Icilongo: idivayisi yensimbi, umlando, umsindo, izinhlobo, indlela yokudlala, ukusetshenziswa

Amalungu amaningi eqembu le-brass awawona owomculo. Abantu babedinga ukuthi banikeze amasignali ngesikhathi sokuzingela, ukusondela engozini, ukuqoqa imikhankaso yezempi. Ipayipi alihlukile. Kepha kusukela ekuqaleni kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX, isibe yingxenye ye-orchestra, imisindo ye-symphonic, umculo we-jazz, kanye noyedwa.

Idivayisi yepayipi

Umgomo womsindo wezinsimbi zomculo eziphefumulayo usekunyakazeni nasekuguquguqukeni kwekholomu yomoya ngaphakathi kweshubhu. Uma ithatha isikhathi eside inika umculi amathuba amaningi. Epayipini, inobude obufika ku-150 amasentimitha, kodwa ngenxa yezizathu zokuhlangana igoba kabili, inciphisa ubude bensimbi ibe ngu-50 cm.

Ithubhu inomumo we-cylinder enobubanzi obungaphezu nje kwesentimitha, ikhula kancane kancane, iphenduke ibe yisokhethi. Ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza buyinkimbinkimbi. Kubalulekile ukubala kahle izinga lokunwetshwa kwesokhethi ukuze lihambisane nobude besiteshi esikhulu.

Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi kunepayipi elide kunawo wonke emhlabeni elinobude obungamamitha angu-32 kanye nobubanzi besokhethi obungaphezu kwamamitha angu-5. Kuyacaca ukuthi umuntu ngeke akwazi ukudlala kuyona. Umoya unikezwa esiteshini kusetshenziswa i-compressor.

Ithuluzi liqukethe izingxenye ezintathu: umlomo, ipayipi kanye nensimbi. Kodwa lokhu kuyinto yakudala futhi kude nomqondo ophelele wethuluzi. Eqinisweni, kunezingxenye ezibaluleke kakhulu kuwo. Phakathi kwemininingwane:

• umlomo - uxhuma ama-ear pads esiteshini esikhulu;
• imiqhele yokuqala, yesibili, yesithathu kanye ne-tuning - ngosizo lomqhele wesistimu jikelele kanye nokwandiswa kwayo, ithuluzi liyalungiswa, okunye kusetshenziselwa ukugcinwa;
• ama-valve - uhlelo lwama-valve, lapho luvaliwe, ushintsho kumphumela womsindo lwenzeka;
• i-drain valve - idivayisi yezobuchwepheshe engabandakanyeki ekukhishweni komsindo.

Amashubhu kanye nezingxenye zensimbi zenziwe ngokuyinhloko ngama-alloys ethusi nethusi, ukukhanya komzimba kunikezwa nge-lacquer, nickel noma isiliva plating.

Umlando wethuluzi

Izinsimbi zomoya zavela kudala ngaphambi kokusungulwa kwezinsimbi zomculo. Kuyaziwa ukuthi abantu bafunda ukushaya icilongo emakhulwini amathathu eminyaka ngaphambi kwenkathi yethu. EGibhithe lasendulo, kwakukhona ubuchwepheshe obukhethekile lapho amapayipi ayengenziwa ephepheni elilodwa lensimbi.

Lapho kumbiwa eGibhithe, kwatholakala amapayipi enziwe ngokhuni namagobolondo. Futhi ethuneni likaTutankhamun, amathuluzi enziwe ngesiliva nethusi atholakala.

NgeNkathi Ephakathi, wonke amabutho ayehlome abashaya amacilongo, umsebenzi wabo oyinhloko kwakuwukudlulisela imiyalo yebutho lempi. Phakathi kwezimpi, leli thuluzi lalisetshenziselwa ukuheha izibukeli emiqhudelwaneni ye-jousting nasemaholidini. Umsindo wayo wazisa izakhamuzi zasemadolobheni mayelana nokufika kwabantu ababalulekile noma isidingo sokuhlangana esigcawini ukuze bamemezele imithetho.

Esikhathini se-Baroque, ukuqala komculo wezemfundo waseYurophu kuyaqala. Ukukhala kwecilongo kufakwe okokuqala ngqa kuma-orchestra. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi insimbi yenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukukhipha isikali se-diatonic kuphela, kwavela abaculi abawazi kahle le nqubo ngokushintsha indawo yezindebe.

Kepha ekupheleni kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX, izinsimbi zomculo ezinezintambo nezinomculo zachuma, futhi icilongo, elilinganiselwe emandleni alo okusebenza, lafiphala ngemuva ku-orchestra. Iphinde iqale ukuzwakala ngokukhuthele kuphela eduze maphakathi nekhulu lesi-XNUMX. Ngalesi sikhathi, izingcweti zase ziwuthuthukisile umklamo ngokufaka isimiso sama-valve esinama-valve amathathu kuwo. Bandise amakhono ensimbi, beyivumela ukuthi iguqule isikali, yehlise umsindo ngethoni, i-semitone nethoni nesigamu. Icilongo lithole ikhono lokukhipha isikali se-chromatic, futhi ngemva kwenani lokuthuthukiswa kwedivayisi, inkinga yokukhuluma kahle nokushintsha kwe-timbre yaxazululwa.

Umlando wezinsimbi zomculo zethusi wazi abaningi abashaya amacilongo abavelele. Phakathi kwabo kukhona uMaurice André, owaziwa ngokuthi “umshayi-cilongo wekhulu lama-200.” Uphathe icilongo njengenye yezinsimbi zekhonsathi eziphambili, efundiswa eParis Conservatory, futhi waqopha amadiski angaphezu kuka-XNUMX. Abanye abashaya amacilongo abadumile bahlanganisa uLouis Armstrong, uFreddie Hubbard, uSergey Nakaryakov, u-Arturo Sandoval.

Uhlelo, ububanzi, amarejista

Okuyinhloko ku-orchestra yicilongo ohlelweni "B-flat" - "Yenza". Amanothi abhalwe ku-treble clef ithoni ephakeme kunomsindo wangempela. Kurejista engezansi, insimbi ikhiqiza umsindo odangele, phakathi - okuthambile (upiyano), impi, ephikelelayo (forte). Kwirejista ephezulu, icilongo libiza umlaleli ngomsindo ozwakalayo, ogqamile.

Kurejista ephakathi, icilongo libonisa amathuba okudlula amangalisayo, ngenxa yokuhamba kwalo kobuchwepheshe likuvumela ukuthi uqambe i-arpeggios.

EYurophu naseMelika, "i-analogue" yaleli thuluzi ohlelweni "Yenza" ithole ukusatshalaliswa okukhulu kakhulu. Abaculi baseNtshonalanga bathola izinzuzo eziningi zokusetshenziswa kwayo, ukukhululeka kokukhiqizwa komsindo kurejista ephezulu kanye nekhono lokubona ububanzi ukusuka ku-“Mi” we-octave encane ukuya ku-“C” kweyesithathu.

Izinhlobo zamapayipi

Ezinye izinhlobo zamapayipi azisetshenziswa kakhulu:

• i-alto - izinhlobonhlobo zisetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza imisindo yerejista ephansi, uhlelo lwe-"Sol", ngokuvamile ku-orchestra ye-symphony lolu hlobo luthatha indawo ye-flugelhorn;
• i-piccolo - imodeli ethuthukisiwe ene-valve eyengeziwe, ehlelwe "Sol" noma "La", inomlomo omncane;
• i-bass - ishunwe ku-"C", kodwa iyakwazi ukuzwakala i-octave ephansi kunaleyo yepayipi evamile.

Kuma-orchestra esimanje e-symphony, icilongo le-bass cishe alikaze lisetshenziswe; ithathelwa indawo itrombone.

Dlala indlela

Umculi ubamba insimbi ngesandla sakhe sobunxele, kwesokudla usebenza ohlelweni lwe-valve. Ukuze ufunde ukuthi udlalwa kanjani, udinga ukuqonda ukuthi ukukhishwa kwe-harmonics kwenzeka ngenxa ye-embouchure, okungukuthi, izinguquko endaweni yezindebe, ulimi, nemisipha yobuso. Izindebe ngesikhathi sokukhipha umsindo zithola ukuqina okuthile, zishube. Kulokhu, umculi wehlisa umsindo ngama-valve.

Ngenxa yokuthi ukusetshenziswa kokuphefumula ngesikhathi sokusebenza komculo ngecilongo kuncane, insimbi ikuvumela ukuthi wenze amasu ahlukahlukene, amavesi, i-arpeggios. Ukuhlukahluka okukhazimulayo kwe-staccato kuyabonakala kurejista ephakathi.

Ochwepheshe basebenzisa amathuluzi akhethekile abizwa ngokuthi yi-mutes futhi afakwa ensimbi. Kuye ngokuma kwesimungulu, icilongo lizozwakala lithule noma lizwakala kakhulu. Ngakho-ke ku-jazz, "i-fungus" isetshenziswa kaningi, okwenza umsindo uthambile, u-velvety.

Ukusetshenziswa kwamapayipi

Insimbi enkulu ye-orchestra isetshenziswa emculweni ukuyinikeza umlingisi omangalisayo, ukudala ukungezwani. Umsindo uzwakala kakhulu, ngisho noma uzwakala uthule. Ngakho-ke, icilongo ekuqanjweni limelela izithombe zobuqhawe.

Namuhla, abashaya amacilongo bangacula bebodwa, noma bahlanganise wonke ama-orchestra. Ngo-2006, kwacula iqoqo labashayi bamacilongo abangu-1166 e-Oruro, eBolivia. Ufakwe emlandweni womculo njengoba ebaningi kakhulu.

Insimbi isetshenziswa ezinhlotsheni ezahlukene zomculo. Uyilungu laphakade le-jazz, i-symphony nebhendi yethusi, imisindo yakhe iqinisekile ukuthi ihambisana nama-parade ezempi.

Abashaya amacilongo abaphawulekayo

Abadume kakhulu kwakungabaculi abanekhono elikhaliphile. Phakathi kwezingcweti ezizinikele ekukhangiseni leli thuluzi kukhona u-Arturo Sandaval, owayifunda kusukela eneminyaka engu-12 ubudala futhi wathola imiklomelo ye-Grammy engu-10 ngesikhathi esaphila.

Umshayi wecilongo waseMelika uClark Terry ushiye uphawu lwakhe kusiko le-jazz. Wenza emhlabeni wonke, wanikeza izifundo zamahhala, wayenesu eliyingqayizivele nobuhle.

Ngo-1955, icilongo lomunye umculi we-jazz, u-Dizzy Gillepsy, lathengiswa endalini kaChristie. Ithuluzi elidumile labizwa ngokuthi "i-Martin Committee" futhi lathengiswa ngama-dollar angu-55.

Wonke umuntu uyayazi indaba yomfana ovela emndenini ompofu waseNew York, uLouis Armstrong. Isiphetho sakhe sasinzima, lapho esemusha wenza ubugebengu, weba futhi wayengachitha impilo yakhe yonke ejele. Kodwa ngolunye usuku esikhungweni sokuhlunyeleliswa kwezimilo wezwa icilongo futhi waba nesithakazelo sokutadisha leli thuluzi. Amakhonsathi akhe okuqala ayeyimidlalo yasemgwaqweni, kodwa ngokushesha u-Armstrong waba omunye wabadlali abadume kakhulu, ohlukaniswa ngekhono lakhe elikhazimulayo. ULouis Armstrong unikeze umhlaba ifa eliyingqayizivele lomculo we-jazz.