imikhakha eyinhloko engokomfanekiso yomculo wezinsimbi kaTaneyev, ehlanganiswe emijikelezweni eminingi: ephumelelayo-emangalisayo (i-sonata yokuqala allegri, iziphetho); ifilosofi, i-lyrical-meditative (ekhanya kakhulu - i-Adagio); scherzo: UTaneyev akafani neze nemikhakha yobubi, ububi, ukubhuqa. Izinga eliphakeme lokuchazwa kwezwe langaphakathi lomuntu elibonakala kumculo kaTaneyev, ukuboniswa kwenqubo, ukugeleza kwemizwelo nokucabanga kudala ukuhlanganiswa kwe-lyrical kanye ne-epic. Taneyev intellectualism, imfundo yakhe ebanzi yosizo wazibonakalisa emsebenzini wakhe ngezindlela eziningi nangokujulile. Okokuqala, lesi yisifiso somqambi sokudala kabusha emculweni isithombe esiphelele sokuba, esiphikisanayo futhi esihlangene. Isisekelo somgomo owakhayo ohamba phambili (i-cyclic, amafomu e-sonata-symphonic) kwakuwumbono wefilosofi wendawo yonke. Okuqukethwe emculweni kaTaneyev kubonakala ngokuyinhloko ngokugcwala kwendwangu ngezinqubo zephimbo-thematic. Yile ndlela umuntu angaqonda ngayo amazwi ka-BV Asafiev: “Bambalwa abaqambi baseRussia abacabanga ngesimo ekuphileni, ukuhlanganisa okungapheli. Kwakunjalo u-SI Taneev. Washiyela umculo waseRussia efeni lakhe ukuqaliswa okumangalisayo kwezinhlelo ze-Western symmetrical, ukuvuselela ukugeleza kwe-symphonism kuzo ... ".
Ukuhlaziywa kwemisebenzi emikhulu ka-Taneyev ye-cyclical kuveza izindlela zokubeka phansi izindlela zokukhuluma ohlangothini lomculo lwemibono nengokomfanekiso. Omunye wabo, njengoba kushiwo, kwakuyisimiso se-monothematism, esiqinisekisa ubuqotho bemijikelezo, kanye nendima yokugcina yamanqamu, okubaluleke kakhulu izici zomculo ze-ideological, zobuciko kanye nezifanele zomjikelezo weTaneyev. Incazelo yezingxenye zokugcina njengesiphetho, ukuxazululwa kokungqubuzana kuhlinzekwa ngenhloso yezindlela, eziqine kakhulu ukuthuthukiswa okungaguquki kwe-leitme nezinye izihloko, inhlanganisela yazo, ukuguqulwa kanye nokuhlanganisa. Kodwa umqambi wagomela isiphetho kowamanqamu kudala ngaphambi monothematism njengoba isimiso esiholayo wabusa emculweni wakhe. Ku-quartet ku-B-flat minor op. 4 isitatimende sokugcina ku-B-flat enkulu siwumphumela womugqa owodwa wokuthuthuka. Ku-quartet ku-D minor, p. 7 kwakhiwa i-arch: umjikelezo uphetha ngokuphindaphinda kwendikimba yengxenye yokuqala. I-fugue ephindwe kabili yesiphetho se-quartet ku-C enkulu, op. 5 ihlanganisa indikimba yendaba yale ngxenye.
Ezinye izindlela nezici zolimi lomculo lukaTaneyev, ngokuyinhloko i-polyphony, zinokubaluleka okufanayo okusebenzayo. Akungabazeki ukuhlobana phakathi kokucabanga okuningi komqambi kanye nokukhanga kwakhe eqenjini lezinsimbi kanye nekhwaya (noma iqoqo lamazwi) njengezinhlobo ezihamba phambili. Imigqa yomculo womculo wezinsimbi ezine noma ezinhlanu noma amazwi acatshangelwe futhi anquma indima ehamba phambili yetimu, etholakala kunoma iyiphi i-polyphony. Uxhumo oluvelayo oluhlukile-thematic lubonisiwe futhi, ngakolunye uhlangothi, lunikeze isistimu ye-monothematic yokwakha imijikelezo. Ubunye be-intonational-thematic, i-monothematism njengesimiso somculo nesimangalisayo kanye ne-polyphony njengendlela ebaluleke kakhulu yokuthuthukisa imicabango yomculo i-triad, izingxenye zazo ezingenakuhlukaniswa emculweni kaTaneyev.
Umuntu angakhuluma ngokuthambekela kukaTaneyev ku-linearism ngokuyinhloko mayelana nezinqubo ze-polyphonic, isimo se-polyphonic sokucabanga kwakhe komculo. Amazwi amane noma amahlanu alinganayo e-quartet, i-quintet, i-choir asikisela, phakathi kwezinye izinto, i-bass ye-melodically mobile, okuthi, ngokubonakaliswa okucacile kwemisebenzi ye-harmonic, ikhawulela "ukuba namandla onke" kokugcina. "Ngomculo wanamuhla, ukuvumelana kwawo kancane kancane kulahlekelwa uxhumano lwe-tonal, amandla okubopha amafomu aphikisanayo kufanele abe yigugu kakhulu," kubhala uTaneyev, embula, njengakwezinye izimo, ubunye bokuqonda kwethiyori kanye nokusebenza kokudala.
Kanye nokuqhathanisa, i-polyphony yokulingisa ibaluleke kakhulu. Ama-Fugues nama-fugue amafomu, njengomsebenzi kaTaneyev ewonke, ayingxube eyinkimbinkimbi. U-SS Skrebkov wabhala "ngezici zokwenziwa" zamafugues kaTaneyev esebenzisa isibonelo sezintambo ze-quintets. Inqubo kaTaneyev ye-polyphonic ingaphansi kwemisebenzi yobuciko ephelele, futhi lokhu kufakazelwa ngokungaqondile yiqiniso lokuthi eminyakeni yakhe evuthiwe (ngaphandle nje kuphela - i-fugue emjikelezweni wepiyano op. 29) akazange abhale ama-fugues azimele. I-Taneyev's instrumental fugues iyingxenye noma ingxenye yefomu elikhulu noma umjikelezo. Kulokhu ulandela amasiko kaMozart, uBeethoven, futhi ngokwengxenye uSchumann, ewathuthukisa futhi ewacebisa. Kunezinhlobo eziningi ze-fugue emijikelezweni yekamelo likaTaneyev, futhi zivela, njengomthetho, kowamanqamu, ngaphezu kwalokho, ku-reprise noma i-coda (i-quartet ku-C enkulu op. 5, i-string quintet op. 16, i-piano quartet op. 20) . Ukuqiniswa kwezigaba zokugcina ngamafugues nakho kwenzeka emijikelezweni eguquguqukayo (isibonelo, kuchungechunge lwe-quintet op. 14). Ukuthambekela kokwenza izinto ngokujwayelekile kufakazelwa ukuzibophezela komqambi kuma-fugues amnyama, futhi lokhu okugcina kuvame ukuhlanganisa i-thematic hhayi kuphela isiphetho ngokwaso, kodwa nezingxenye zangaphambilini. Lokhu kufeza injongo kanye nokuhlangana kwemijikelezo.
Isimo sengqondo esisha kuhlobo lwegumbi luholele ekwandiseni, ekwandiseni i-symphonization yesitayela segumbi, ukukhunjuzwa kwayo ngokusebenzisa amafomu athuthukisiwe ayinkimbinkimbi. Kulo mkhakha wohlobo, ukuguqulwa okuhlukahlukene kwamafomu e-classical kuyabonwa, ngokuyinhloko i-sonata, engasetshenziswa hhayi kuphela ngokwedlulele, kodwa futhi ezingxenyeni ezimaphakathi zomjikelezo. Ngakho-ke, ku-quartet ku-A minor, op. 11, konke ukunyakaza okune kuhlanganisa ifomu le-sonata. I-divertissement (ukunyakaza kwesibili) kuyifomu eliyinkimbinkimbi yokunyakaza okuthathu, lapho ukunyakaza okwedlulele kubhalwe ngefomu le-sonata; ngesikhathi esifanayo, kunezici ze-rondo ku-Divertissement. Ukunyakaza kwesithathu (i-Adagio) isondela kwifomu le-sonata elithuthukisiwe, eliqhathaniseka ngandlela thile nokunyakaza kokuqala kwe-sonata kaSchumann ku-F encane ebukhali. Imvamisa kuba khona ukwehlukaniswa kwemingcele evamile yezingxenye nezigaba ngazinye. Isibonelo, ku-scherzo ye-piano quintet ku-G minor, isigaba sokuqala sibhalwe ngendlela eyinkimbinkimbi enezingxenye ezintathu ngesiqephu, i-trio iyi-fugato yamahhala. Ukuthambekela kokuguqula kuholela ekubonakaleni kwamafomu axubile, "okulungisa" (ingxenye yesithathu ye-quartet ku-A enkulu, op. 13 - enezici ze-tripartite eyinkimbinkimbi kanye ne-rondo), ekuchazeni komuntu ngamunye izingxenye zomjikelezo. (ku-scherzo ye-piano trio ku-D enkulu, op. 22, isigaba sesibili - umjikelezo we-trio - ukuhlukahluka).
Kungacatshangwa ukuthi isimo sengqondo esisebenzayo sikaTaneyev sokudala ezinkingeni zefomu sasiwumsebenzi owenziwe ngokucophelela. Encwadini eya ku-MI Tchaikovsky yango-December 17, 1910, exoxa ngesiqondiso somsebenzi wabanye abaqambi "bamuva" baseNtshonalanga Yurophu, ubuza imibuzo: "Kungani isifiso sezinto ezintsha sinqunyelwe ezindaweni ezimbili kuphela - ukuvumelana nokusetshenziswa kwezinsimbi? Kungani, kanye nalokhu, akuyona nje into entsha emkhakheni we-counterpoint ebonakalayo, kodwa, ngokuphambene nalokho, lesi sici siyancipha kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nesikhathi esidlule? Kungani kungagcini nje ukuthi amathuba atholakala kuzo angathuthuki emkhakheni wamafomu, kodwa amafomu ngokwawo abe mancane futhi awele ekuboleni? Ngesikhathi esifanayo, uTaneyev wayeqiniseka ukuthi ifomu le-sonata "lidlula zonke ezinye ngokuhlukahluka, ukucebile nokuhlukahluka." Ngakho-ke, imibono kanye nomkhuba wokudala womqambi ubonisa i-dialectic yokuzinza nokuguqula ukuthambekela.
Egcizelela "uhlangothi olulodwa" lwentuthuko kanye "nenkohlakalo" yolimi lomculo oluhlotshaniswa nayo, uTaneyev uyanezela encwadini ecashuniwe eya ku-MI Tchaikovsky: ku-novelty. Ngokuphambene nalokho, ngibheka ukuphindwaphindwa kwalokho okwashiwo kudala njengento engenamsebenzi, futhi ukungabi khona koqobo ekuqanjweni kungenza ngingabi nandaba nakho ngokuphelele <...>. Kungenzeka ukuthi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi izinto ezintsha ezikhona zizogcina ziholele ekuzalweni kabusha kolimi lomculo, njengoba nje ukonakala kolimi lwesiLatini ngamaqaba kwaholela emakhulwini eminyaka ambalwa kamuva ekuveleni kwezilimi ezintsha.
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"Inkathi kaTaneyev" akuyona eyodwa, kodwa okungenani izinkathi ezimbili. Izingoma zakhe zokuqala, zentsha "zineminyaka efanayo" njengezincwadi zokuqala zikaTchaikovsky, kanti lezi zamuva zadalwa kanyekanye nama-opses avuthiwe kaStravinsky, uMyaskovsky, Prokofiev. U-Taneyev wakhula futhi wathatha amashumi eminyaka lapho izikhundla zothando lomculo ziqinile futhi, omunye angase athi, ubuswa. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ebona izinqubo zesikhathi esizayo esiseduze, umqambi wabonisa ukuthambekela ekuvuseleleni izinkambiso zakudala kanye ne-baroque, eyazibonakalisa ngesiJalimane (Brahms futhi ikakhulukazi kamuva iReger) nesiFulentshi (uFrank, d'Andy) umculo.
Ukuvela kukaTaneyev kwezinkathi ezimbili kwabangela idrama yempilo ephumelelayo yangaphandle, ukungaqondi kahle izifiso zakhe ngisho nabaculi abaseduze. Imibono yakhe eminingi, akuthandayo, izinkanuko zakhe kwakubonakala kuyinqaba ngaleso sikhathi, kunqanyuliwe kuyiqiniso elizungezile lobuciko, ngisho nokubuyela emuva. Ibanga elingokomlando lenza kube nokwenzeka "ukulingana" noTaneyev esithombeni sokuphila kwakhe kwangaleso sikhathi. Kuvela ukuthi ukuxhumana kwayo nezidingo eziyinhloko kanye nemikhuba yesiko lesizwe kuyizinto eziphilayo futhi eziningi, nakuba zingaqambi amanga ebusweni. Taneyev, nazo zonke okwakhe, izici eziyisisekelo umbono wakhe wezwe nesimo sengqondo, - indodana yesikhathi sakhe nezwe lakubo. Okuhlangenwe nakho kokuthuthuka kobuciko ekhulwini lesi-XNUMX kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukubona izici ezithembisayo zomculi olindele leli khulu leminyaka.
Ngenxa yazo zonke lezi zizathu, impilo yomculo kaTaneyev kusukela ekuqaleni yayinzima kakhulu, futhi lokhu kwabonakala kokubili ekusebenzeni kwemisebenzi yakhe (inombolo kanye nekhwalithi yemidlalo), kanye nombono wabo ngabantu besikhathi sakhe. Idumela likaTaneyev njengomqambi wemizwa enganele linqunywa ngokwezinga elikhulu ngemibandela yenkathi yakhe. Inani elikhulu lezinto ezibonakalayo linikezwa ukugxeka impilo yonke. Ukubuyekezwa kwembula kokubili umbono wesici kanye nesimo "sokungabi nesikhathi" sobuciko bukaTaneyev. Cishe bonke abagxeki abavelele kakhulu babhala ngoTaneyev: Ts. A. Cui, GA Larosh, ND Kashkin, bese kuba SN Kruglikov, VG Karatygin, Yu. Findeizen, AV Ossovsky, LL Sabaneev nabanye. Izibuyekezo ezithakazelisa kakhulu ziqukethwe ezincwadini eziya kuTaneyev nguTchaikovsky, Glazunov, ngezinhlamvu kanye nethi "Chronicles ..." kaRimsky-Korsakov.
Kunezinqumo eziningi ezihlakaniphile ezihlokweni nasezibuyekezweni. Cishe wonke umuntu ushaye indesheni ngobungcweti obuvelele bomqambi. Kodwa akubalulekile kangako “amakhasi okungezwani”. Futhi uma, maqondana nemisebenzi yokuqala, izihlamba eziningi ze-rationalism, ukulingiswa kwama-classics kuyaqondakala futhi ngokwezinga elithile kulungile, khona-ke izindatshana zama-90s nasekuqaleni kwawo-900 zinohlobo oluhlukile. Lokhu ikakhulukazi ukugxekwa okuvela ezikhundleni zokuthandana futhi, ngokuhlobene ne-opera, ukuba ngokoqobo kwengqondo. Ukulinganiswa kwezitayela zesikhathi esidlule bekungakahlolwa njengephethini futhi kwabonwa njengokungalingani kwe-retrospective noma kwesitayela, i-heterogeneity. Umfundi, umngane, umbhali wezihloko kanye nezikhumbuzo mayelana Taneyev - Yu. D. Engel wabhala encwadini yezidumbu: “Ngokulandela uScriabin, umsunguli womculo wesikhathi esizayo, ukufa kuthatha uTaneyev, obuciko bakhe babugxile kakhulu emibonweni yomculo yakudala.”
Kodwa eshumini lesibili lekhulu le-1913, kwase kuvele isisekelo sokuqonda okuphelele kwezinkinga zomlando nesitayela somculo kaTaneyev. Kulokhu, okuthakazelisayo yizihloko ze-VG Karatygin, hhayi kuphela ezinikezelwe kuTaneyev. Esihlokweni sama-XNUMX esithi, "Amathrendi amasha Kakhulu Emculweni WaseNtshonalanga Yurophu," uxhumanisa - ekhuluma ikakhulukazi ngoFrank noReger - ukuvuselelwa kwemikhuba yakudala "nomculo wesimanje". Kwesinye isihloko, umgxeki uveze umbono onezithelo ngoTaneyev njengomlandeli oqondile komunye wemigqa yefa likaGlinka. Uma kuqhathaniswa nomsebenzi womlando weTaneyev noBrahms, i-pathos eyayihlanganisa ukuphakanyiswa kwesiko lasendulo ngesikhathi se-romanticism sekwephuzile, uKaratygin waze waphikisa ngokuthi "ukubaluleka komlando weTaneyev eRussia kungaphezu kwalokho kweBrahms yaseJalimane", lapho “isiko lakudala belilokhu linamandla ngokwedlulele, liqinile futhi livikela”. E-Russia, noma kunjalo, isiko lasendulo ngempela, elivela ku-Glinka, lalingathuthukisiwe kakhulu kuneminye imigqa yobuciko bukaGlinka. Nokho, esihlokweni esifanayo, uKaratygin uchaza uTaneyev njengomqambi, “emva kweminyaka engamakhulu amaningana azalwe emhlabeni”; isizathu sokuntula uthando ngomculo wakhe, umgxeki ubona ukungqubuzana kwawo “nezisekelo zobuciko nezingokwengqondo zesimanjemanje, nezifiso zayo ezigqamile zentuthuko evelele yezakhi ezivumelanayo nezinemibala yobuciko bomculo.” Ukuhlanganiswa kwamagama kaGlinka noTaneyev kwakungenye yemicabango eyintandokazi ka-BV Asafiev, owakha inqwaba yemisebenzi ephathelene noTaneyev futhi wabona emsebenzini wakhe nasemisebenzini yakhe ukuqhubeka kwemikhuba ebaluleke kakhulu yesiko lomculo laseRussia: yayinzima kakhulu emculweni wakhe. umsebenzi, wabe esemenzela yena, ngemva kwamashumi eminyaka ambalwa wokuvela komculo waseRussia ngemva kokushona kukaGlinka, u-SI Taneyev, kokubili ngokwethiyori nangobuciko. Usosayensi lapha usho ukusetshenziswa kobuciko be-polyphonic (kuhlanganise nokubhala okuqinile) kumculo wesiRashiya.
Imiqondo kanye nendlela yokusebenza yomfundi wakhe u-BL Yavorsky yayisekelwe kakhulu ekutadisheni komqambi kaTaneyev nomsebenzi wesayensi.
Ngawo-1940, umqondo wokuxhumana phakathi komsebenzi kaTaneyev nabaqambi baseRussia baseSoviet - N. Ya. Myaskovsky, V. Ya. UShebalin, DD Shostakovich - ophethwe nguVl. V. Protopopov. Imisebenzi yakhe ingumnikelo obaluleke kakhulu ekutadisheni isitayela nolimi lomculo lukaTaneyev ngemuva kwe-Asafiev, kanye nokuqoqwa kwezindatshana ezihlanganiswe nguye, ezanyatheliswa ngo-1947, zasebenza njenge-monograph ehlangene. Izinto eziningi ezihlanganisa impilo nomsebenzi kaTaneyev ziqukethwe encwadini ebhaliwe ye-biography ka-GB Bernandt. I-monograph ka-LZ Korabelnikova ethi "Ukudala kwe-SI Taneyev: Ucwaningo Lomlando Nesitayela" lunikezelwe ekucatshangelweni kwezinkinga zomlando nesitayela sefa lomqambi kaTaneyev ngesisekelo sengobo yakhe ecebile kakhulu nakumongo wesiko lobuciko lenkathi.
Ukwenziwa samuntu kokuxhumana phakathi kwamakhulu amabili eminyaka - izinkathi ezimbili, isiko elivuselelwe njalo, uTaneyev walwela "ukuya ogwini olusha" ngendlela yakhe, futhi imibono yakhe eminingi kanye nokuvela komuntu kwafinyelela ogwini lwesimanje.
L. Korabelnikova
- Ubuciko be-Chamber-instrumental be-Taneyev →
- Izothando zikaTaneyev →
- Imisebenzi yamakhwaya kaTaneyev →
- Amanothi kaTaneyev emaphethelweni e-clavier ye-Queen of Spades
