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kusuka ku-lat. ukuhlukahluka - ukushintsha, ukuhlukahluka

Ifomu lomculo lapho itimu (ngezinye izikhathi izingqikithi ezimbili noma ngaphezulu) yethulwa ngokuphindaphindiwe nezinguquko ekuthunjweni, imodi, ithoni, ukuvumelana, isilinganiso samazwi aphikisanayo, i-timbre (insimbi), njll. Ku-V. ngayinye, hhayi ingxenye eyodwa kuphela (isibonelo, ., ukuthungwa, ukuvumelana, njll.), kodwa futhi nenani lezingxenye ku-aggregate. Ilandelana ngokulandelana, i-V. yenza umjikelezo oguquguqukayo, kodwa ngendlela ebanzi ingahlanganiswa no-c.-l. enye itimu. impahla, bese kuthiwa. umjikelezo wokuhlukahluka ohlakaziwe. Kuzo zombili izimo, ubunye bomjikelezo kunqunywa ukufana kwe-thematics okuvela kubuciko obubodwa. umklamo, kanye nomugqa ophelele wamamuse. ukuthuthukiswa, ukubiza ukusetshenziswa ku-V ngayinye yezindlela ezithile zokuhlukahluka nokunikeza okunengqondo. ukuxhumana okuphelele. V. kungaba njengomkhiqizo ozimele. (I-Tema con variazioni – itimu eno-V.), kanye nengxenye yanoma iyiphi enye instr. noma wok. amafomu (ama-opera, ama-oratorio, ama-cantatas).

Ifomu lika-V line-nar. umsuka. Umsuka wayo ubuyela emuva kulawo masampula engoma yomdabu kanye ne-instr. umculo, lapho umculo washintsha khona ngokuphindaphinda kwe-couplet. Ikakhulukazi ekhuthaza ukwakheka V. ikhorasi. ingoma, lapho, ngobuwena noma ukufana kwenhloko. iculo, kunezinguquko eziqhubekayo kwamanye amazwi okuthungwa kwekhwaya. Izinhlobo ezinjalo zokuhlukahluka ziyisici sama-polygol athuthukisiwe. amasiko - isiRashiya, imithwalo, nabanye abaningi. njll. Endaweni ye-nar. instr. ukuhluka komculo kubonakale kumabhantshi abhanqiwe. imidanso, kamuva eyaba yisisekelo semidanso. ama-suites. Nakuba ukuhluka ku-Nar. umculo uvame ukuvela ngendlela ethuthukisiwe, lokhu akuphazamisi ukwakheka kokuhlukahluka. imijikelezo.

Kuphrof. Ukuhluka kwesiko lomculo laseNtshonalanga Yurophu. inqubo yaqala ukwakheka phakathi kwabaqambi ababhala ngokuphambene. isitayela esiqinile. I-Cantus firmus yayihambisana ne-polyphonic. amazwi aboleka amaphimbo akhe, kodwa abethula ngendlela ehlukahlukene - ngokuncipha, ukwanda, ukuguqulwa, ngesigqi esishintshile. ukudweba, njll. Iqhaza lokulungiselela liphinde libe lezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zomculo we-lute no-clavier. Itimu eno-V. esikhathini samanje. Ukuqonda kwaleli fomu kwavela, ngokusobala, ekhulwini le-16, lapho i-passacaglia ne-chaconnes ibonakala, imele i-V. ku-bass engashintshiwe (bheka i-Basso ostinato). J. Frescobaldi, G. Purcell, A. Vivaldi, JS Bach, GF Handel, F. Couperin nabanye abaqambi bekhulu le-17-18. lisetshenziswa kabanzi leli fomu. Ngaso leso sikhathi, izingqikithi zomculo zathuthukiswa ezihlokweni zezingoma ezibolekwe emculweni odumile (V. esihlokweni seculo elithi “Ipayipi Lomshayeli” ka-W. Byrd) noma elaqanjwa umlobi u-V. (JS Bach, Aria kusukela ku-30th. ikhulunyaka). Lolu hlobo lwe-V. lwaba lusabalele esitezi sesi-2. Ikhulu le-18 nele-19 emsebenzini ka-J. Haydn, WA ​​Mozart, L. Beethoven, F. Schubert kanye nabaqambi bakamuva. Bakha imikhiqizo ehlukahlukene ezimele. ngesimo se-V., ngokuvamile ngezindikimba ezibolekiwe, futhi u-V. wethulwa ku-sonata-symphony. imijikelezo njengenye yezingxenye (ezimweni ezinjalo, itimu yayivame ukuqanjwa ngumqambi ngokwakhe). Isici esikhethekile ukusetshenziswa kwe-V. kowamanqamu ukuqedela umjikelezo. amafomu (i-symphony ka-Haydn No. 31, i-quartet kaMozart ku-d-moll, K.-V. 421, ama-symphonies kaBeethoven No. 3 no-9, Brahms 'No. 4). Ekhonsathini ukuzijwayeza 18 kanye 1st floor. Ikhulu le-19 leminyaka u-V. wayesebenza njalo njengendlela yokuthuthukisa: WA ​​Mozart, L. Beethoven, N. Paganini, F. Liszt nabanye abaningi. abanye bayithuthukisile ngokumangalisayo i-V. endikimbeni ekhethiwe.

Ukuqala kokuhlukahluka. imijikelezo in Russian Prof. umculo utholakala ku-polygoal. izinhlelo zemiculo ye-znamenny nezinye izingoma, lapho ukuvumelanisa kwakuhlukahluka ngokuphindaphinda kwe-couplet yengoma (ngasekupheleni kwe-17 - ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-18). Lawa mafomu ashiye uphawu lwawo ekukhiqizeni. izingxenye isitayela kanye nekhwaya. ikhonsathi 2nd floor. Ikhulu le-18 (MS Berezovsky). Ngokuvumelana. 18 - cela. Ikhulu le-19 inqwaba ye-V. yadalwa ngezihloko zesiRashiya. izingoma - zepianoforte, zeviolin (IE Khandoshkin), njll.

Emisebenzini yakamuva kaL. Beethoven nasezikhathini ezalandela, izindlela ezintsha zabonakala ekuthuthukisweni kokuhlukahluka. imijikelezo. ENtshonalanga Yurophu. Umculo we-V. waqala ukuhunyushwa ngokukhululekile kunangaphambili, ukuncika kwabo esihlokweni kwehla, amafomu ohlobo avela ku-V., ukuhlukahluka. umjikelezo ufaniswa suite. Emculweni we-classic waseRussia, ekuqaleni ngo-wok., futhi kamuva nge-instrumental, u-MI Glinka nabalandeli bakhe basungula uhlobo olukhethekile lokuhlukahluka. umjikelezo, lapho iculo letimu lahlala lingashintshile, kuyilapho ezinye izingxenye zihluka. Amasampula okwehluka okunjalo atholakala eNtshonalanga nguJ. Haydn nabanye.

Kuye ngesilinganiso sesakhiwo sesihloko kanye ne-V., kunezisekelo ezimbili eziyisisekelo. uhlobo oluhlukile. imijikelezo: eyokuqala, lapho isihloko kanye no-V. zinesakhiwo esifanayo, kanti eyesibili, lapho ukwakheka kwesihloko kanye no-V. kuhlukile. Uhlobo lokuqala kufanele lufake i-V. ku-Basso ostinato, yakudala. V. (ngezinye izikhathi okubizwa ngokuthi okuqinile) kumatimu engoma kanye no-V. ngomculo ongaguquki. Ku-V. eqinile, ngaphezu kwesakhiwo, imitha kanye ne-harmonic ngokuvamile kugcinwa. uhlelo lwetimu, ngakho-ke lubonakala kalula ngisho nangokuhluka okukhulu kakhulu. Ku-vari. Emijikelezweni yohlobo lwesibili (lokho okubizwa ngokuthi i-V. yamahhala), ukuxhumana kwe-V. nendikimba kuba buthaka ngokuphawulekayo njengoba kwenzeka. Ngayinye ye-V. ngokuvamile inemitha yayo nokuvumelana. ahlele futhi aveze izici ze-k.-l. uhlobo olusha, oluthinta imvelo yetimu namamyuziyamu. ukuthuthukiswa; ukufana ngetimu kugcinwa ngenxa yephimbo. ubunye.

Kukhona futhi ukuchezuka kulezi zisekelo. izimpawu zokuhlukahluka. amafomu. Ngakho-ke, ku-V. yohlobo lokuqala, isakhiwo ngezinye izikhathi siyashintsha uma siqhathaniswa nendikimba, nakuba ngokwemibandela yokuthungwa abahambi ngaphezu kwemingcele yalolu hlobo; kwe vari. Emijikelezweni yohlobo lwesibili, isakhiwo, imitha, nokuvumelana ngezinye izikhathi kugcinwa ku-V. yokuqala yomjikelezo futhi kushintshe kuphela kwezilandelayo. Ngokusekelwe ekuxhumaneni kwe-diff. izinhlobo nezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlobonhlobo. imijikelezo, kwakheka uhlobo lwemikhiqizo ethile. isikhathi esisha (i-sonata yokugcina yepiyano No 2 kaShostakovich).

Ukuhlukahluka Kokwakheka. imijikelezo yohlobo lokuqala inqunywa ubunye bokuqukethwe okungokomfanekiso: V. veza ubuciko. amathuba etimu kanye nezakhi zayo ezivezayo, ngenxa yalokho, iyathuthuka, iguquguquke, kodwa ihlanganiswe ubunjalo beminyuziyamu. isithombe. Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-V. emjikelezweni kwezinye izimo kunikeza ukusheshisa kancane kancane kwesigqi. ukunyakaza (i-Handel's Passacaglia ku-g-moll, i-Andante evela ku-Beethoven's sonata op. 57), kwezinye - isibuyekezo sezindwangu ze-polygonal (i-Bach's aria enokuhlukahluka okungu-30, ukunyakaza okuhamba kancane kusuka ku-Haydn's quartet op. 76 No 3) noma ukuthuthukiswa okuhlelekile kwe amaphimbo etimu, aqala anyakaziswa ngokukhululekile, abese ehlangana ndawonye (ukunyakaza kokuqala kwe-sonata kaBeethoven op. 1). Lesi sakamuva sixhunywe nesiko elide lokuqeda ukuhlukahluka. umjikelezo ngokubamba itimu (da capo). U-Beethoven wayevame ukusebenzisa le nqubo, eletha ukuthungwa kokunye kokuhluka kokugcina (26 V. c-moll) eduze nendikimba noma ukubuyisela ingqikithi esiphethweni. izingxenye zomjikelezo (V. esihlokweni semashi evela “Emanxiweni Ase-Athene”). Eyokugcina (eyokugcina) V. ivamise ukuba banzi ngefomu futhi ishesha ku-tempo kunendikimba, futhi yenza indima ye-coda, edingekayo ikakhulukazi ekuzimele. imisebenzi ebhalwe ngendlela ye-V. Ngokuphambene, i-Mozart yethula i-V. eyodwa ngaphambi kwesiphetho se-tempo kanye nomlingiswa ka-Adagio, okube nesandla ekukhethweni okugqame kakhudlwana kwe-V yokugcina esheshayo. Ukwethulwa kwe-mode-contrasting V. noma iqembu V. phakathi nendawo yomjikelezo lakha isakhiwo sezingxenye ezintathu. Ukulandelana okuvelayo: okuncane - okukhulu - okuncane (32 V. Beethoven, isiphetho se-symphony kaBrahms No. 32) noma enkulu - encane - enkulu (sonata A-dur Mozart, K.-V. 4) inothisa okuqukethwe kwezinhlobonhlobo. ijikeleza futhi iletha ukuvumelana ngendlela yayo. Kwezinye izinguquko. imijikelezo, ukuhluka kwe-modal kwethulwa izikhathi ezingu-331-2 (izinguquko zika-Beethoven endikimbeni ye-ballet ethi “The Forest Girl”). Emijikelezweni kaMozart, ukwakheka kwe-V. kunothiswa ngokugqama kwemibhalo, kwethulwa lapho itimu ingenakho (V. ku-piano sonata A-dur, K.-V. 3, ku-serenade ye-orchestra B-dur, K.-V. 331). Uhlobo "lohlelo lwesibili" lwefomu luyakhula, olubaluleke kakhulu ezinhlobonhlobo zemibala nobubanzi bokuthuthuka kokuhlukahluka okuvamile. Kweminye imikhiqizo. I-Mozart ihlanganisa i-V. nokuqhubeka kwe-harmonics. izinguquko (attaca), ngaphandle kokuchezuka ekwakhekeni kwesihloko. Ngenxa yalokho, kwakheka uketshezi oluyinhlanganisela-inhlanganisela yefomu phakathi komjikelezo, okuhlanganisa i-B.-Adagio kanye nesiphetho esivame ukutholakala ekupheleni komjikelezo (“Je suis Lindor”, “Salve tu, Domine”, K. -V. 361, 354, njll.) . Ukwethulwa kwe-Adagio kanye neziphetho ezisheshayo kukhombisa ukuxhumana nemijikelezo ye-sonata, ithonya labo emijikelezweni ye-V.

I-tonality ye-V. ku-classical. umculo wekhulu le-18 nele-19. ngokuvamile okufanayo kwakugcinwe njengendikimba, futhi umehluko we-modal wethulwa ngesisekelo se-tonic evamile, kodwa kakade F. Schubert ngokuhlukahluka okukhulu. imijikelezo yaqala ukusebenzisa i-tonality yesinyathelo esiphansi se-VI ku-V., ngokushesha ilandela encane, futhi ngaleyo ndlela yeqa imingcele ye-tonic eyodwa (i-Andante evela ku-Trout quintet). Kubabhali bakamuva, ukuhlukahluka kwamathoni ngokuhlukahluka. imijikelezo iyathuthukiswa (i-Brahms, V. kanye ne-fugue op. 24 esihlokweni se-Handel) noma, ngokuphambene, ibuthakathaka; esimweni sokugcina, ingcebo ye-harmonics isebenza njengesinxephezelo. nokuhlukahluka kwe-timbre (“Bolero” ka-Ravel).

Wok. V. ngomculo ofanayo ngesiRashiya. abaqambi nabo bahlanganisa ukukhanya. umbhalo owethula indaba eyodwa. Ekuthuthukisweni kwe-V., izithombe ngezinye izikhathi ziyavela. izikhathi ezihambisana nokuqukethwe kombhalo (ikwaya yasePheresiya evela ku-opera "Ruslan noLyudmila", ingoma kaVarlaam evela ku-opera "Boris Godunov"). Izinguquko ezivulekile nazo zingenzeka ku-opera. imijikelezo, uma ifomu elinjalo lishiwo umbhali wemidlalo yeshashalazi. isimo (isigameko eqhugwaneni "Ngakho-ke, ngangihlala" kusukela ku-opera "Ivan Susanin", i-chorus "O, inkathazo iyeza, abantu" kusukela ku-opera "Inganekwane Yedolobha Elingabonakali laseKitezh").

Ukuhluka. amafomu ohlobo loku-1 ancikene ne-V.-double, elandela itimu futhi ikhawulelwe kweyodwa yezethulo zayo ezihlukahlukene (akuvamile ukuba zibe ezimbili). Okuhlukile. abawenzi umjikelezo, ngoba abanako ukuphelela; ukuthatha kungahamba ukuthatha II, njll. In instr. umculo wekhulu le-18 V.-double ngokuvamile ifakwe ku-suite, ezihlukayo eyodwa noma eziningana. imidanso (partita h-moll Bach for violin solo), wok. emculweni, zivela lapho i-couplet iphindaphindiwe (ama-couplets kaTriquet avela ku-opera "Eugene Onegin"). I-V.-double ingabhekwa njengezakhiwo ezimbili eziseduze, ezihlanganiswe isakhiwo esivamile se-thematic. impahla (orc. isingeniso esivela ku-II isithombe sesandulelo ku-opera "Boris Godunov", No1 kusukela "Fleeting" kaProkofiev).

Ukuhlukahluka Kokwakheka. imijikelezo yohlobo lwesibili (“i-V yamahhala.”) inzima kakhulu. Imvelaphi yabo ihlehlela emuva ekhulwini le-2, lapho kwakhiwa i-monothematic suite; kwezinye izimo, imidanso kwakungu-V. (I. Ya. Froberger, “Auf die Mayerin”). U-Bach in partitas – V. ezindikimbeni zamakhwaya – wasebenzisa isethulo samahhala, eqinisa izigaba zomculo wamakhwaya ngezihlanganisi, ngezinye izikhathi ezibanzi kakhulu, futhi ngalokho echezuka esakhiweni sokuqala sekhwaya (“Sei gegrüsset, Jesus gütig”, “Allein Gott in der Höhe sei Ehr”, BWV 17, 768 njll.). Ku-V. yohlobo lwe-771, esukela emuva ekhulwini le-2 nele-19, i-modal-tonal, uhlobo, i-tempo, namaphethini we-metrical athuthukiswa kakhulu. ukuqhathanisa: cishe yonke i-V. imele okuthile okusha kulokhu. Ubunye obuhlobene bomjikelezo busekelwa ukusetshenziswa kwephimbo letimu yesihloko. Kulokhu, i-V. ithuthukisa izingqikithi zayo, ezinokuzimela okuthile kanye nekhono lokuthuthuka. Ngakho-ke ukusetshenziswa ku-V. kwefomu lokuphindaphinda okubili, izingxenye ezintathu, kanye nabanzi, ngisho noma itimu yesihloko yayingenayo (V. op. 20 Glazunov yepiyano). Ekuqoqeni ifomu, i-V. ehamba kancane idlala indima ebalulekile kumlingisi we-Adagio, Andante, nocturne, ovame ukuba sesitezi sesi-72. umjikelezo, kanye nesokugcina, edonsa ndawonye izinhlobonhlobo zamaphimbo. impahla yawo wonke umjikelezo. Ngokuvamile i-V. yokugcina inomlingisi wokugcina ogqamile (i-Schumann's Symphonic Etudes, ingxenye yokugcina ye-2rd suite ye-orchestra kanye no-V. ngetimu ye-rococo ka-Tchaikovsky); uma i-V. ibekwe ekugcineni kwe-sonata-symphony. umjikelezo, kungenzeka ukuwahlanganisa ngokuvundlile noma mpo nge-thematic. izinto ezihamba phambili ezihamba phambili (i-Tchaikovsky's trio "In Memory of the Great Artist", i-quartet kaTaneyev No. 3). Okunye ukuhluka. imijikelezo kowamanqamu ine-fugue (symphonic V. op. 3 ka-Dvořák) noma ihlanganisa i-fugue kwenye ye-V. yangaphambi kowamanqamu (78 V. op. 33 ka-Beethoven, ingxenye yesi-120 ye-Tchaikovsky trio).

Kwesinye isikhathi i-V. ibhalwa ezihlokweni ezimbili, kuyaqabukela kwezintathu. Emjikelezweni wobumnyama obubili, i-V. eyodwa yetimu ngayinye iyashintshana ngezikhathi ezithile (i-Andante ne-Haydn's V. ku-f-moll yepiyano, i-Adagio evela ku-Beethoven's Symphony No 9) noma i-V. embalwa (ingxenye ehamba kancane ye-trio op ka-Beethoven. 70 No 2) ). Ifomu lokugcina lilungele ukuhlukahluka kwamahhala. izingoma ezihlokweni ezimbili, lapho u-V. exhunywe khona ngokuxhuma izingxenye (i-Andante evela ku-Beethoven's Symphony No. 5). Esiphethweni se-Beethoven's Symphony No. 9, ebhalwe nge-vari. ifomu, ch. indawo ingeyendikimba yokuqala (“indikimba yenjabulo”), eyamukela ukuhluka okubanzi. ukuthuthukiswa, okuhlanganisa ukuhlukahluka kwethoni kanye ne-fugato; ingqikithi yesibili ivela engxenyeni ephakathi yesiphetho ngezinketho eziningana; ku-general fugue reprise, izingqikithi ziphikisana. Ngakho-ke ukwakheka kwawo wonke isiphetho kumahhala.

Ezindaweni zakudala ze-Russian V. ezihlokweni ezimbili zixhumene nemikhuba. Ifomu lika-V emculweni ongaguquki: indikimba ngayinye ingahluka, kepha ukwakheka sekukonke kuvela kukhululekile ngenxa yokuguqulwa kwethoni, ukuxhumanisa ukwakhiwa kanye nokuphikisana kwezindikimba (“Kamarinskaya” kaGlinka, “ E-Asia Ephakathi" nguBorodin, umkhosi womshado ovela ku-opera "Intombi Yeqhwa" ). Okukhululekile nakakhulu ukubunjwa kwezibonelo ezingavamile ze-V. ezindikimbeni ezintathu: ukukhululeka kwamashifu kanye ne-plexus ye-thematicism yisimo sayo esibalulekile (isigameko esisehlathini eligodliwe kusukela ku-opera ethi The Snow Maiden).

V. yazo zombili izinhlobo ku-sonata-symphony. umkhiqizo. zisetshenziswa kaningi njengendlela yokuhamba kancane (ngaphandle kwemisebenzi eshiwo ngenhla, bheka i-Kreutzer Sonata ne-Allegretto evela ku-Beethoven's Symphony No. 7, i-Schubert's Maiden and Death Quartet, i-Glazunov's Symphony No. 6, amakhonsathi epiyano ka-Prokofiev's Scriabin kanye Cha. I-Symphony No 3 kanye ne-Violin Concerto No 8), ngezinye izikhathi isetshenziswa njengokunyakaza kwe-1st noma isiphetho (izibonelo zishiwo ngenhla). Ezinguqukweni ze-Mozart, eziyingxenye yomjikelezo we-sonata, noma i-B.-Adagio ayikho (i-sonata ye-violin ne-pianoforte Es-dur, i-quartet d-moll, K.-V. 1, 481), noma umjikelezo onjalo ngokwawo ayinazo izingxenye ezihamba kancane (i-sonata yepiyano A-dur, i-sonata ye-violin nepiyano A-dur, K.-V. 421, 331, njll.). I-V. yohlobo lwama-305 ngokuvamile ifakwa njengengxenye ebalulekile kufomu elikhulu, kodwa-ke ayikwazi ukuthola ukuphelela, nokuhlukahluka. umjikelezo uhlala uvulekele ukushintshela kwenye itimu. ingxenye. Idatha ngokulandelana okukodwa, i-V. iyakwazi ukuqhathanisa nenye itimu. izingxenye zefomu elikhulu, eligxile ekuthuthukisweni kwe-muses eyodwa. isithombe. Ibanga lokuhlukahluka. amafomu ancike kwezobuciko. imibono yokukhiqiza. Ngakho-ke, phakathi nengxenye ye-1 ye-Symphony No. 1 kaShostakovich, u-V. wethula isithombe esikhulu sokuhlasela kwesitha, isihloko esifanayo kanye ne-V. ezine phakathi nengxenye yesi-7 ye-Symphony No. 1 kaMyaskovsky udweba ukuzola. isithombe somlingiswa oyingqophamlando. Kusukela ezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlobo ze-polyphonic, umjikelezo we-V. uthatha isimo phakathi nesiphetho se-Prokofiev's Concerto No 25. Isithombe somlingisi odlalayo sivela ku-V. kusukela phakathi kwe-scherzo trio op. 3 Taneva. Maphakathi nendawo kaDebussy “Imigubho” yasebusuku yakhelwe phezu kwendikimba ye-timbre, edlulisa ukunyakaza kodwendwe lwe-carnival olumibalabala. Kuzo zonke izimo ezinjalo, i-V. idonselwa emjikelezweni, ngokuphambene nezigaba ezizungezile zefomu.

Ifomu le-V. ngezinye izikhathi likhethwa ingxenye eyinhloko noma yesibili ku-sonata allegro (i-Jota ka-Glinka yase-Aragon, I-Overture ka-Balakirev Ezindikimbeni Zezingoma Ezintathu ZaseRussia) noma izingxenye ezidlulele zefomu lezingxenye ezintathu eziyinkimbinkimbi (ingxenye yesibili ye-Rimsky - Korsakov sika Scheherazade). Bese V. ukuchayeka. izingxenye zithathwa ku-reprise futhi kwakheka ukuhluka okuhlakazekile. umjikelezo, inkimbinkimbi yokuthungwa ku-Krom isatshalaliswa ngokuhlelekile kuzo zombili izingxenye zayo. I-"Prelude, Fugue and Variation" kaFrank yesitho iyisibonelo sokuhluka okukodwa kokuthi Reprise-B.

Okuhlukile okusabalalisiwe. umjikelezo uthuthuka njengohlelo lwesibili lwefomu, uma i-c.-l. itimu iyahlukahluka ngokuphindaphinda. Mayelana nalokhu, i-rondo inamathuba amahle kakhulu: i-main ebuyayo. itimu yayo sekuyisikhathi eside iyinto eguquguqukayo (isiphetho se-Beethoven's sonata op. 24 ye-violin nepiyano: kukhona ezimbili ze-V. endikimbeni eyinhloko ku-reprise). Kufomu eliyinkimbinkimbi elinezingxenye ezintathu, amathuba afanayo okwakheka kokuhluka okuhlakazekile. imijikelezo ivulwa ngokuhlukahluka kwetimu yokuqala - isikhathi (i-Dvorak - maphakathi nengxenye ye-3 ye-quartet, op. 96). Ukubuya kwendikimba iyakwazi ukugcizelela ukubaluleka kwayo endikimbeni ethuthukisiwe. ukwakheka komkhiqizo, kuyilapho ukushintshashintsha, ukushintsha ukuthungwa kanye nohlamvu lomsindo, kodwa ukulondoloza ingqikithi yetimu, kukuvumela ukuba ujulise inkulumo yayo. incazelo. Ngakho, ku-trio kaTchaikovsky, inhlekelele. ch. itimu, ebuyela ezingxenyeni ze-1 ne-2, ngosizo lokuhlukahluka ilethwa ekupheleni - ukubonakaliswa kokugcina kobuhlungu bokulahlekelwa. E-Largo kusukela ku-Symphony No. 5 kaShostakovich, indikimba edabukisayo (Ob., Fl.) kamuva, lapho yenziwa emvuthwandaba (Vc), ithola umlingisi omangalisayo, futhi ku-coda izwakala inokuthula. Umjikelezo wokuhlukahluka ubamba lapha imicu eyinhloko yomqondo we-Largo.

Izinguquko ezihlakazekile. imijikelezo ivamise ukuba netimu engaphezu kweyodwa. Ngokuphambene nemijikelezo enjalo, ukuguquguquka kwezinto zobuciko kwembulwa. okuqukethwe. Ukubaluleka kwamafomu anjalo ku-lyric kukhulu kakhulu. umkhiqizo. I-Tchaikovsky, i-to-rye igcwele i-V. eminingi, igcina u-ch. itimu yomculo nokushintsha okuhambisana nayo. I-Lyric. U-Andante Tchaikovsky uhluke kakhulu emisebenzini yakhe, ebhalwe ngendlela yetimu ene-V. Ukuhlukahluka kuzo akuholeli ku-c.-l. izinguquko ohlotsheni kanye nemvelo yomculo, nokho, ngokuhlukahluka kwamagama. isithombe sikhuphukela ekuphakameni kwe-symphony. generalizations (ukunyakaza kancane kwama-symphonies No. 4 kanye no-5, pianoforte concerto No. 1, quartet No. 2, sonatas op. 37-bis, phakathi kwenganekwane ye-symphonic "Francesca da Rimini", indikimba yothando ethi "The Tempest ”, i-aria kaJoanna evela ku-opera ethi “Maid of Orleans”, njll.). Ukwakheka kokuhluka okuhlakazekile. umjikelezo, ngakolunye uhlangothi, uwumphumela wokuhluka. izinqubo emculweni. Ifomu, ngakolunye uhlangothi, lincike ekucaceni kwendikimba. izakhiwo zemikhiqizo, incazelo yayo eqinile. Kodwa indlela ehlukile yokuthuthukiswa kwe-thematism ibanzi futhi ihlukahlukene kangangokuthi ayihlali iholela ekwakhiweni kokuhlukahluka. imijikelezo ngomqondo ongokoqobo wegama futhi ingasetshenziswa ngendlela ekhululekile kakhulu.

Kusuka ku-Ser. Ikhulu le-19 V. iba yisisekelo sendlela yemisebenzi eminingi emikhulu ye-symphonic neyekhonsathi, sisebenzisa umqondo obanzi wobuciko, ngezinye izikhathi ngokuqukethwe kohlelo. Lena Umdanso Wokufa ka-Liszt, Ukuhlukahluka kuka-Brahms Kwindikimba ka-Haydn, Ukuhlukahluka kwe-Symphonic ka-Franck, u-Don Quixote ka-R. Strauss, i-Rhapsody ka-Rakhmaninov ethi Theme of Paganini, Ukuhlukahluka Kwetimu Ye-Rus. nar. izingoma ezithi “Wena, insimu yami” ka-Shebalin, “i-Variations and Fugue on a Theme of Purcell” ka-Britten kanye nenani lezinye izingoma. Maqondana nabo kanye nabanye abafana nabo, umuntu kufanele akhulume ngokuhlanganisa ukuhlukahluka nokuthuthukiswa, mayelana nezinhlelo ezihlukile-thematic. ukuhleleka, njll., okulandela ubuciko obuyingqayizivele nobuyinkimbinkimbi. inhloso yomkhiqizo ngamunye.

Ukwehluka njengomgomo noma indlela ngokwetimu. ukuthuthukiswa kuwumqondo obanzi kakhulu futhi kuhlanganisa noma yikuphi ukuphindaphinda okuguquliwe okuhluka nganoma iyiphi indlela ebalulekile kusukela ekwethulweni kokuqala kwesihloko. Itimu kuleli cala iba umculo ozimele. ukwakhiwa okunikeza impahla yokuhlukahluka. Ngalo mqondo, kungaba umusho wokuqala wenkathi, isixhumanisi eside ngokulandelana, i-leitmotif esebenzayo, Nar. ingoma, njll. Ingqikithi yokwehluka ilele ekulondolozweni kwetimu. okuyisisekelo futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo ekucebiseni, ukubuyekezwa kokwakhiwa okuhlukahlukene.

Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zokwehluka: a) ukuphindaphinda okuguquliwe kwetimu. impahla kanye b) nokwethula izakhi ezintsha kuyo, ezivela kwezibalulekile. Ngokohlelo, uhlobo lokuqala luchazwa ngokuthi a + a1, okwesibili ngokuthi ab + ac. Isibonelo, ngezansi kukhona izingcezu zemisebenzi ka-WA ​​Mozart, L. Beethoven kanye no-PI Tchaikovsky.

Esibonelweni esivela ku-sonata kaMozart, ukufana kuyisigqi se-melodic. ukudweba izakhiwo ezimbili kusivumela ukuba simelele okwesibili kubo njengokuhlukahluka kokuqala; ngokuphambene, ku-Beethoven's Largo, imisho ixhunywe kuphela nge-melodic yokuqala. iphimbo, kodwa ukuqhubeka kwalo kuzo kuhlukile; I-Andantino kaTchaikovsky isebenzisa indlela efanayo ne-Beethoven's Largo, kodwa ngokunyuka kobude bomusho wesibili. Kuzo zonke izimo, uhlamvu lwetimu luyagcinwa, ngesikhathi esifanayo luthuthukiswa ngaphakathi ngokuthuthukiswa kwamaphimbo awo okuqala. Usayizi nenombolo yezakhiwo ezithuthukisiwe ziyashintshashintsha kuye ngobuciko obujwayelekile. inhloso yawo wonke umkhiqizo.

PI Tchaikovsky. I-symphony yesi-4, ukunyakaza II.

Ukuhlukahluka kungenye yezimiso ezindala kakhulu zentuthuko, kubusa eNar. umculo kanye nezinhlobo zasendulo u-prof. icala. Ukuhlukahluka kuyisici saseNtshonalanga Yurophu. abaqambi bothando. izikole kanye nesiRashiya. zakudala 19 - zakuqala. Emakhulwini eminyaka angu-20, ingena "amafomu abo amahhala" futhi ingena kumafomu azuzwe njengefa kuma-Viennese yakudala. Ukubonakaliswa kokuhlukahluka ezimweni ezinjalo kungase kuhluke. Isibonelo, u-MI Glinka noma u-R. Schumann bakhela ukuthuthukiswa kwefomu le-sonata kusuka kumayunithi amakhulu alandelanayo (i-overture evela ku-opera "Ruslan noLyudmila", ingxenye yokuqala ye-quartet op. 47 ngu-Schumann). F. Chopin uqhuba i-ch. indikimba ye-E-dur scherzo isathuthukiswa, ishintsha isethulo sayo se-modal nethoni, kodwa ukugcina isakhiwo, u-F. Schubert engxenyeni yokuqala ye-sonata B-dur (1828) yakha itimu entsha ekuthuthukisweni, uyayiqhuba. ngokulandelana (A-dur – H-dur) , bese yakha umusho wamabha amane ukusuka kuwo, ophinde udlulele kokhiye abahlukene ngenkathi igcina i-melodic. umdwebo. Izibonelo ezifanayo emculweni. ama-lit-re awapheli. Ukwehluka, ngakho-ke, sekuyindlela ebalulekile esihlokweni. ukuthuthukiswa lapho ezinye izimiso zokwakha amafomu zihamba phambili, isibonelo. i-sonata. Ekukhiqizeni, idonsela ku-Nar. amafomu, iyakwazi ukubamba izikhundla ezibalulekile. Symphony umdwebo "Sadko", "Night on Bald Mountain" by Mussorgsky, "Eight Russian Folk Songs" by Lyadov, ballets zakuqala Stravinsky kungaba isiqinisekiso salokhu. Ukubaluleka kokuhluka emculweni ka-C. Debussy, M. Ravel, SS Prokofiev kuhle kakhulu. U-DD Shostakovich usebenzisa ukuhlukahluka ngendlela ekhethekile; kuyena kuhlotshaniswa nokwethulwa kwezinto ezintsha, eziqhubekayo zibe itimu ejwayelekile (uhlobo “b”). Ngokuvamile, nomaphi lapho kudingekile ukuthuthukisa, ukuqhubeka, ukuvuselela itimu, usebenzisa amaphimbo ayo, abaqambi baphendukela ekushintsheni.

Amafomu ahlukene ahlanganisa amafomu okuhlukahluka, akha ubumbano lokuqamba kanye nesemantic olususelwe ezinhlobonhlobo zetimu. Ukuthuthukiswa okuhlukile kusho ukuzimela okuthile kwe-melodic. kanye nokunyakaza kwethoni phambi kokuthungwa okuvamile netimu (ngezinhlobo zokuhleleka kokushintshashintsha, ngokuphambene nalokho, ukuthungwa kuba nezinguquko kwasekuqaleni). Itimu, kanye nezinhlobonhlobo, zakha ifomu elibalulekile elihloselwe ukuveza isithombe esivelele somculo. U-Sarabande ovela ku-1st French suite ka-JS Bach, uthando luka-Pauline oluthi “Dear Friends” oluvela ku-opera ethi “The Queen of Spades”, ingoma yesivakashi sase-Varangian ku-opera ethi “Sadko” ingasebenza njengezibonelo zamafomu ahlukahlukene.

Ukushintshashintsha, ukuveza amathuba acacile etimu futhi kuholele ekwakhiweni kwezinto ezingokoqobo. ubuciko. image, ihluke kakhulu ekuhlukeni kochungechunge ku-dodecaphone yesimanje nomculo we-serial. Kulokhu, ukuhlukahluka kuphenduka kube ukufana okusemthethweni nokuhlukahluka kweqiniso.

References: UBerkov V., ukuthuthukiswa kokuvumelana kukaGlinka, encwadini yakhe ethi: Glinka's Harmony, M.-L., 1948, ch. VI; I-Sosnovtsev B., ifomu elihlukile, eqoqweni: I-Saratov State University. Conservatory, Scientific and Methodological Notes, Saratov, 1957; I-Protopopov Vl., Izinguquko ku-opera yakudala yaseRashiya, M., 1957; yakhe, Indlela yokuhlukahluka yokuthuthukiswa kwe-thematism emculweni we-Chopin, ngo-Sat: F. Chopin, M., 1960; Skrebkova OL, Kwezinye izindlela zokuhlukahluka kwe-harmonic emsebenzini ka-Rimsky-Korsakov, ku: Imibuzo Yezomculo, vol. 3, M., 1960; Adigezalova L., Umgomo oguquguqukayo wokuthuthukiswa kwezingqikithi zezingoma emculweni we-symphonic we-Russian Soviet, kokuthi: Imibuzo Yomculo Wesimanje, L., 1963; Müller T., Emjikelezweni wefomu ezingomeni zomdabu zase-Russian eziqoshwe ngu-EE Lineva, kokuthi: Izinqubo zoMnyango Wezinkolelo-mbono Zomculo wase-Moscow. state Conservatory kubo. PI Tchaikovsky, vol. 1, eMoscow, ngo-1960; Budrin B., Imijikelezo yokuhlukahluka emsebenzini kaShostakovich, ku: Imibuzo yefomu lomculo, vol. 1, M., 1967; I-Protopopov Vl., Izinqubo eziguquguqukayo ngendlela yomculo, M., 1967; eyakhe, Ngokuhlukahluka komculo kaShebalin, eqoqweni: V. Ya. Shebalin, M., 1970

Vl. V. Protopopov