Walter Gieseking |

Walter Gieseking

Amasiko amabili, amasiko amabili amakhulu omculo wondla ubuciko bukaWalter Gieseking, ahlanganiswe ekubukekeni kwakhe, amnike izici eziyingqayizivele. Kwaba sengathi isiphetho ngokwaso sasidalelwe ukuthi angene emlandweni womculo wopiyano njengomunye wabahumushi abakhulu bomculo wesiFulentshi futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo omunye wabaculi bokuqala bomculo waseJalimane, lapho ukudlala kwakhe kwanikeza umusa ongajwayelekile, isiFulentshi kuphela. ukukhanya nomusa.

Umdlali wepiyano waseJalimane wazalwa futhi wachitha ubusha bakhe eLyon. Abazali bakhe babenza imithi kanye nesayensi yezinto eziphilayo, futhi ukuthambekela kwesayensi kwadluliselwa endodaneni yakhe - kwaze kwaba sekupheleni kwezinsuku zakhe wayeyisazi sezinyoni esishisekayo. Waqala ukufunda umculo ngokushesha uma kuqhathaniswa, nakuba afunda kusukela eneminyaka engu-4 (njengoba kuyisiko ekhaya elihlakaniphile) ukudlala upiyano. Kungemva kokuba umndeni usuthuthele eHanover, waqala ukufunda kuthisha ovelele u-K. Laimer futhi ngokushesha wangena ekilasini lakhe le-conservatory.

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Ukukhululeka akufunda ngakho kwakumangalisa. Lapho eneminyaka engu-15, wadonsa ukunaka okungaphezu kweminyaka yakhe ngokuchazwa okucashile kwama-ballads amane e-Chopin, wabe esenikeza amakhonsathi ayisithupha ngokulandelana, lapho enza khona wonke ama-sonatas angu-32 kaBeethoven. “Into eyayinzima kakhulu kwakuwukufunda yonke into ngekhanda, kodwa lokhu kwakungenzima kakhulu,” ekhumbula kamuva. Futhi kwakungekho ukuziqhayisa, kungekho nehaba. Impi kanye nenkonzo yezempi kwaphazamisa kafushane izifundo zikaGieseking, kodwa kakade ngo-1918 wathweswa iziqu e-Conservatory futhi ngokushesha wathola ukuthandwa okubanzi. Isisekelo sempumelelo yakhe kwaba kokubili ithalente eliyisimanga kanye nokusebenzisa kwakhe ngokungaguquki endleleni yakhe entsha yokufunda, eyathuthukiswa ngokuhlanganyela nothisha nomngane uKarl Leimer (ngo-1931 banyathelisa izincwajana ezimbili ezincane ezichaza izisekelo zendlela yabo). Ingqikithi yale ndlela, njengoba kwaphawulwa umcwaningi waseSoviet uProfesa G. Kogan, “yayihlanganisa umsebenzi wengqondo ogxile kakhulu emsebenzini, ngokuyinhloko ngaphandle kwethuluzi, kanye nokuxegiswa okukhulu kwemisipha ngokushesha ngemva komzamo ngamunye phakathi nomsebenzi. ” Ngandlela-thile, kodwa i-Gieseknng yathuthukisa inkumbulo eyingqayizivele ngempela, eyamvumela ukuba afunde imisebenzi eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ngesivinini esimangalisayo futhi aqongelele i-repertoire enkulu. "Ngingakwazi ukufunda ngekhanda noma kuphi, ngisho naku-tram: amanothi abhalwe engqondweni yami, futhi lapho efika lapho, akukho lutho oluzowenza anyamalale," evuma.

Ijubane nezindlela zomsebenzi wakhe ezingomeni ezintsha zaziyinganekwane. Basho ukuthi ngolunye usuku, evakashele umqambi uM. Castel Nuovo Tedesco, wabona umbhalo wesandla we-piano suite entsha endaweni yakhe yokubeka upiyano. Ngemva kokuyidlala lapho "ekuboneni", uGieseking wacela amanothi osuku olulodwa futhi wabuya ngakusasa: i-suite yafundwa futhi ngokushesha yazwakala ekhonsathini. Futhi ikhonsathi enzima kakhulu yomunye umqambi wase-Italy u-G. Petrassi Gieseking yafunda ezinsukwini ezingu-10. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inkululeko yobuchwepheshe yomdlalo, eyayizalwa futhi yathuthukiswa phakathi neminyaka, yamnika ithuba lokuzijwayeza kancane - kungabi ngaphezu kwamahora angu-3-4 ngosuku. Ngamafuphi nje, akumangazi ukuthi ingoma yomdlali wepiyano yayingenamingcele kakade ngeminyaka yawo-20s. Indawo ebalulekile kuyo yayithathwe umculo wesimanje, wadlala, ikakhulukazi, imisebenzi eminingi yabalobi baseRussia - Rachmaninoff, Scriabin. I-Prokofiev. Kodwa udumo lwangempela lwamlethela ukusebenza kwemisebenzi kaRavel, Debussy, Mozart.

Ukuhumusha kukaGieseking komsebenzi wezinkanyiso ze-French impressionism kwathinta ukunotha kwemibala okungakaze kubonwe ngaphambili, izithunzi ezinhle kakhulu, impumuzo ejabulisayo yokuphinda ihlanganise yonke imininingwane yendwangu yomculo engaqinile, ikhono "lokumisa umzuzu", ukudlulisela umlaleli yonke imizwa yomqambi, ukugcwala kwesithombe esithathwe nguye kumanothi. Igunya nokuqashelwa kweGieseking kule ndawo kwakungenakuphikiswa kangangokuthi umshayi wopiyano nombhali womlando waseMelika u-A. Chesins wake waphawula mayelana nokudlalwa kwe-“Bergamas Suite” kaDebussy: “Iningi labaculi ababekhona lalingeke libe naso isibindi sokubekela inselele inselele. ilungelo lomshicileli lokubhala : „Indawo yangasese ka-Walter Gieseking. Ungangeni.” Echaza izizathu zokuqhubeka ephumelela ekuculweni komculo wesiFulentshi, uGieseking wabhala: “Sekuye kwazanywa kakade ngokuphindaphindiwe ukuthola ukuthi kungani kumhumushi womdabu waseJalimane kutholakala izinhlangano ezifinyelela kude kangaka nomculo wesiFulentshi ngempela. Impendulo elula futhi, ngaphezu kwalokho, impendulo efingqiwe yalo mbuzo ingaba: umculo awunayo imingcele, uyinkulumo "yesizwe", eqondakala kubo bonke abantu. Uma sibheka lokhu njengeqiniso ngokungenakuphikiswa, futhi uma umthelela wobuciko bomculo obumboze wonke amazwe omhlaba uwumthombo ovuselelwa njalo wenjabulo nokwaneliseka kumculi oculayo, khona-ke lokhu kuyincazelo yendlela esobala kangaka yokubona umculo. … Ekupheleni kuka-1913, e-Hanover Conservatory, u-Karl Leimer wangincoma ukuthi ngifunde “I-Reflections in Water” encwadini yokuqala ethi “Izithombe”. Ngokombono “wombhali”, kungasebenza kahle kakhulu ukukhuluma ngokuqonda okungazelelwe okubonakala sengathi kwenze uguquko engqondweni yami, mayelana nohlobo oluthile “lokuduma” komculo, kodwa iqiniso liyala ukuvuma ukuthi akukho lutho uhlobo olwenzekile. Ngivele ngayithanda kakhulu imisebenzi kaDebussy, ngayithola iyinhle ngokwedlulele futhi nganquma ngokushesha ukuyidlala ngangokunokwenzeka…”okungalungile” akunakwenzeka. Uyaqiniseka ngalokhu kaninginingi, ubhekisela emisebenzini ephelele yalaba baqambi ekurekhodweni kwe-Gieseking, egcina ubusha bayo kuze kube namuhla.

Okuningi okucabangelayo nokuphikisanayo kubonakala kwezinye izindawo eziningi eziyintandokazi yomsebenzi womdwebi - i-Mozart. Futhi lapha ukusebenza kugcwele ubuqili obuningi, obuhlukaniswa ubuhle nokukhanya kweMozartian. Kepha noma kunjalo, ngokochwepheshe abaningi, i-Gieseking's Mozart yayingeyenkathi yakudala, eqandisiwe edlule - ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX, nemikhuba yayo yasenkantolo, imidanso ewubuqhawe; kwakungekho lutho kuye kusukela kumbhali we-Don Juan kanye ne-Requiem, kusukela ku-harbinger ye-Beethoven kanye ne-romantics.

Ngokungangabazeki, i-Mozart yaseSchnabel noma uClara Haskil (uma sikhuluma ngalabo abadlala ngesikhathi esifanayo ne-Gieseking) ihambisana kakhulu nemibono yezinsuku zethu futhi isondela eduze kokuhle komlaleli wesimanje. Kodwa izincazelo zikaGieseking azilahlekelwa ukubaluleka kwazo kwezobuciko, mhlawumbe ngokuyinhloko ngenxa yokuthi, ngemva kokudlula idrama nokujula kwefilosofi yomculo, wakwazi ukuqonda nokudlulisa ukukhanya okuphakade, uthando lokuphila olutholakala kukho konke - ngisho namakhasi abuhlungu kakhulu. lomsebenzi walo mqambi.

U-Gieseking ushiye elinye lamaqoqo azwakalayo aphelele omculo ka-Mozart. Ehlola lo msebenzi omkhulukazi, umgxeki waseNtshonalanga Jalimane u-K.-H. UMann waphawula ukuthi “ngokuvamile, la mazwi aqoshiwe ahlukaniswa ngomsindo oguquguquka ngendlela engavamile futhi, ngaphezu kwalokho, ukucaca okucishe kube buhlungu, kodwa futhi ngezinga elibanzi ngokumangalisayo lokuzwakalisa nokuhlanzeka kokuthinta umculo wopiyano. Lokhu kuhambisana ngokuphelele nokukholelwa kukaGieseking ukuthi ngale ndlela ukuhlanzeka komsindo nobuhle benkulumo kuhlangene, ukuze ukuhumusha okuphelele kwefomu le-classical kunganciphisi amandla emizwa ejulile yomqambi. Lezi yimithetho lapho lo mdlali adlala khona i-Mozart, futhi kuphela ngesisekelo sayo lapho umuntu engakwazi ukuhlola kahle umdlalo wakhe.

Yebo, ingoma kaGieseking yayingagcini nje kulawa magama. Wadlala u-Beethoven kakhulu, naye wadlala ngendlela yakhe, emoyeni kaMozart, enqaba noma yiziphi izindlela, kusukela ekuthandweni, ukulwela ukucaca, ubuhle, umsindo, ukuvumelana kwezilinganiso. Imvelaphi yesitayela sakhe ishiye isigxivizo esifanayo ekusebenzeni kukaBrahms, Schumann, Grieg, Frank nabanye.

Kufanele kugcizelelwe ukuthi, nakuba u-Gieseking ehlala ethembekile ezimisweni zakhe zokudala ukuphila kwakhe konke, eminyakeni eyishumi edlule, yangemva kwempi, ukudlala kwakhe kwathola umlingiswa ohluke kancane kunangaphambili: umsindo, ngenkathi ugcina ubuhle bawo nokungafihli lutho, wagcwala futhi wagcwala. ngokujulile, ubuciko bebubuhle ngokuphelele. ukunyathela kanye nobuqili be-pianissimo, lapho umsindo ofihlekile ongezwakali ufinyelela emigqeni ekude yehholo; ekugcineni, ukunemba okuphezulu kakhulu kwahlanganiswa nokungalindelekile kwesinye isikhathi - futhi okuhlaba umxhwele kakhulu - uthando. Kwakungalesi sikhathi lapho kwenziwa khona ukuqoshwa okuhle kakhulu komdwebi - amaqoqo kaBach, Mozart, Debussy, Ravel, Beethoven, amarekhodi anamakhonsathi othando. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukunemba nokuphelela kokudlala kwakhe kwaba kangangokuthi amarekhodi amaningi aqoshwa ngaphandle kokulungiselela futhi cishe ngaphandle kokuphindaphinda. Lokhu kubavumela ukuthi okungenani badlulise ubumnandi obudlalwa ukudlala kwakhe ehholo lekhonsathi.

Eminyakeni yangemva kwempi, uWalter Gieseking wayegcwele amandla, wayesesezingeni eliphezulu lokuphila kwakhe. Kusukela ngo-1947, wafundisa ikilasi lepiyano eSaarbrücken Conservatory, esebenzisa uhlelo lwemfundo lwabashayi bopiyano abasebasha olwasungulwa nguye no-K. Laimer, wathatha uhambo olude lwamakhonsathi, futhi waqopha okuningi kumarekhodi. Ekuqaleni kuka-1956, umculi wangena engozini yemoto lapho umkakhe eshonile khona, futhi walimala kabi. Nokho, ngemva kwezinyanga ezintathu, uGieseking waphinde wavela esiteji saseCarnegie Hall, ecula neqembu le-orchestra ngaphansi kwenduku kaGuido Cantelli Beethoven's Fifth Concerto; ngakusasa, amaphephandaba aseNew York athi lo mculi useluleme ngokugcwele engozini futhi ikhono lakhe alizange liphele nhlobo. Kwabonakala sengathi impilo yakhe isiluleme ngokuphelele, kodwa ngemva kwezinye izinyanga ezimbili wafa ngokuzumayo eLondon.

Ifa likaGieseking akuwona kuphela amarekhodi akhe, indlela yakhe yokufundisa, abafundi bakhe abaningi; Umphathi wabhala incwadi ethakazelisa kakhulu yezinkumbulo "Ngakho Ngaba Umculi Wopiyano", kanye nezingoma zegumbi nopiyano, amalungiselelo, nezinhlelo.

I-Cit.: Ngakho ngaba umculi wopiyano // Ukwenza ubuciko bamazwe angaphandle. – M., 1975. Udaba. 7.

Grigoriev L., Platek Ya.